The document provides an overview of cartography and the key elements involved in mapmaking. It discusses important concepts like map projections, datums, geographic coordinates, and the common elements of maps such as titles, legends, scales, and directional indicators. It also examines different types of map projections including conic, cylindrical, and planar projections; and factors to consider in map design like the target audience, level of detail to include, appropriate use of symbols, colors and labeling. In the end, it shares some examples of excellent maps created by cartographers and acknowledges the sources of information.
Map is a drawn or printed representation of the physical features of the Earth.
It is the best tool to show, understand and analyse the features of an area. Cartography is the art and science of making maps. This module highlights many information on maps, types and their uses.
Map is a drawn or printed representation of the physical features of the Earth.
It is the best tool to show, understand and analyse the features of an area. Cartography is the art and science of making maps. This module highlights many information on maps, types and their uses.
A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane. Maps cannot be created without map projections.
Cartography is the art, science and technology of map making.
Maps are used as research tools and as sources of information.
Maps have existed since the time of the Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Chinese civilizations, with the latter maps dating back to 6000 years.
A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, within a common geographic framework.
Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration.
Presentació realitzada a l'ICC (27/09/2013) en el marc de la conferència magistral, a càrrec del Prof. Georg Gartner, president de l'Associació Cartogràfica Internacional (ICA/ACI)
A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane. Maps cannot be created without map projections.
Cartography is the art, science and technology of map making.
Maps are used as research tools and as sources of information.
Maps have existed since the time of the Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Chinese civilizations, with the latter maps dating back to 6000 years.
A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, within a common geographic framework.
Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration.
Presentació realitzada a l'ICC (27/09/2013) en el marc de la conferència magistral, a càrrec del Prof. Georg Gartner, president de l'Associació Cartogràfica Internacional (ICA/ACI)
Rethinking Cartography Curriculum to Train the Contemporary Cartographerreroth
Paper read at the 6th International Conference on Cartography & GIS in Albena, Bulgaria | June 14, 2016
Abstract: In this paper, I discuss my experience over the past five years restructuring the cartography curriculum at the University of Wisconsin–Madison to account for sweeping shifts in conceptual framings, mapping technologies, and professional expectations. To guide the refresh, I aligned the cartography curriculum to an orthogonal pair of axes: the traditional distinction in cartography between mapmaking and map use, and an emerging distinction between representation and interaction. A single course was designed to cover each of the four pairwise antipodes of the orthogonal axes, with a fifth course positioned at the intersection of these axes to integrate influences and technologies. In the paper, I discuss the pedagogical philosophy guiding the revised curriculum, the organization of design concepts and technical skills taught in each course, and lessons learned from my experience for keeping curriculum malleable as cartography continues to evolve.
A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes. Many maps are static, fixed to paper or some other durable medium, while others are dynamic or interactive.
Combined gis 2(GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM)musadoto
Distortions
• The earth is spherical, and a simple way of mapping it without distortion is to map it on a globe. However, mapping on globes is not possible.
• The transformation from the three-dimensional ellipsoid/sphere to the two-dimensional plane (flat) surface is not possible without some form of distortion.
• The distortions increase as the distance from the central point of the projection increases
• Areas smaller than 25 x 25 km:
No distortions
• Areas larger than 25 x 25 km:
Always distortions
• Map projections are used to control/minimize the distortions
Classification and properties of map projections
Properties of map projections
• Areas are everywhere correctly represented
• All distances are correctly represented
• All directions on the map are the same as on Earth
• All angles are correctly represented
• The shape of any area is correctly represented (e.g. a circle projected would remain a circle)
Geo-Enablement of the Supply Chain AnalyticsNishant Sinha
Supply chain analytics using GIS and location based services.
These slides were presented to a team of Indian Armed Forces in a short term course on Supply Chain Management at IIFT
GIS and Remote Sensing Training at Pitney Bowes SoftwareNishant Sinha
This presentation was made for internal training in Pitney Bowes. The content has many references across and has not been compiled. A simple ppt will help a lot.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Cartography – plotting the world
1. Cartography – Plotting the world
The foremost cartographers of the land have prepared this for you; it’s a map of the area that you’ll be traversing
Dr. Nishant Sinha
2. Spatial is Special
“Everything is related to everything
else, but near things are more related than
distant things”
Tobler, W. 1970. A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region.
Economic Geography 46, 234–40.
Sometimes called the First Law of
Geography (because it is generally true!).
5. Cartography – amalgam of art, science
and technology
▪ The art, science and
technology of making maps
▪ Help to produce and analyze
maps to enable
communication of ideas
▪ Basic principles of map making
– Has a clear motive or goal
– Is directed toward an audience
– Uses appropriate design elements
to clearly convey its message
7. Cartography – a communication bridge
The geographic
environment Compile Recognize
Select
Classify
Simplify
Symbolize
Read
Analyze
Interpret
Imagine
Map user
MapMap
CartographerReality
Reality?
8. Cartographic elements
▪ Maps show how different
features are related
▪ All maps, however, share the
same common elements
– Title
– Legend
– Scale
– Directional Indicator
– Inset Maps
– Projection System
Beauty is NOT the MAIN objective
9. The Elements of a Map: Title
▪ Most important element of the
map for acquiring information
efficiently is the title
▪ Identifies the map area and the
type of map
▪ Cartographers may list the title
simply or artistically
▪ Typically appear at the top of
the map, but not always
Map of Indiana Showing Its History, Points of Interest,1967, GRMC, Ball State University Libraries
10. The Elements of a Map: Legend
▪ Another important feature on a
map is the legend or map key
▪ Contains information needed to
read a map
▪ Most maps use symbols or
colors to represent different
geographic features, the
meaning of which is determined
by legend
This legend simply identifies the roads ofTexas, but the cartographer chose to be creative in the
design of the legend to add character to the map. (Texas Guide Map, 194-, GRMC, Ball State
University Libraries).
11. The Elements of a Map: Scale
▪ Almost all maps have scales
▪ Scales compare a distance
measured on the map to the
actual distance on the surface of
the earth.
▪ Scales appear on maps in
several forms, but most
cartographers draw a line scale
as a point of reference
This scale from a historical map of Kentucky features an image of GeorgeWashington surveying the
land. (Kentucky:The Dark and Bloody Ground, An Historical and Geographical Map of the State of
Kentucky, 1933, GRMC, Ball State University Libraries).
12. The Elements of a Map: Directional Indicator
▪ A directional indicator on a map
helps determine the orientation
of the map.
▪ Some cartographers place an
arrow that points to the North
Pole on the map.This is a “north
arrow.”
▪ Other maps indicate direction
by using a “compass rose,” with
arrows pointing to all four
cardinal directions
Ancient cartographers drew elaborate, artistic directional indicators—most commonly a compass
rose. (Floridae Americae Provinciae: Recens & Exactissima Descriptio, 1564, engraved reproduction,
GRMC, Ball State University Libraries).
13. The Elements of a Map: Inset Map
▪ Some maps feature inset maps -
smaller maps on the same sheet
of paper.
▪ Provide additional information
not shown on the larger map
▪ Drawn at a larger, more
readable scale
▪ Usually feature areas of interest
related to the larger map
The larger map above is a modern map of the NileValley.The inset map shows the ancient Egyptian
Empire in the same area.(National GeographicThe NileValley: Land of the Pharaohs, 1963, GRMC,
Ball State University Libraries).
14. ▪ Earth is round and maps are flat, getting information from a curved surface to a flat one involves a
mathematical formula called a map projection , or simply a projection
▪ This process of flattening the earth will cause distortions in one or more of the following spatial
properties and No projection can preserve all these properties:
– Distance
– Area
– Shape
– Direction
▪ Type of projections based on different types of distortion
– EQUIVALENCY Correct representation of area
– CONFORMALITY Correct representation of shapes
– EQUIDISTANCY Correct representation of distance
– AZIMUTHALCY Correct representation of direction
▪ Type of projections according to the projection surface
– CONIC
– CYLINDRICAL
– PLANAR
In simple terms where the ‘paper touches the Earth’ there are no distortions. But the further the
‘paper’ is away from the surface of the Earth the greater distortions. The mathematics in
different projections attempt to overcome this problem – but none remove all distortions.
The Elements of a Map: Map Projections
15. G e oid
E ll ips oi d
S p he re
S e a Le v el
H e igh t
F igur e 2.4 E le vat ions def ine d w ith r ef er e nce to a sphe re , el lipsoid, ge oid, or loca l se a le vel w il l al l
be dif fe re nt. Eve n l oca tion a s l ati tude and longitude w ill var y som ew ha t. W hen linking fie ld da ta
suc h as G PS w ith a GI S, t he use r m ust know w hat ba se to use .
T errai n
Earth Models and Datums
18. Type of projections according to the
projection surface
Standard
parallel
Central
Meridian
Polar Equatorial Oblique
19. No flat map can be both
equivalent and conformal.
20. The Datum
▪ An ellipsoid gives the base elevation for mapping, called a
datum.
▪ Examples are NAD27 and NAD83 Everest
▪ The geoid is a figure that adjusts the best ellipsoid and the
variation of gravity locally.
▪ It is the most accurate, and is used more in geodesy than
GIS and cartography.
22. Equivalency
▪ Also known as Equal area Projection,
that preserves the area of displayed
features
▪ Shape, distance and angles are distorted
▪ The meridians and parallels may not
intersect at right angles but they are
marked in such a way that the area
represented in each quadrangle is same
with the adjacent one
▪ Shapes of the features are generally
distorted for a larger area
▪ in smaller areas it is difficult to visualize
unless it is measured
Example: Albers Equal-Area Conic projection
23. Conformality
▪ Also known as Conformal Projection,
which preserves the local shape
▪ To preserve the individual angles
describing the spatial relationship this
projection must show the
perpendicular graticules intersecting
at right angles
▪ Issue - Shapes of the larger areas
cannot be preserved
▪ Used for smaller regions i.e. for large-
scale maps
▪ Useful for navigational charts and
weather maps
Example: Mercator projections
24. Equidistancy
▪ Also known as Equidistant
Projection, which preserves the
distance between two points
▪ Scale is not maintained correctly
throughout an entire map
▪ There are one or two lines on a map
along which the scale is maintained
correctly irrespective of the fact that
whether they are great or small circles
and straight or curved
Example:
25. Azimuthalcy
▪ Also known as True direction
Projection
▪ Preserves or maintains some of the
great circle arcs, giving the directions
or azimuths of all points on the map
correctly with respect to the center
Example: Azimuthal Equidistant projections
26. Conic Projections
▪ Based on the concept of the ‘piece of paper’
being rolled into a cone shape and touching
the Earth on a circular line
– Tip of the cone is positioned over a Pole
– Line of latitude where the cone touches
the Earth is called a Standard Parallel
▪ Used for regional/national maps of mid-
latitude areas – such as Australia and the
UnitedStates of America.
▪ Characteristics
– Fan shaped when used to map large areas
– Have distortions increasing away from
the central circular line (the ’touch point
of the paper‘)
– Have very small distortions along the
central circular line (the ’touch point of
the paper‘)
– Shapes are shown correctly, but size is
distorted
– Usually have lines of longitude fanning
out from each other and have lines of
latitude as equally spaced open
concentric circlesThis is a typical example of a world map based on the Conic Projection technique. This map is centred on central Australia and the Standard Parallel is 25°
South. Note how the shapes of land masses near the Standard Parallel are fairly close to the true shape when viewed from space – see the images at the
beginning of this section. This includes Australia, South America and the ’tip‘ of Africa. Also note how land masses furthest away from the Standard
Parallel are very distorted when compared to the views from space. Particularly note how massively large northern Canada and the Arctic icecaps look.
27. Cylindrical Projections
▪ Based on the concept of the ‘piece of
paper’ being rolled into a cylinder and
touching the Earth on a circular line
– Cylinder is usually positioned over
the Equator, but this is not essential
▪ Usually used for world maps or
regional/national maps of Equatorial
areas – such as Papua New Guinea
▪ Characteristics
– Rectangular or oval shaped – but this
projection technique is very variable in
its shape
– Have lines of longitude and latitude at
right-angles to each other
– Have distortions increasing away from
the central circular line (the ‘touch
point of the paper’)
– Have very small distortions along the
central circular line (the ‘touch point of
the paper’)
– Show shapes correctly, but size is
distorted..
his is an example of a cylindrical map projection and it is one of the most famous projections ever developed. It was created by a Flemish cartographer
and geographer – Geradus Mercator in 1569. It is famous because it was used for centuries for marine navigation. The sole reason for this is that any line
drawn on the map was a true direction. However, shapes and distances were distorted.
Notice the huge distortions in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, but the reasonable representation of landmasses out to about 50° north and south.
28. Planar Projections
▪ Based on the ‘flat piece of paper’
touching the Earth at a point. The point
is usually a Pole, but this is not essential
– Cylinder is usually positioned over
the Equator, but this is not essential
▪ Also known as Azimuthal or Zenithal
Projection
▪ Characteristics
– Have distortions increasing away from
the central point
– Have very small distortions near the
centre point (the ’touch point of the
paper‘)
– Compass direction is only correct from
the centre point to another feature –
not between other features
– Not usually used near the Equator,
because other projections better
represent the features in this area
When the centre of the map is the North or South Pole maps produced using Azimuthal Projections techniques have lines of longitude fanning out
from the centre and lines of latitude as concentric circles. These projections are often called polar projections.
29. What are my cartographic objectives?
Why?Map
objectives
Convey information
Illustrate analysis results
Highlight spatial relationships
Easier comprehension of complex events
How? Design
objectives Fulfill map objectives
Assign meaningful symbology
Ensure truthful depiction of reality
Fulfill communication objectives
30. What are my communication objectives?
PopulationSoils
Focused information
Importance can vary
Symbols can dominate
Variety of information
Equal importance
Subtle symbology
General map
Thematic map
Qualitative Quantitative
31. ▪ More than 3000
▪ No perfect projection
▪ All have distortions
Cylindrical
Conical
Azimuthal
Direction
Distance
Shape
Area
What projection should I chose?
34. What colors should I use?
▪ Connotations
▪ Conventions
▪ Preferences
▪ For screen or paper
R G B Y
100 70 40 10%
20 30 50 85%
Hue
Value
Saturation
Dimensions
36. What about the color impaired?
▪ Avoid pure green / red
▪ Vary shapes, textures
▪ Use brightness contrast (not more colors)
Normal eye
Red defective
Green defective
Blue defective
37. How do I represent names on my map?
▪ Legibility issues
– Text color vs background color
– Uppercase vs lowercase
– No fancy fonts
River
RIVER
River
Form
Tigris
Orlando
Color
Baghdad
Basra
Style
Qualitative
San Diego
Redlands
Size
Redlands
San Diego
Value
Tigris
Orlando
Color
River
RIVER
River
Form
Quantitative
38. • Readability issues
Makramville
Jackville1 2
How do I label names?
How do I place names at POINTS?
• Ambiguity issues
How do I place names at LINES?
• Faster reading
issues
How do I label contours?
39. 0 3 ft
Are these dog houses? Must be visually
easy to read
Correct? Easy to use?
?
What about my scale?
40. Objective Map form
Quantity of information
Easy / Complex
Quality
Authenticity
Symbol size, color
Reality
Audience
Conditions of use
Technical limits
Scale
Generalization
What factors control my design?
42. Some of the world’s Best Maps
Map of ‘Pangea’ with Current International Borders
Map by eatrio.net via Reddit
Pangea was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras, forming about 300 million
years ago. It began to break apart around 200 million years ago. The single global ocean which surrounded Pangaea is
accordingly named Panthalassa.
43. Some of the world’s Best Maps
31. Earth’s Population by Latitude and Longitude
Photograph by mrgeng on Reddit
Where 2% of Australia’s Population Lives
Map by e8odie on Reddit
44. Some of the world’s Best Maps
Reversed Map with Southern Hemisphere at Top of Map (because position of North
is arbitrary)
Map via nnm.me
45. Some of the world’s Best Maps
World Map Tattoo with Countries Visited Coloured Countries That Do Not Use the Metric System
Map via Wikimedia Commons
46. Some of the world’s Best Maps
The Only 22 Countries in the World Britain Has Not Invaded (not shown: Sao Tome
and Principe)
Map by Stuart Laycock (via The Telegraph)
47. Some of the world’s Best Maps
Where Google Street View is Available
Map by Google
48. Some of the world’s Best Maps
Global Internet Usage Based on Time of Day
Map by Carna Botnet via Reddit
49. Some of the world’s Best Maps
Visualizing Global Population Density
Map by valeriepieris on Reddit
51. Acknowledgement
These slides are aggregations for better understanding of GIS. I acknowledge the
contribution of all the authors and photographers from where I tried to
accumulate the info and used for better presentation.