The document discusses alternative fuels, particularly focusing on alcohol as a viable substitute for conventional fuels due to the depletion of fossil fuels. Ethanol, derived from renewable sources like crops, is highlighted for its lower carbon emissions and potential in flexible-fuel vehicles like E85. The advantages and disadvantages of using alcohol as fuel are explored, alongside developments in ethanol production in countries like Brazil and the USA.

1. BY
E.RAJ KUMAR
139K1A0309
Aurora’s Technological & Management Academy
Uppal,Hyderabad

2. WHAT IS ALTERNATIVE
FUELS....?
 Also known as non-conventional or advanced fuels.
 These are materials or substances that can be used as
fuels, other than conventional fuels.
 Some well known alternative fuels are biodiesel, alcohol,
chemically stored electricity, hydrogen, non-fossil
methane, non-fossil natural gas, vegetable oil &
biomass.....

3. WHY ALTERNATIVE FUELS?
In this century, it is believed that crude oil and petroleum
products will become very scarce and costly.
 Day-to-day, fuel economy of engines is getting improved
and will continue to improve. However, enormous increase
in number of vehicles has started dictating the demand for
fuel.
 With increased use and depletion of fossil fuels, alternative
fuel technology will become more common in the coming
decades.
 Because of the high cost of petroleum products, energy
security , emission problems some developing countries
are trying to use alternate fuels for their vehicles.

4. ALCOHOL AS FUEL....
 Liquid fuels are preferred for IC engines because they are
easy to store and have reasonably good calorific value.
The main alternative is the alcohol.
 Alcohols are attractive alternate fuels because they can be
obtained from both natural and manufactured sources.
Methanol and ethanol are two kinds of alcohols that seem
most promising.

5. ETHANOL....
 Ethanol is an alcohol-based fuel made from corn, wheat,
surgarcane,barley, trees, grass, etc.
 Ethanol is renewable because it comes from fermenting
crops.
 Ethanol lowers carbon monoxide emissions.
 Since ethanol can be made from a wide variety of plant
life, it is very abundant and with depleting petroleum
reserves, is a promising alternative.

6. HOW IT IS MADE....?
 It is made from corn and other starch sources or from natural
sugars by fermentation.
 Common sources include rice, potato, cassava – plus corn and
other grains.
 Manufacturing process was very energy-intensive, but is now
less so in most modern plants, due to advances in distillation
technology.
 Ethanol is commercially produced using either a wet mill or
dry mill process.Wet milling involves separating the grain
kernel into its component parts (germ, fiber, protein, and
starch) prior to fermentation. The dry mill process is the
process where the entire grain kernel is ground into flour.

7. FERMENTATION PROCESS
Ethanol prepared from corn (biofuel) by two methods
 Dry milling : 40-50 hours
 Wet milling : 24-48 hours
Ethanol from sugarcane extracted by following steps
 Milling, Refining
 Fermentation :4-12 hours
 Distillation and Dehydration

8. DRY MILL PROCESS

9. WET MILL PROCESS

10. HOW ABOUT ETHANOL AS FUEL

11. E85…..
 E85 is an alcohol fuel mixture of 85% ethanol and 15%
gasoline, by volume. Ethanol derived from crops
(bioethanol) is a biofuel.E85 as a fuel is widely used in
Sweden and is becoming increasingly common in the
United States, mainly in the Midwest where corn is a
major crop and is the primary source material for ethanol
fuel production.
 E85 is usually used in engines modified to accept higher
concentrations of ethanol. Such flexible-fuel engines are
designed to run on any mixture of gasoline or ethanol
with up to 85% ethanol by volume.
 E85 is the blend of E10/E15 to reduce pollution by
oxidation.

12. Power Making Fuel Characteristics
 1.Octane Rating- (89-92)MON,(108.60)RON
 2.Burning Rate
 3.Latent Heat of Vaporization - 130 kJ/kg
 4.Energy Value -26.8 MJ/kg

13. FUMIGATION....
 Fumigation is a method by which alcohol is
introduced into the engine by carbureting.
 Vaporizing or injecting the ethanol into the
intake air stream. This requires the addition of
a carburetor, vaporizer or injector, along with a
separate fuel tank, lines and controls.

14. ADVANTAGES....
 It is a high octane fuel, so it can be used efficiently for
higher compression ratios.
 It produces less overall emissions compared to gasoline.
 It gives higher pressure and more power in the expansion
stroke.
 It has high latent heat of vaporization which results in a
cooler intake process. This raises the volumetric
efficiency of the engine and reduces the required work
input in the compression stroke.

15. DISADVANTAGES....
 The calorific value(29700) of the fuel is less.
 With equal thermal efficiency and similar engine output
usage, twice as much fuel would have to be purchased.
 Alcohol is much more corrosive than gasoline on copper,
brass, aluminum, rubber, and many plastics.
 It has poor cold weather starting characteristics due to
low vapor pressure and evaporation.

16. DEVELOPMENT....
 BRAZIL:World leader in production and export of
ethanol. Ethanol produced per day equivalent to
200,000 barrels of gasoline.
 USA:E85 sells cheaper than gasoline. Currently
production aimed at 4.5 Billion gallons/yr.
 INDIA :Sources of ethanol-Sugarcane, Molasses,corn
& Agricultural waste.Low average cost of Rs.18/litre
projected, Annual production capacity of 1.5 Billion
litres

17. CONCLUSION....
Reducing fossil fuels in the near future would
be a great loss to mankind if we are not able to
find out any alternative for it and I found
alcohol to be effective as it can be produced
easily and the flexible fuel vehicle will be
proved to be of great advantage.

18. REFERENCES
 WIKIPEDIA.COM
 I.C. ENGINES, TATA MCGRAW HILL.
 HOWSTUFFWORKS.COM

19. THANKING YOU