Hybrid electric vehicles combine a conventional internal combustion engine system with an electric propulsion system. This allows the vehicle to be powered by both sources, maximizing fuel efficiency and reducing emissions. The key components of a hybrid system include electric motors and controllers, energy storage such as batteries, and a transmission. Hybrids use a parallel or series configuration where the electric motor can assist the engine or act as the primary propulsion source. Examples of successful hybrid models are the Toyota Prius and Honda Insight, which achieve over 50 mpg due to regenerative braking and optimal engine performance. Ongoing challenges include improving energy storage and efficiency of power conversion from fuel to useful energy.
Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD), also known as Toyota Hybrid System II, is the brand name of Toyota Motor Corporation for the hybrid car drive train technology used in vehicles with the Toyota and Lexus marques. First introduced on the Prius, the technology is an option on several other Toyota and Lexus vehicles and has been adapted for the electric drive system of the hydrogen-powered Mirai, and for a plug-in hybrid version of the Prius. Previously, Toyota also licensed its HSD technology to Nissan for use in its Nissan Altima Hybrid. Its parts supplier Aisin Seiki Co. offers similar hybrid transmissions to other car companies.
HSD technology produces a full hybrid vehicle which allows the car to run on the electric motor only, as opposed to most other brand hybrids which cannot and are considered mild hybrids. The HSD also combines an electric drive and a planetary gearset which performs similarly to a continuously variable transmission. The Synergy Drive is a drive-by-wire system with no direct mechanical connection between the engine and the engine controls: both the gas pedal/accelerator and the gearshift lever in an HSD car merely send electrical signals to a control computer.
Lexus Hybrid Drive logo
HSD is a refinement of the original Toyota Hybrid System (THS) used in the 1997 to 2003 Toyota Prius. The second generation system first appeared on the redesigned Prius in 2004. The name was changed in anticipation of its use in vehicles outside the Toyota brand (Lexus; the HSD-derived systems used in Lexus vehicles have been termed Lexus Hybrid Drive), was implemented in the 2006 Camry and Highlander, and would eventually be implemented in the 2010 "third generation" Prius, and the 2012 Prius c. The Toyota Hybrid System is designed for increased power and efficiency, and also improved "scalability" (adaptability to larger as well as smaller vehicles), wherein the ICE/MG1 and the MG2 have separate reduction paths, and are combined in a "compound" gear which is connected to the final reduction gear train and differential;[1] it was introduced on all-wheel drive and rear-wheel drive Lexus models.[2][3] By May 2007 Toyota had sold one million hybrids worldwide; two million by the end of August 2009; and passed the 5 million mark in March 2013.[4][5] As of September 2014, more than 7 million Lexus and Toyota hybrids had been sold worldwide.[6] The United States accounted for 38% of TMC global hybrid sales as of March 2013.[5]
Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD), also known as Toyota Hybrid System II, is the brand name of Toyota Motor Corporation for the hybrid car drive train technology used in vehicles with the Toyota and Lexus marques. First introduced on the Prius, the technology is an option on several other Toyota and Lexus vehicles and has been adapted for the electric drive system of the hydrogen-powered Mirai, and for a plug-in hybrid version of the Prius. Previously, Toyota also licensed its HSD technology to Nissan for use in its Nissan Altima Hybrid. Its parts supplier Aisin Seiki Co. offers similar hybrid transmissions to other car companies.
HSD technology produces a full hybrid vehicle which allows the car to run on the electric motor only, as opposed to most other brand hybrids which cannot and are considered mild hybrids. The HSD also combines an electric drive and a planetary gearset which performs similarly to a continuously variable transmission. The Synergy Drive is a drive-by-wire system with no direct mechanical connection between the engine and the engine controls: both the gas pedal/accelerator and the gearshift lever in an HSD car merely send electrical signals to a control computer.
Lexus Hybrid Drive logo
HSD is a refinement of the original Toyota Hybrid System (THS) used in the 1997 to 2003 Toyota Prius. The second generation system first appeared on the redesigned Prius in 2004. The name was changed in anticipation of its use in vehicles outside the Toyota brand (Lexus; the HSD-derived systems used in Lexus vehicles have been termed Lexus Hybrid Drive), was implemented in the 2006 Camry and Highlander, and would eventually be implemented in the 2010 "third generation" Prius, and the 2012 Prius c. The Toyota Hybrid System is designed for increased power and efficiency, and also improved "scalability" (adaptability to larger as well as smaller vehicles), wherein the ICE/MG1 and the MG2 have separate reduction paths, and are combined in a "compound" gear which is connected to the final reduction gear train and differential;[1] it was introduced on all-wheel drive and rear-wheel drive Lexus models.[2][3] By May 2007 Toyota had sold one million hybrids worldwide; two million by the end of August 2009; and passed the 5 million mark in March 2013.[4][5] As of September 2014, more than 7 million Lexus and Toyota hybrids had been sold worldwide.[6] The United States accounted for 38% of TMC global hybrid sales as of March 2013.[5]
An electric vehicle (EV) is a mode of transport which is powered by electricity. Unlike conventional vehicles that use a gasoline (petrol) or diesel-powered engine, electric cars and trucks use an electric motor powered by electricity from batteries or a fuel cell. A key advantage of EVs over other forms of transport is that they hold the potential to significantly reduce pollution by having zero exhaust emissions.
An EV is defined as a vehicle that can be powered by an electric motor that draws electricity from a battery and is capable of being charged from an external source.
Microlite, Inc is a pioneer in optical film, projection screen material, development and fabrication. Microlite uses the most sophisticated optical technology to achieve the highest optical projection screen available on the market today.
Interior decorating is a very complicated job. It is involves with the design, organization and planning of interior structure rather than refinishing or furnishing active interior spaces. It involves building a business, hopefully meeting the desires of the client and delivering in their eyes an interior environment that is both functional and visually pleasing. There is far more to interior design than first meets the attention.
An electric vehicle (EV) is a mode of transport which is powered by electricity. Unlike conventional vehicles that use a gasoline (petrol) or diesel-powered engine, electric cars and trucks use an electric motor powered by electricity from batteries or a fuel cell. A key advantage of EVs over other forms of transport is that they hold the potential to significantly reduce pollution by having zero exhaust emissions.
An EV is defined as a vehicle that can be powered by an electric motor that draws electricity from a battery and is capable of being charged from an external source.
Microlite, Inc is a pioneer in optical film, projection screen material, development and fabrication. Microlite uses the most sophisticated optical technology to achieve the highest optical projection screen available on the market today.
Interior decorating is a very complicated job. It is involves with the design, organization and planning of interior structure rather than refinishing or furnishing active interior spaces. It involves building a business, hopefully meeting the desires of the client and delivering in their eyes an interior environment that is both functional and visually pleasing. There is far more to interior design than first meets the attention.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
ev.ppt
1. Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Presented by
Mr.J.NAGENDRAN,
Assistant Professor,
Department of EEE
Dhanalaksmi Srinivasan Engineering
College (Autonomous),
Perambalur
2. Overview
What is an HEV?
HEV objectives
HEV advantages over conventional engines
Motor components
Vehicle propulsion
Examples
HEV Challenges
Review
3. What is an HEV?
HEV – Hybrid Electric Vehicle
A vehicle that has two or more energy conversion
technologies combined with one or more energy
storage units
4. HEV Objectives
Objectives the HEV wants to obtain:
Maximize fuel economy
Minimize fuel emissions
Minimize propulsion system cost to keep affordable
Maintain acceptable performance with a reasonable
cost
Reduce the conventional car weight
5. HEV Advantages Over Conventional Engines
Regenerative Braking
Reduction in engine and vehicle weight
Fuel efficiency is increased
Emissions are decreased
Cut emissions of global warming pollutants by 1/3 or
1/2
Reduce the dependency on fossil fuels
Some states offer incentives with owning an HEV
~2 times more efficient than conventional engines
6. Motor Components
Drive train
Electric Motors/Controllers
Electric Energy Storage systems
Hybrid power units
Transmission
7. Motor Components
Basic Components
– An Armature or Rotor
– A Commutator
– Brushes
– An Axle
– Field Magnet
– DC Power Supply
Electric Motors/Controllers
8. Motor Components
Electric Motor/Controllers
Advanced electronics allows the motor to act as a generator
Draws energy to accelerate and regenerates the battery when
slowing down
Motor uses magnets and magnetism to create motion
9. Motor Components
Electric Energy Storage Systems
Batteries: Lithium Ion and Nickel-metal hydride batteries
Ultracapacitors
Flywheels
10. Motor Components
Electric Energy Storage Systems
Desirable attributes:
High-peak and pulse specific power
High specific energy at pulse power
High charge to maximize regenerative braking
Long life
Challenges:
Accurate techniques to determine battery state of
charge
Develop abuse-tolerant batteries
Recycleability
11. Motor Components
Batteries Nickel-Metal Hydride Lithium Ion
Current Uses Computer and Medical equipment Laptops and Cell phones
Life Cycle Much larger than lead acid batteries Low
Current
contribution
Used successfully in low production
of HEVs
Challenges High Cost
High self-discharge
Heat generation
Control losses of hydrogen
Low cell efficiency
Life cycle
Cell and battery safety
Abuse tolerant
Acceptable cost
Miscellaneous Reasonable specific energy and
power
Components are recyclable
Abuse-tolerant
High specific energy and power
High energy efficiency
Good high-temperature
performance
Low elf-discharge
Recyclable parts
NA
12. Motor Components
Energy Storage: Ultracapacitors
Store energy as an electric charge in a polarized liquid layer
between an ionically electrolyte and conducting electrode
Primarily used for acceleration, climbing hills and regenerative
braking
13. Motor Components
Energy Storage: Flywheel
Store kinetic energy within a rapidly
spinning wheel
Complex, heavy, and large
Contains no acid or hazardous material
Not affected by temperature
Delivers a smooth flow of power
Click for more information on the fly wheel
14. Motor Components
Charging/Discharging the Battery
The following are some links to visually display the characteristics of
the motor and engine during different scenarios
Driving at low speeds
City driving
Highway driving
Uphill driving
Coasting/Slowing/Stopping
15. Motor Components
Regenerative Braking
When the driver brakes, the motor becomes
a generator and the kinetic energy
generates electricity stored into the battery
The Toyota Prius uses about 30% of the
heat lost kinetic energy from braking
16. Motor Components
Compression Ignition Direct Injection Engines (CIDI)
Spark Ignition Engines
Gas Turbines
Fuel Cells
Hybrid Power Units
4 Types:
17. Motor Components
Hybrid Power Units: CIDI
Most promising power unit
Achieves combustion through
compressions without the use of a
spark plug
High pressure injection of the fuel
into the combustion chamber
Throttle and heat losses travels into
the combustion chamber increasing
thermal efficiency
18. Motor Components
Hybrid Power Units: Spark Ignition
Runs on an Otto cycle
Uses a homogeneous air-fuel mixture
before entering the combustion
chamber
When the combustion chamber is
compressed, the spark plug is ignited
Controlled by limiting the amount of air
allowed into the engine
19. Motor Components
Hybrid Power Units: Gas Turbines
Runs on a Brayton cycle
A compressor raises the pressure and temperature of the inlet air
Air is moved to the burner and fuel is injected and combusted to
raise the air temperature
Power is produced when
the heated pressure
mixture is expanded and
cooled through the
turbine
20. Motor Components
Hybrid Power Units: Fuel Cells
Generate electricity through an
electrochemical reaction
combining hydrogen with ambient
air
Pure hydrogen or any fossil fuel
produced is used as hydrogen-
rich gas
Water vapor is emitted
Click to see an animation of the
steps to make electricity from a
fuel cell.
21. Motor Components
– Continuous Variable Transmission (CVT)
– Automated shifted transmission
– Manual transmission
– Traditional automatic transmission with torque converter
Transmission
4 Types:
22. Motor Components
Transmission: CVT
Infinite number of variable transmissions
Currently not able to compete with 4-speed
and 5-speed transmissions in size, cost,
and reliability
Provides seamless, stepless acceleration
and deceleration
The Toyota Prius uses this
23. Vehicle Propulsion
Series “Power Assist”
Parallel “Range Extender”
Dual-Mode: Combination of a series and parallel
24. Vehicle Propulsion
Series Configuration
Small fuel-burning engine that directly drives an alternator to
generate electricity
Electricity is stored in the battery or sent the to electric motor
When the batteries are drained to a certain level, the engine turns
on and recharges the battery
25. Vehicle Propulsion
Parallel Configuration
Two power paths
Hybrid power unit or electric propulsion system or both can power
the wheels
For long trips the engine is used
For hills, acceleration, and high power scenarios the electric motor
is used
26. Vehicle Propulsion
Propulsion
Comparison
Series Configuration Parallel Configuration
Benefits Engine never idles reducing
emissions
Engine drives a generator to run
at optimal performance
Allows a variety of options in
mounting the engine
Some don’t need a transmission
Has more power from
simultaneous power from motor
and engine
Don’t need a separate
generator because the motor
generates the battery
Power is directly coupled to the
road so can be more efficient
28. Examples
Toyota Prius Honda Insight
Electric
Motor/Generator
/Power Storage
Output 273.6V (228 cells @
1.2V)
144V (120 cells @
1.2V)
Battery Type Nickel-Metal Hydride Nickel Metal Hydride
Power Output 33kW @ 5600rpm 10kW @ 3000rpm
Transmission ECVT CVT
Mileage
City/Highway
52/45 61/68
Gasoline Engine Horsepower @
rpm
70hp @ 4500rpm 67h @ 5700rpm
Emission
Rating
SULEV ULEV
29. HEV Challenges
Energy storage devices with high power-to-energy
ratios
Frequent shut down and start up of the HEV
Reduce the size, weight, and cost
Higher efficiency in the conversion of fuel to useful
power
Advanced configurations for the propulsion system
components
30. Review
What is an HEV?
HEV objectives
HEV advantages over conventional engines
Motor components
Vehicle propulsion
Examples
HEV Challenges
