Environmental protection and energy conservations are the main concern of 21st century Asia Pacific developing countries. This concern has compelled to design and develop zero pollution road transportation Electric Vehicles (EVs). The EV system consist of energy storage devices such as battery, fuel cell, ultra-capacitors along with electric propulsion, body of the vehicle and energy management system with the diversified technology of electrical, electronics, mechanical, automotive and chemical engineering. The objective of electric vehicle is to produce commercial viable range, efficient performance, and comfort with safety and reliable operations at cheaper price than its counterpart the Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICEV). The PMBLDC motors are the present choice of automobile industries and researchers because of its high power density, compact size, reliability, with noise free and minimum maintenance requirements. The present state of art Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PMBLDC) Motor drive for the electric vehicle application is studied / reviewed in this paper.. In addition the study also reveals the advancement of the Power Processing Unit (PPU) which consists of Microelectronics and Controls (Me and C) to produce the super-premium efficiency PMBLDC drive system for EV applications
Design of charging station for electric vehicle batteriesIJAEMSJORNAL
With the increasing requirement in green technologies in transportation, electric vehicles have proven to be the best short-term solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The conventional vehicle drivers are still unwilling in using such a new technology, mainly because of the time duration (4-8 hours) required to charge the electric vehicle batteries with the currently existing Level I and II charging station. For this reason, Level III fast- charging stations capable of reducing the charging duration to 10-15 minutes are being designed and developed. The present thesis focuses on the design of a fast-charging station for electric vehicle, in addition to the electrical grid, two stationary energy storage devices flywheel energy storage and a super capacitor is being used. Power electronic converters used for the interface of the energy sources with the charging stations are designed. The design development also focuses on the energy management that will minimize the battery charging time. For this reason, an algorithm that minimizes durations with its mathematical formulation is required, and its application in fast charging will be illustrated.
Abstract The demand for high quality electricity and growing electricity consumption has been caused by increasing electrification of daily life causes and the rising number of sensitive or critical loads. Due to the rapid increase in global energy consumption and the diminishing of fossil fuels, the customer demand for new generation capacities and efficient energy production, delivery and utilization keeps rising. The micro grid concept has the potential to solve major problems arising from large penetration of distributed generation in distribution systems. A proper control strategy should be implemented for a successful operation of a micro grid . Different load models can be simulated and analyzed using MATLAB and PSCAD software. In this paper, the work done in the field of Micro Grid has been reviewed. Keywords: DER, MG, PCC, PV, VSI.
Design of charging station for electric vehicle batteriesIJAEMSJORNAL
With the increasing requirement in green technologies in transportation, electric vehicles have proven to be the best short-term solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The conventional vehicle drivers are still unwilling in using such a new technology, mainly because of the time duration (4-8 hours) required to charge the electric vehicle batteries with the currently existing Level I and II charging station. For this reason, Level III fast- charging stations capable of reducing the charging duration to 10-15 minutes are being designed and developed. The present thesis focuses on the design of a fast-charging station for electric vehicle, in addition to the electrical grid, two stationary energy storage devices flywheel energy storage and a super capacitor is being used. Power electronic converters used for the interface of the energy sources with the charging stations are designed. The design development also focuses on the energy management that will minimize the battery charging time. For this reason, an algorithm that minimizes durations with its mathematical formulation is required, and its application in fast charging will be illustrated.
Abstract The demand for high quality electricity and growing electricity consumption has been caused by increasing electrification of daily life causes and the rising number of sensitive or critical loads. Due to the rapid increase in global energy consumption and the diminishing of fossil fuels, the customer demand for new generation capacities and efficient energy production, delivery and utilization keeps rising. The micro grid concept has the potential to solve major problems arising from large penetration of distributed generation in distribution systems. A proper control strategy should be implemented for a successful operation of a micro grid . Different load models can be simulated and analyzed using MATLAB and PSCAD software. In this paper, the work done in the field of Micro Grid has been reviewed. Keywords: DER, MG, PCC, PV, VSI.
Smfir technology based transportation system and applicability of mppteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
PV-solar / Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA Type Mobile Telephony Base ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design of optimized PV-Solar and Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA type mobile base station over conventional diesel generator for a particular site in south India (Chennai). For this hybrid system ,the meteorological data of Solar Insolation, hourly wind speed, are taken for Chennai (Longitude 80ο.16’and Latitude 13ο.5’ ) and the pattern of load consumption of mobile base station are studied and suitably modeled for optimization of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. The simulation and optimization result gives the best optimized sizing of wind turbine and solar array with diesel generator for particular GSM/CDMA type mobile telephony base station. This system is more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator. The presented system reduce approximate 70%-80% fuel cost over conventional diesel generator and also reduced the emission of CO2 and other harmful gasses in environments. It is expected that the proposed developed and installed system will provide very good opportunities for telecom sector in near future.
With increased competitiveness in power generation industries, more resources are directed in optimizing plant operation, including fault detection and diagnosis. One of the most powerful tools in faults detection and diagnosis is artificial intelligence AI . Faults should be detected early so correct mitigation measures can be taken, whilst false alarms should be eschewed to avoid unnecessary interruption and downtime. For the last few decades there has been major interest towards intelligent condition monitoring system ICMS application in power plant especially with AI development particularly in artificial neural network ANN . ANN is based on quite simple principles, but takes advantage of their mathematical nature, non linear iteration to demonstrate powerful problem solving ability. With massive possibility and room for improvement in AI, the inspiration for researching them are apparent, and literally, hundreds of papers have been published, discussing the findings of hybrid AI for condition monitoring purposes. In this paper, the studies of ANN and fuzzy logic application will be presented. P. Naveen | S. Nikitha | P. Sudeesh | V. Vaishnavi "Artificial Intelligence in Power Station" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29784.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29784/artificial-intelligence-in-power-station/p-naveen
Electric motor drive systems (EMDS) have been recognized as one of the most promising motor systems recently due to their low energy consumption and reduced emissions. With only some exceptions, EMDS are the main source for the provision of mechanical energy in industry and accounts for about 60% of global industrial electricity consumption. Large energy efficiency potentials have been identified in EMDS with very short payback time and high-cost effectiveness. Typical, during operation at rated mode, the motor drive able to hold its good efficiencies. However, a motor usually operates out from rated mode in many applications, especially while under light load, it reduced the motor’s efficiency severely. Hence, it is necessary that a conventional drive system to embed with loss minimization strategy to optimize the drive system efficiency over all operation range. Conventionally, the flux value is keeping constantly over the range of operation, where it should be highlighted that for any operating point, the losses could be minimize with the proper adjustment of the flux level to a suitable value at that point. Hence, with the intention to generate an adaptive flux level corresponding to any operating point, especially at light load condition, an online learning Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controller was proposed in this study, to minimize the system losses. The entire proposed strategic drive system would be verified under the MATLAB/Simulink software environment. It is expected that with the proposed online learning Artificial Neural Network controller efficiency optimization algorithm can achieve better energy saving compared with traditional blended strategies.
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF GRID/WIND/PV HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONWayan Santika
The present study offers technical and economical analyses of grid-connected hybrid power systems for a large scale production industry located in Bali. The peak load of observed system can reach 970.630 kW consuming on average 16 MWh of electricity a day. Software HOMER was utilized as the optimization tool. The proposed hybrid renewable energy systems consist of wind turbines, a PV system, a converter, and batteries. The system is connected to the grid. Optimization results show that the best configuration is the Grid/Wind hybrid system with the predicted net present cost of
-884,896 USD. The negative sign indicates that revenues (mostly from selling power to the grid) exceed costs. The levelized cost of electricity of the system is predicted to be -0.013 USD/kWh. The present study also conducts sensitivity analysis of some scenarios i.e. 50% and 100% increases in grid electricity prices, 50% reduction of PV and WECS prices, and 10 USD and 50 USD carbon taxes per ton CO2 emission. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Multi Response Optimization of Friction Stir Lap Welding Process Parameters U...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on the effect of process parameters such as Tool rotational speed, Welding speed and Tool tilt angle in Friction stir Lap welding of dissimilar AA 5083 and AA 6082 alloys. Experiments are designed with three different levels of process parameters using Taguchi orthogonal array. As per DOE, experiments are conducted using Taper threaded cylindrical tool which is made up of with H13 tool steel, on Aluminium plates of 3mm thickness. The Tensile shear test specimens are tested at room temperature in order to analyze the mechanical properties. Vicker’s hardness is also conducted to check the hardness of welded zone. Multi response characteristics include hardness, shear strength, elongation percentage and peak load are optimized using a multi criteria decision making approach. The optimum values are found at tool rotational speed of 710 rpm, welding speed of 1.5 mm/min and tool tilt angle of 1 degree.
A Study on the Analysis of the Child Personal Information Processing Status i...IJERA Editor
This study aims to empirically examine the reality that a child's personal information can be easily exposed through an app service. As a result of surveying 100 child-targeted apps in the Apple and Google Play App Stores, we collected on average 12 personal information of individuals that included social security numbers and location information that were not collected and clarified for the purpose of collection.
Secured Authorized Data Using Hybrid Encryption in Cloud ComputingIJERA Editor
In today’s world to provide a security to a public network like a cloud network is become a toughest task however more likely to reduce the cost at the time of providing security using cryptographic technique to delegate the mask of the decryption task to the cloud servers to reduce the computing cost. As a result, attributebased encryption with delegation emerges. Still, there are caveats and questions remaining in the previous relevant works. For to solution to all problems the cloud servers could tamper or replace the delegated cipher text and respond a forged computing result with malicious intent. They may also cheat the eligible users by responding them that they are ineligible for the purpose of cost saving. Furthermore, during the encryption, the access policies may not be flexible enough as well. Since policy for general circuits enables to achieve the strongest form of access control, a construction for realizing circuit cipher text-policy attribute-based hybrid encryption with verifiable delegation has been considered in our work. In such a system, combined with verifiable computation and encrypt-then-mac mechanism, the data confidentiality, the fine-grained access control and the correctness of the delegated computing results are well guaranteed at the same time. Besides, our scheme achieves security against chosen-plaintext attacks under the k-multilinear Decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption. Moreover, an extensive simulation campaign confirms the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed solution. There are two complementary forms of attribute-based encryption. One is key-policy attribute-based encryption (KP-ABE) [8], [9], [10], and the other is cipher text-policy attribute-based encryption. In a KP-ABE system, the decision of access policy is made by the key distributor instead of the enciphered, which limits the practicability and usability for the system in practical applicationsthe access policy for general circuits could be regarded as the strongest form of the policy expression that circuits can express any program of fixed running time
Role of Additives in Mortars: Historic PrecedentsIJERA Editor
The use of lime in building construction began at least 10,000 years ago, where there are numerous evidence of its earlier uses. This research is an attempt to provide a review of the history of lime as a building material in based on available literature resources. The origin significance and sustainability of lime mortars and their use in architectural conservation is discussed. Large scale use of additives in historic buildings in India and abroad is highlighted in order to put forth their physio-chemical and aesthetical properties. Use of sustainable additives in mortar is stressed. The analysis presented is supposed to help architectural conservation experts in their efforts to safeguard the intrinsic qualities Indian cultural heritage for posterity.
Smfir technology based transportation system and applicability of mppteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
PV-solar / Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA Type Mobile Telephony Base ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design of optimized PV-Solar and Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA type mobile base station over conventional diesel generator for a particular site in south India (Chennai). For this hybrid system ,the meteorological data of Solar Insolation, hourly wind speed, are taken for Chennai (Longitude 80ο.16’and Latitude 13ο.5’ ) and the pattern of load consumption of mobile base station are studied and suitably modeled for optimization of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. The simulation and optimization result gives the best optimized sizing of wind turbine and solar array with diesel generator for particular GSM/CDMA type mobile telephony base station. This system is more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator. The presented system reduce approximate 70%-80% fuel cost over conventional diesel generator and also reduced the emission of CO2 and other harmful gasses in environments. It is expected that the proposed developed and installed system will provide very good opportunities for telecom sector in near future.
With increased competitiveness in power generation industries, more resources are directed in optimizing plant operation, including fault detection and diagnosis. One of the most powerful tools in faults detection and diagnosis is artificial intelligence AI . Faults should be detected early so correct mitigation measures can be taken, whilst false alarms should be eschewed to avoid unnecessary interruption and downtime. For the last few decades there has been major interest towards intelligent condition monitoring system ICMS application in power plant especially with AI development particularly in artificial neural network ANN . ANN is based on quite simple principles, but takes advantage of their mathematical nature, non linear iteration to demonstrate powerful problem solving ability. With massive possibility and room for improvement in AI, the inspiration for researching them are apparent, and literally, hundreds of papers have been published, discussing the findings of hybrid AI for condition monitoring purposes. In this paper, the studies of ANN and fuzzy logic application will be presented. P. Naveen | S. Nikitha | P. Sudeesh | V. Vaishnavi "Artificial Intelligence in Power Station" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29784.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29784/artificial-intelligence-in-power-station/p-naveen
Electric motor drive systems (EMDS) have been recognized as one of the most promising motor systems recently due to their low energy consumption and reduced emissions. With only some exceptions, EMDS are the main source for the provision of mechanical energy in industry and accounts for about 60% of global industrial electricity consumption. Large energy efficiency potentials have been identified in EMDS with very short payback time and high-cost effectiveness. Typical, during operation at rated mode, the motor drive able to hold its good efficiencies. However, a motor usually operates out from rated mode in many applications, especially while under light load, it reduced the motor’s efficiency severely. Hence, it is necessary that a conventional drive system to embed with loss minimization strategy to optimize the drive system efficiency over all operation range. Conventionally, the flux value is keeping constantly over the range of operation, where it should be highlighted that for any operating point, the losses could be minimize with the proper adjustment of the flux level to a suitable value at that point. Hence, with the intention to generate an adaptive flux level corresponding to any operating point, especially at light load condition, an online learning Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controller was proposed in this study, to minimize the system losses. The entire proposed strategic drive system would be verified under the MATLAB/Simulink software environment. It is expected that with the proposed online learning Artificial Neural Network controller efficiency optimization algorithm can achieve better energy saving compared with traditional blended strategies.
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF GRID/WIND/PV HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONWayan Santika
The present study offers technical and economical analyses of grid-connected hybrid power systems for a large scale production industry located in Bali. The peak load of observed system can reach 970.630 kW consuming on average 16 MWh of electricity a day. Software HOMER was utilized as the optimization tool. The proposed hybrid renewable energy systems consist of wind turbines, a PV system, a converter, and batteries. The system is connected to the grid. Optimization results show that the best configuration is the Grid/Wind hybrid system with the predicted net present cost of
-884,896 USD. The negative sign indicates that revenues (mostly from selling power to the grid) exceed costs. The levelized cost of electricity of the system is predicted to be -0.013 USD/kWh. The present study also conducts sensitivity analysis of some scenarios i.e. 50% and 100% increases in grid electricity prices, 50% reduction of PV and WECS prices, and 10 USD and 50 USD carbon taxes per ton CO2 emission. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Multi Response Optimization of Friction Stir Lap Welding Process Parameters U...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on the effect of process parameters such as Tool rotational speed, Welding speed and Tool tilt angle in Friction stir Lap welding of dissimilar AA 5083 and AA 6082 alloys. Experiments are designed with three different levels of process parameters using Taguchi orthogonal array. As per DOE, experiments are conducted using Taper threaded cylindrical tool which is made up of with H13 tool steel, on Aluminium plates of 3mm thickness. The Tensile shear test specimens are tested at room temperature in order to analyze the mechanical properties. Vicker’s hardness is also conducted to check the hardness of welded zone. Multi response characteristics include hardness, shear strength, elongation percentage and peak load are optimized using a multi criteria decision making approach. The optimum values are found at tool rotational speed of 710 rpm, welding speed of 1.5 mm/min and tool tilt angle of 1 degree.
A Study on the Analysis of the Child Personal Information Processing Status i...IJERA Editor
This study aims to empirically examine the reality that a child's personal information can be easily exposed through an app service. As a result of surveying 100 child-targeted apps in the Apple and Google Play App Stores, we collected on average 12 personal information of individuals that included social security numbers and location information that were not collected and clarified for the purpose of collection.
Secured Authorized Data Using Hybrid Encryption in Cloud ComputingIJERA Editor
In today’s world to provide a security to a public network like a cloud network is become a toughest task however more likely to reduce the cost at the time of providing security using cryptographic technique to delegate the mask of the decryption task to the cloud servers to reduce the computing cost. As a result, attributebased encryption with delegation emerges. Still, there are caveats and questions remaining in the previous relevant works. For to solution to all problems the cloud servers could tamper or replace the delegated cipher text and respond a forged computing result with malicious intent. They may also cheat the eligible users by responding them that they are ineligible for the purpose of cost saving. Furthermore, during the encryption, the access policies may not be flexible enough as well. Since policy for general circuits enables to achieve the strongest form of access control, a construction for realizing circuit cipher text-policy attribute-based hybrid encryption with verifiable delegation has been considered in our work. In such a system, combined with verifiable computation and encrypt-then-mac mechanism, the data confidentiality, the fine-grained access control and the correctness of the delegated computing results are well guaranteed at the same time. Besides, our scheme achieves security against chosen-plaintext attacks under the k-multilinear Decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption. Moreover, an extensive simulation campaign confirms the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed solution. There are two complementary forms of attribute-based encryption. One is key-policy attribute-based encryption (KP-ABE) [8], [9], [10], and the other is cipher text-policy attribute-based encryption. In a KP-ABE system, the decision of access policy is made by the key distributor instead of the enciphered, which limits the practicability and usability for the system in practical applicationsthe access policy for general circuits could be regarded as the strongest form of the policy expression that circuits can express any program of fixed running time
Role of Additives in Mortars: Historic PrecedentsIJERA Editor
The use of lime in building construction began at least 10,000 years ago, where there are numerous evidence of its earlier uses. This research is an attempt to provide a review of the history of lime as a building material in based on available literature resources. The origin significance and sustainability of lime mortars and their use in architectural conservation is discussed. Large scale use of additives in historic buildings in India and abroad is highlighted in order to put forth their physio-chemical and aesthetical properties. Use of sustainable additives in mortar is stressed. The analysis presented is supposed to help architectural conservation experts in their efforts to safeguard the intrinsic qualities Indian cultural heritage for posterity.
Experimental Evaluation of Metal Composite Multi Bolt Radial Joint on Laminat...IJERA Editor
Longitudinal tensile load exerted due to internal hydraulic pressure, on bolted radial joints between large size PAN carbon epoxy filament wound composite cylindrical section and small size 15CDV6 steel cylindrical sections, were simulated and tested on flat laminate level, mainly to check the strength of PAN carbon epoxy helical wound laminate made by wet winding method. Small segmental portion of circumference of cylindrical sections was considered as width of composite laminate and of metallic plates, necessary to accommodate 5 rows of fasteners in transverse direction with specified pitch distance. Bolted radial joints between carbon epoxy helical wound flat laminate and 15CDV6 steel plates were realized with 8 numbers of steel fasteners distributed in 3 longitudinal and 5 transverse rows at each joint. Helical angle of winding, length and thickness of carbon epoxy laminate was ±22.5°, 458mm and 11mm respectively. Length and structural thickness of radial joints, total length and width of assembly test specimen were 98mm, 18mm, 870mm and 169.43mm respectively. Joints were tested under uni-axial tensile load up to failure. Joints failed at 18 tonnes (1.7 times of design load). Failure mode was observed as initiation of bearing failure at all 8, countersink fastener holes in laminate and shear out failure at edge hole. Strains in fibre direction, at 45°and at transverse to fibre direction were found very less. Maximum compressive strain and residual strain, near fastener holes were found as -1423 and -136 micro strain respectively. Test was successful.
In this paper, the terms, simple ternary Γ-semiring, semi-simple, semisimple ternary Γ-semiring are introduced. It is proved that (1) If T is a left simple ternary Γ-semiringor a lateral simple ternary Γ-semiring or a right simple ternary Γ-semiring then T is a simple ternary Γ-semiring. (2) A ternary Γ-semiring T is simple ternary Γ- semiring if and only if TΓTΓaΓTΓT = T for all a T. (3) A ternary Γ-semiring T is regular then every principal ternary Γ-ideal of T is generated by an idempotent. (4) An element a of a ternary Γ-semiring T is said to be semi simple if a n 1 a a i.e. n 1 a a = <a> for all odd natural number n. (5) Let T be a ternary Γ-semiring and a T . If a is regular, then a is semisimple. (17) a be an element of a ternary Γ-semiringT and a is left regular or lateral regular or right regular, then a is semisimple. (18) Let a be an element of a ternary semiring T and if a is intra regular then a is semisimple
Improvement of the Recognition Rate by Random ForestIJERA Editor
In this paper; we introduce a system of automatic recognition of characters based on the Random Forest Method in non-constrictive pictures that are stemmed from the terminals Mobile phone. After doing some pretreatments on the picture, the text is segmented into lines and then into characters. In the stage of characteristics extraction, we are representing the input data into the vector of primitives of the zoning types, of diagonal, horizontal and of the Zernike moment. These characteristics are linked to pixels’ densities and they are extracted on binary pictures. In the classification stage, we examine four classification methods with two different classifiers types namely the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and the Random Forest method. After some checking tests, the system of learning and recognition which is based on the Random Forest has shown a good performance on a basis of 100 models of pictures
Electrical properties of Ni0.4Mg0.6Fe2O4 ferritesIJERA Editor
Ni0.4Mg0.6Fe2O4 Ceramic samples were prepared by conventional double sintering approach and sintered at 1300oC/4 h. These ferrites are further characterized using X-ray diffractometer. The diffraction study reveals that the present compound shows perfect single phase cubic spinel structure. In addition, the behavior of distinct electrical properties such as dielectric constant (ε'), dielectric loss (ε") and ac-conductivity (ζac) as a function frequency as well as temperature is analyzed using the LCR controller.
Solvability of a Four Point Nonlinear Boundary Value ProblemIJERA Editor
In this article a typical four point boundary value problem associated with a second order differential equation is proposed. Then its solution is developed with the help of the Green’s function associated with the homogeneous equation. Using this idea and Iteration method is proposed to solve the corresponding non linear problem.
Preparation and characterization of Al doped nano crystalline Ni ferritesIJERA Editor
The Ni-Al nano ferrites having compositional formula NiAlxFe2-xO4 (where x= 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) were synthesized by citrate gel auto combustion method. The XRD studies reflected that the fabricated powders were single phase spinel structure with crystallite sizes in the range of 17-26nm. The values of lattice parameter and X-ray density decreases with the decrease of composition. The observed results can be explained on the basis of composition
In recent times due to effects of pollution and global warming there is a need for generating power from renewable sources. The reason for generating power using gravity is that it is available all over the Earth, abundant and consistent too. In this project we designed a methodology wherein gravitational energy is further amplified in terms of its magnitude by using perpetual motion mechanism and hence can be successfully transformed into usable electrical energy. The basic concept of a gravity power generating mechanism is simple.
Employee on Boarding Process Automation IJERA Editor
On boarding, also known as organizational socialization, plays a vital role in building the initial relationship between an organization and an employee. It also contributes to an employees’ satisfaction, better performance and greater organizational commitment thus increasing an employees’ effectiveness and productivity in his/her role. Therefore, it is essential that on boarding process of an organization is efficient and effective to improve new employees’ retention. Generally this on boarding process is done manually which is time consuming and monotonous. To enhance this process, the proposed solution automates the on boarding or joining process. It will enable HR, ADMINISTRATOR and IT to complete this process by robot which will automatically perform the actions taken to complete the on boarding process. To complete this process direct access is given to applications, where as in automation, robot will perform all the actions taken to complete the process, which is a secured way to access applications. This will thus improve the timeframe and efficiency to complete the on boarding or joining process.
Instant Messaging (IM) Android applications are a trend nowadays. These applications are categorized according to their features: usability, flexibility, privacy and security. However, IM applications tend to be inflexible in terms of functionality offered. The “Dble-U” system was developed as a solution to this inflexibility, with a focus on privacy as an example use case. “Dble-U” is a configurable modular system consisting of an Android chatting application, a privacy controller application, along with a tracking server application. This modularity allows for groups of individuals to build custom features into their IM application.
A 0.6-V 2-nA CMOS Current Reference CircuitIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a 0.6-V current reference circuit for use in ultra-low-power applications. In a conventional resistorlessbeta-multiplier current reference circuit, a MOSFET that operates in the strong inversion and triode regions is used as a resistor. Our proposed circuit provides a forward body-biasing for the MOSFET to lower its threshold voltage and make it operate in its strong inversion region even at a very low supply voltage of 0.6 V.We ran simulations using BSIM3v3 SPICE parameters for a 0.18-m standard CMOS process. At a supply voltage of 0.6V, the reference current was 2nA. The chip area of the proposed current reference circuit was 0.022 mm2
Sustainability of Solid Waste Management System in Urban Areas of Pakistan: S...IJERA Editor
Sustainability of solid waste management system in Pakistan like other developing countries is a growing challenge. Stakeholders are vital for the successful running of solid waste management system and timely inclusion of stakeholders’ perspective can contribute to attain sustainability of solid waste management system. Therefore, stakeholders’ subjectivities and perspectives towards the sustainability of solid waste management system were studied in this research program. . Five components of the sustainable solid waste management system, that is, Technical, Environmental, Economic, Social and Institutional, were considered based on literature review. Nature of these components being part of an integrated system makes the system multicriteria. Relative importance of these components leading to define priorities for planning and execution of such system is the need for planning, development, and running of such systems. To acquire these priorities based on stakeholders input the stakeholders were classified into two major categories i.e. Technical and Social. A survey was undertaken in which the afore-mentioned stakeholders were asked to provide their input in the form of a pair wise comparison among the various components of the sustainable solid waste management system (SSWM). Analytical Hierarchy Process, a Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) tool was used to quantify the relative importance of various components of SSWM. Environmental component of the sustainability came out to be the top priority of the stakeholders as it was given the highest weight by the stakeholders
Synthesis and Characterization of Cadmium Substituted Copper Nano – FerritesIJERA Editor
A series of copper substituted cadmium nano ferrites with the compositional formula Cu 1-x CdxO4(where x=0.1, 0.3. 0.5 and 0.7) were prepared by the Citrate gel auto combustion technique and sintered at 873 K for 4 hr. The X-ray difractrograms (XRD) clearly exhibited the existence of single phase cubic spinel structure. The crystallite size was found in the range of 10-42nm. The values of lattice parameter were calculated by using d spacing. The calculated values of lattice parameter and X-ray density were explained on the basis of composition
Numerical Modelling of Waterlogging Problem in New Urbanized Communities in A...IJERA Editor
Expanding the urbanization of new communities within the limited low flat desert surfaces of Al-Qairawan area, Kuwait has started to face the continuous growth of population. The traditional urbanized logged areas affect urbanization of these flat desert surfaces as a result of the difference in the topographic level, inadequate drainage system and the existence of inland Sabkhas beside shallow-depth clay lenses beneath these sites. Moreover, the soil water depths vary from few centimeters below ground surface to 5.5 m and the soil-water moves generally from the southwest to the northeast towards the Arabian Gulf. The present paper threw light on a trial to mitigate the waterlogging problem due to the bad use of water resources in Gardening-irrigation activities in the relatively high-land areas of the present traditional urbanized communities in Al-Qairawan area applying mathematical modeling. The groundwater flow model, Visual MODFLOW v.3, was used to test the reliability of the proposed solution for mitigation and its limitation. Three proposed scenarios for mitigation of waterlogging problem were checked. Decreasing the soil water level using wall sheet system was proposed as a first scenario. The second scenario proposed suitable dewatering system while the third one assumed the construction of transverse open drainage system in the southern boundary of the study area. The results showed that the third scenario was the best solution since it reflected both the lowest soil water level (2.72m) and least cost economically (146250 Kuwait-Dinar). Accordingly, the solution concerning soil water rise control in the study area through applying the construction of transverse open drain in the southern boundary of the study water logged area is highly recommended.
MATLAB Implementation of 128-key length SAFER+ Cipher SystemIJERA Editor
Data security is a major challenge today. To protect data in the Internet or in private networks many measures exist. The most important security layer is the use of encryption standard to protect information from eavesdropper. Today many encryption standards exist failing in two categories: symmetric and asymmetric key algorithms. In this work Secure And Fast Encryption Routine (SAFER+) standard is implemented using MATLAB. The development in computer programming techniques and languages offers a good opportunity of the software implementation of encryption standards with moderate cost and good performance. MATLAB can be considered today as the first engineering programming language with powerful mathematical function and reliable programming procedures
Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Flow over a Rotating Circular Cylinder u...IJERA Editor
Recent advancements in the field of computational fluid mechanics and the availability of high performance with regard to rotating software computing cylinders (RCs) have drawn attention to the field of flow accelerated corrosion. (FAC). Current studies aim to numerically predict turbulent flow characteristics around the rotating cylinder and the concomitant effects on the wall shear stresses and local mass fraction of inhibitors that are directly related to corrosion rate. This 3-D numerical investigation was carried out using the commercial CFX package from which the where SST turbulence model was selected to compute the unknown Reynolds stresses term in the incompressible and viscid form of the Navier-Stokes equation. The effect of three different cylinder rotation speeds and three brine temperatures on the wall shear stress and on brine mixing is reported. Results of the simulations revealed that both cylinder rotation speed and the temperature of the brine significantly affect wall shear stress and mixing of the inhibitor that in turn affects corrosion rate
Post Earthquack Slope Stability Analysis of Rubble Mound BreakwaterIJERA Editor
Rubble mound breakwaters are structures built mainly of quarried rock. Generally armourstone or artificial concrete armour units are used for the outer armour layer,which should protect the structure againist wave attack. Armour stones and concrete armoure unites in this outer layer are usually placed with care to obtain effective interlocking and consequently better stability
Dangerous gaseous are emitting from the internal combustion engine vehicles , these harmful gasses are the main cause of the air pollution. The aim of this paper is to clarify the importance of electric vehicle and how we can control or reduce the dangerous gaseous from the environment. Here, we have been discussing the principle of electric vehicle and also focusing on different types of electric vehicles. Harmanjit Kaur | Neha Rani | Sukhjinder Singh "Review Paper of Electric Vehicles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49931.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49931/review-paper-of-electric-vehicles/harmanjit-kaur
In a world where environment protection and energy conversion are growing concerns,the development of solar vehicle has taken on an accele ration pace. The dream of having commercially viable solar vehicle is becoming a rea lity. EV�s are gradually available in the market. This opportunity is taken towards design an d development of Solar two wheeler. Solar vehicle is a multi-disciplinary subject which covers broad and complex aspects. However,it has core technologies,namely propulsio n technology,energy source technology,storage and control technology. As energy source s olar panel is used and developed voltage is stored in battery and used for the drive the hub motor which is used as rare wheel of the vehicle.
Free Powered Electric Vehicle_Designed by Pranav NavathePranavNavathe
In today’s world the rapid growth in automobile industry requested most accurate and high
performable vehicles, with pollution free and low cost in operation. The project free powered electric
vehicle is an automobile which works on the principle of generating electricity with the help of
synchronous electric motor and generator with attached fly wheel, boosting circuit which acts as a
free powering machine by restoring waste mechanical energy into useful electric work. This device
consists of one electric motor and generator with attached fly wheel in centre so that it connected
with motor and generator with belt pulleys. When an mechanical input is given to the generator with
help of stator its produces electricity later which is passed to motor as input so, motor rotates the
attached flywheel then the stored kinetic energy in the flywheel is utilized to multiply the rotations of
generator shaft to produce electricity with little effort on motor in this way cycle repeated and from
produced electricity some amount of electricity taken as output which is used for charging batteries,
accessories of the electric vehicle. Such that vehicle is propelled.
The CO2 emission level is becoming a serious issue worldwide. The continuous increase in gasoline price forms the essential base of development of electric vehicle (EV) drives. Moreover, economic and environmental issues relate to fabrication and operation of traditional powered vehicles. The basic considerations and development perspectives of EVs are presented in this paper. The development of an efficiently designed motor and drive satisfy the need of efficient characteristics that enable EVs to perform as part of the propulsion unit. The use of digital signal controllers compared with conventional control systems minimizes the motor’s total harmonic distortion, lowers operating temperatures, and produces high efficiency and power factor ratings. This paper addresses the view of EV technology as well its advantages over other technologies.
Optimal design and static simulation of a hybrid solar vehicleIRJASH
This paper deals with the design and simulation analysis of the hybrid solar vehicle under static conditions. The solar hybrid vehicle is effective in our everyday lives because many people have petrol cars and the emissions and fuel cost is now a serious problem. In addition to controlling vehicles pollution in the city, reduced fuel consumption and hybrid solar car use is used in vehicles to effectively reduce global warming and the environmental challenge in large-scale applications. In the last ten years, research has taken place on a large quantity of solar, hybrid solar and electrically operated cars, which is originating from several independent developments that all resulted in the idea of hybrid solar car and electric operated car. A hybrid solar vehicle was successfully designed, analyzed and fabricated at the end of this research.
Key words: Hybrid Vehicle, Solar vehicle, Fuel Efficiency, Static analysis
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Technology and Key Strategy of IE4 Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Drive for Electric Vehicle Application
1. Nitin Subramonium A K.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 2, ( Part -4) February 2017, pp.25-31
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622- 0702042531 25 | P a g e
Technology and Key Strategy of IE4 Permanent Magnet
Brushless DC Motor Drive for Electric Vehicle Application
1
Nitin Subramonium A K, 2
Prakhyath Shetty,3
G Saravanan, 4
S Vivekanandan
1
Project Associate Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai, India
2
Engineer, UTC, Bangalore, India
3,4
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engg KPR Institute of Engg and Tech,
Coimbatore India
ABSTRACT: Environmental protection and energy conservations are the main concern of 21st century Asia
Pacific developing countries. This concern has compelled to design and develop zero pollution road
transportation Electric Vehicles (EVs). The EV system consist of energy storage devices such as battery, fuel
cell, ultra-capacitors along with electric propulsion, body of the vehicle and energy management system with the
diversified technology of electrical, electronics, mechanical, automotive and chemical engineering. The
objective of electric vehicle is to produce commercial viable range, efficient performance, and comfort with
safety and reliable operations at cheaper price than its counterpart the Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle
(ICEV). The PMBLDC motors are the present choice of automobile industries and researchers because of its
high power density, compact size, reliability, with noise free and minimum maintenance requirements. The
present state of art Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PMBLDC) Motor drive for the electric vehicle application
is studied / reviewed in this paper.. In addition the study also reveals the advancement of the Power Processing
Unit (PPU) which consists of Microelectronics and Controls (Me and C) to produce the super-premium
efficiency PMBLDC drive system for EV applications.
Keywords: PMBLDC motor drive; Fuel cell; Power Processing Unit, Microelectronics and control.
I. INTRODUCTION
For the Asia Pacific developing countries
21st century is an environmental protection
century. Electric Vehicles were available in the
19th century till about 1918 [1-10]. Since then,
because of the development and viable of ICE, the
use electric vehicle for transportation was reduced
to nil. But, present factors like environmental
pollution problems, shortage of petroleum products
and its sharp rise in cost along with energy
independence has encouraged to reorganize the
electric vehicles as an alternative mode of
transportation. In the past decades Direct Current
(DC) and Alternating Current (AC) variable speed
drives were commonly used for electric vehicle
applications. But in this 21st century because of the
availability of high quality rare earth permanent
magnet materials like samarium cobalt (Sm-Co)
and Neodymium-Iron-Boron (Nd-Fe-B), the
development of PMBLDC motor drives has
become highly attractive for EV applications. In
addition because of the advancement of
microelectronics and control systems the PMBLDC
drives has become has more reliable and
categorized in to IE4 efficiency (super premium
efficiency) classification.
II. GENERAL SURVEY
Asia pacific environment: The current Asia Pacific
environment related to Electric Vehicle (EV)
development can be summarized as below [11]:
Swift trade and industry development
Plentiful natural resources
Low-priced labor
Less industry
Practical performance requirement
Less constraints for new infrastructure
Major electricity comes from relatively clean
sources
Hence, EVs also provide additional new
transportation system along with replacement of
conventional ICE vehicles [12-17]. From
environment aspect, EV provide zero emission
transportation and from energy point of view it is
ecofriendly and efficient because it offers secure,
comprehensive and energy balance spectrum. From
transportation point of view, EVs provide
intelligent transportation system that will improve
road utilization and safety. The motor required for
Electric scooter applications should be compact,
small axial length, less weight with high efficiency.
The aerodynamic drag, tractive force of the load,
i.e. the road should be overcome by the torque
developed by PMBLDC motor propulsion. Higher
motor driving current is the major limitation of the
PMBLDC motor.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Nitin Subramonium A K.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 2, ( Part -4) February 2017, pp.25-31
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622- 0702042531 26 | P a g e
International Energy (IE) Standard:
The increase in electric motor efficiency
contributes to the worldwide energy savings. To
make this possible International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) has made International Energy
(IE) to develop the standards and performance of
the motor drives [18-19]. The main concern of IE
standards is efficiency which can be categorized as
IE 1 (standard efficiency)
IE 2 (high efficiency)
IE 3 (premium efficiency)
IE 4 (super premium efficiency)
IE 5 (ultra-premium efficiency)
Currently this classification run from IE 1
to IE 4, but at present stage IE 3 is made mandatory
in some countries so that performance can be
increased. IE 4 standard is still not legally applied,
but the regulation and specification are defined.
The manufacturers use IE 4 as the readiness for
implementation. The IE standards are already
designed for the motor ranging from 0.75kW to
375 kW, within which the motor of 7.5kW to
375kW mandatory rule for some application is
made to follow from 2015 and for low power from
0.75kW is 2017. With the up gradation to IE 4
standards efficiency can be brought up for the
machines of 120W to 500kW.
Comparison between electric vehicle and
conventional vehicle [20]:
TABLE I: Comparison between electric vehicle
and conventional vehicle
The IC engine efficiency is low because of heat
loss also its cooling system is of intricate. On the
other hand electrical machines have higher
efficiency than ICE.
III. CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC
VEHICLE
A. Electric Vehicle
1 Battery operated electric vehicle
2 Battery and ultra-capacitor operated electric
vehicle
3 Solar operated electric vehicle
B. Hybrid Electric Vehicle
1 Fuel cell operated electric vehicle
2 Hybrid electric vehicle
IV. VEHICLE ARCHITECTURE
Electric vehicle is a complicated assembly
dealing with various fields like Mechanical,
Electrical, Control, Magnetic, Electrochemical,
Thermal, Chemical etc [21-24]. The fuel tank of the
conventional vehicle is replaced by the battery
bank. Power AC mains supply or fuel cell is used
charge the batteries. The arrangement is provided
to charge these batteries either by regular power
chargers or by fast chargers which varies on the
type of chargers. The power controller is provided
to control the power supply to the motor. To supply
the power to auxiliaries and peripheral devices a
separate 12V battery is provided.
The heart of an electric vehicle is
combination of the electric motor, controller and
the batteries. The batteries deliver the power to the
controller and thus to the motor. The accelerator
knob is coupled to a pair of potentiometers
(variable resistors) which provides the signal to the
controller estimating the power to be delivered for
the particular load condition. The controller can
deliver zero power (when vehicle is at rest),full
power(when accelerator nob is raised to full
speed),or any power level in between. The variable
power could be delivered by the application of very
large thyristers that rapidly turn the batteries
voltage on and off [25-29]. The signal from the
potentiometers decides the power to be delivered to
the electric motor.
Motor Drive:
Usually the electric motors are used where
it is run for long time, constant speed, slightly
variable loads etc,. But for electric vehicle
application the motor needs to start, stop
frequently, periodic acceleration and deceleration
which cannot be compared with industrial electric
motors. In order to suit the motor for electric
vehicle application some of the key features have to
be satisfied to operate at good performance and
efficiency. The motor for electric vehicle should
have high torque for starting and uphill propulsion,
higher power density for acceleration and speeding,
capacity to bear over load for certain interval of
time, reliable, efficient and cost affordable. The
speed torque characteristics of the motor decide the
3. Nitin Subramonium A K.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 2, ( Part -4) February 2017, pp.25-31
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622- 0702042531 27 | P a g e
suitability of the motor. Figure I and Figure II
shows the speed- torque characteristics of the
desired electric vehicle motor [30] and standard
electric motor [31].
Figure I: Speed- torque characteristics of desired
electric vehicle motor
Figure II: Speed- torque characteristics of standard
electric motor
TABLE II: Comparison between different types of
DC and AC machines used for EV applications
The DC motors characteristics are suitable
for EVs. But its limitations are the commutator and
brushes. However the Power Processing Unit
(PPU) used for DC motor is economically cheaper
than used for three phase induction motor [32-38].
The purpose of commutator and brushes are now
implemented by means semiconductor devices. As
a result zero maintenance motors were developed
which are known as brush less dc motors. Since,
these PMBLDC motors are without commutator
and brushes their maintenance is very low also
there is increase in efficiency and power-to-weight
ratio. Hence, present trend is to use PMBLDC
motor drive for electric vehicles. The cost of
PMBLDC motor drive has two main components,
namely motor and the controller. The ease of
control of the motor has made the researchers to
take up the motor to work at efficiency and cost
reduction and commercialize the application of the
motor. Due to these features PMBLDC motor
drives finds the wide application in low power
drives and automotive. PMBLDC motors are well
known for less maintenance, long life, low EMI
and quiet operation. The output power of these
motors produce more output power per frame than
other motors.
TABLE III: Required scooter parameters
These values are necessary to calculate
torque, power and speed of the PMBLDC motor
drive. The electric motor for this application should
be small in size, light weight and higher efficiency.
In order to fit the motor into the scooter it should
have a short axial length. Sufficient torque has to
be generated to overcome the rolling resistance,
drag, tractive force against gravitation during
locomotion. The other constraints such as the size
4. Nitin Subramonium A K.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 2, ( Part -4) February 2017, pp.25-31
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622- 0702042531 28 | P a g e
of the motor, size of the tyre, driving current and
output power are to be taken into consideration.
Hence, the feasibility of PMBLDC motor drive is
studied from the technical specifications as
mentioned in Table IV
TABLE IV: Technical specification of the motor
drive
Storage Technologies for Electric vehicle:
A. Batteries in electric vehicle:
Lead acid battery: The spongy lead acts as
negative active material of the battery, lead oxide is
the positive active material and dilute sulfuric acid
is the electrolyte. For discharging, both materials
are transformed into lead sulphate [39-41]. These
are sealed batteries which provide maintenance free
operation and long-term application is possible.
Lithium-ion battery: The positive electrode is
composed of an oxidized cobalt material, the
negative is of carbon material and lithium salt in an
organic solvent is the electrolyte. These are lighter
in weight and good efficiency and energy density.
These have good self-discharge rate.
Sodium sulphate battery: These batteries bear
very high energy density and wide application for
low power drives.
Nickel based battery: The aqueous, room
temperature batteries such as nickel iron (Ni-Fi),
Nickel Cadmium (Ni- Cd) and Nickel-metal
hydride (Ni-MH) finds higher advantages due to
high peak power and higher energy density. Also
these batteries are safe materials and totally sealed
for maintenance free operation. Ni-MH batteries
eliminates Cadmium from the negative electrode
and finally from entire cell. In Ni-MH battery
positive electrode is made up of nickel hydroxide,
negative is made of an alloy of vanadium, titanium,
nickel and other metals. Ni-Cd batteries have the
greater advantage on the range of operating
temperature [42].
B. Fuel Cell:
The electric vehicle using fuel cell instead
of battery is called fuel cell electric vehicle in
which electricity to power the wheels of vehicle is
supplied by fuel cell. But a battery must be
recharged once all the fuel is reacted; a fuel cell is a
refillable battery. The fuel cell generates power
from the fuel on the anode and oxidant on the
cathode and the reaction takes place in the presence
of electrolyte. The reactants flows into the cell
during the process of generation mean while the
products flows out, the generation continues as far
as the process is maintained. The major advantage
of fuel cell is higher efficiency in conversion, quit
operation, fuel flexibility, durability and reliability.
Various combinations of fuel and oxidant
is possible, hydrogen is a non-polluting fuel for
fuel cell that after reaction it liberates water and it
has the highest energy density. Other fuels are
hydro-carbons and alcohols and oxidants being
chlorine and chlorine oxide. The efficiency of the
fuel cell depends on the power drawn, higher the
power drawn, lower is the efficiency. Losses occur
due to the voltage drop on the internal resistance
and the fuel cells have relatively longer response
time [43-45]. Also, fuel cells are more expensive
than the other batteries.
C. Flywheel:
Flywheel is a device that stores and
delivers the energy in the mechanical motion due to
size and weight problem, the use is being reduced
in electrical vehicle application as these require
minimal size and weight. Flywheel energy storage
takes place when flywheel is accelerated to high
speed and rotational energy is maintained. As and
when the energy in the flywheel is extracted, the
rotational speed reduces as a consequence of
principle of conservation of energy. The energy
storage in flywheel is directly proportional to its
mass and square proportional to velocity from
supply and delivers to the load as per the
requirement. Sl. No Parameter Values Unit 1 Rated
voltage 48 Volts (DC) 2 Rated power 500 Watts 3
Rated torque 1.27 Nm 4 Rated speed 3000 Rpm 5
Rated current 11.4 Amps 6 Peak current 34.2 Amps
7 Peak torque 3.81 Nm 8 Resistance 0.94 Ohms 9
Inductance 1.19 mH 10 Electrical time constant
5. Nitin Subramonium A K.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 2, ( Part -4) February 2017, pp.25-31
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622- 0702042531 29 | P a g e
1.26 ms 11 Mechanical time constant 4.91 ms 12
Voltage constant 10.1 v/krpm 13 Torque constant
0.128 Nm/A 14 Rotor moment of inertia 0.51
Kg.cm2 15 Motor length 130 Mm 16 Motor weight
1.6 Kg Due to the advancement in bearing, carbon-
fiber composite materials, micro-electronics and
controls has made the wide application of flywheel
[46-48]. As a result of these improvements
numerous advantages are added to this category i.e,
efficiency, reliability, high speed at lower weight
and size, thus made the storage system more
suitable for electric vehicular propulsion system.
The recent flywheels can store more power and
energy when compared to the conventional
batteries. These are independent of indepth
discharge thus does not alter the life cycle of the
system.
D. Hybrid Energy System:
The battery and fuel energy systems have
high specific energy but less specific power when
compared to flywheel. It can be said that apart from
energy density, voltage and current characteristics
of the different energy storage system are different.
Combination of the energy system with proper
calculation and placing can improve the
performance of the system [49-50]. This condition
is called hybrid energy system. The combination
depends on the type of vehicle and the required
output. With the combination of storage system,
both energy density and power density could be
enhanced. The application of only system for
higher power density like flywheel increases the
cost, weight and size but with combination, the
problem could be solved. The overall efficiency,
reliability, durability can be improved with this
storage system and also concern the cost and
weight.
V. COMMERCIAL ASPECTS TO
POPULATE THE ELECTRIC
VEHICLE IN RURAL AREA:
There is a lot of scope for battery operated
electric and hybrid vehicles in rural areas in Udupi
as the people are aware of the crisis of energy and
increasing fuel cost. But small mandatory changes
in the Government and local authorities will help in
reaching the people more affectively on road and
upgrade the efficiency to IE 3 standards and further
to IE 4. For small rural and urban works people
used to travel in two wheelers with two seats,
within which 90% of the riders travel alone with
another seat empty. But two wheeler one seat is not
so much commercialized as those are used in some
industries and in some executive office works. For
one person ride the vehicle need not have that
higher torque and high speed when compared to
two. Thus for these one person ride two wheeler,
single seat is more suitable and electric scooter
suits the case well. As the commercial vehicles are
IC engine powered these have high speed, thus
battery operated low speed vehicles are now
considered as the alternative for cycles. The main
factors of low speed, limited range and high initial
cost are main hurdles in popularizing the two
wheelers. The replacement to present vehicle to
electric vehicle can be effectively achieved by
implementation of electric vehicle in the form of
three wheelers at the initial stage and then
commercialize the two wheelers, thus contribute to
the crisis.
Safety: The industries dealing with chemical,
explosive, petroleum where there are dangers of
fire hazards, battery operated electric vehicles can
be utilized for such applications.
Air Pollution: The factories like food products,
pharma industries where the process has to be
carried in air conditioned premises and gas
emissions are not allowed.
Sound Pollution: Holiday resorts, wildlife
sanctuaries, hospitals are main systems where
people expect peace and calm, battery operated
electric vehicles can be used so that there will not
be any delay in the transportation.
VI. BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE
The battaries for the Electric vehicle will be
charged in off-peak hours, this condition helps
in ulilizing the base load plant, hence the
generated power can be used for the
development of renewable energy sources.
Electric Vehicle works at higher efficiency
compared to conventional IC engine vehicle,
that hardly it works at 35% efficiency.
Reduces air pollution and Global warming
problems
Reduction in the use of depleting fossil fuels.
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6. Nitin Subramonium A K.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
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www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622- 0702042531 30 | P a g e
[5]. R. Krishnan, Electric Motor Drives:
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