Digital signatures are often used to implement electronic signatures, a broader term that refers to any electronic data that carries the intent of a signature, but not all electronic signatures use digital signatures. In some countries, including the United States, India, and members of the European Union, electronic signatures have legal significance.
its very useful for students.
Sharpening process in spatial domain
Direct Manipulation of image Pixels.
The objective of Sharpening is to highlight transitions in intensity
The image blurring is accomplished by pixel averaging in a neighborhood.
Since averaging is analogous to integration.
Prepared by
M. Sahaya Pretha
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
MS University, Tirunelveli Dist, Tamilnadu.
This slide contain description about the line, circle and ellipse drawing algorithm in computer graphics. It also deals with the filled area primitive.
its very useful for students.
Sharpening process in spatial domain
Direct Manipulation of image Pixels.
The objective of Sharpening is to highlight transitions in intensity
The image blurring is accomplished by pixel averaging in a neighborhood.
Since averaging is analogous to integration.
Prepared by
M. Sahaya Pretha
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
MS University, Tirunelveli Dist, Tamilnadu.
This slide contain description about the line, circle and ellipse drawing algorithm in computer graphics. It also deals with the filled area primitive.
Transformation:
Transformations are a fundamental part of the computer graphics. Transformations are the movement of the object in Cartesian plane.
Types of transformation
Why we use transformation
3D Transformation
3D Translation
3D Rotation
3D Scaling
3D Reflection
3D Shearing
Prof. V. V. Nalawade, Notes CGMI with practice numericalVrushali Nalawade
Centre of gravity is a point where the whole weight of the body is assumed to act. i.e., it is a point where entire distribution of gravitational force is supposed to be concentrated
It is generally denoted “G” for all three dimensional rigid bodies.
e.g. Sphere, table , vehicle, dam, human etc
Centroid is a point where the whole area of a plane lamina is assumed to act.
It is a point where the entire length, area & volume is supposed to be concentrated.
It is a geometrical centre of a figure.
It is used for two dimensional figures.
e.g. rectangle, circle, triangle, semicircle
Centroid is a point where the whole area of a plane lamina is assumed to act.
It is a point where the entire length, area & volume is supposed to be concentrated.
It is a geometrical centre of a figure.
It is used for two dimensional figures.
e.g. rectangle, circle, triangle, semicircle
Centroid is a point where the whole area of a plane lamina is assumed to act.
It is a point where the entire length, area & volume is supposed to be concentrated.
It is a geometrical centre of a figure.
It is used for two dimensional figures.
e.g. rectangle, circle, triangle, semicircle
Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, “knowledge, study, learning”) is the study of topics such as quantity (numbers), structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics
Chap-1 Preliminary Concepts and Linear Finite Elements.pptxSamirsinh Parmar
Linear Finite Elements, Vector and Tensor Calculus, Stress and Strain, FEA, Finite Element methods basics, Mechanics of Continuous bodies, Mechanics of Continuum, Continuum Mechanics, Preliminary concepts
A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of a digital message or document. A valid digital signature gives a recipient reason to believe that the message was created by a known sender, such that the sender cannot deny having sent the message (authentication and non-repudiation) and that the message was not altered in transit (integrity). Digital signatures are commonly used for software distribution, financial transactions, and in other cases where it is important to detect forgery or tampering.
Digital signatures are often used to implement electronic signatures, a broader term that refers to any electronic data that carries the intent of a signature, but not all electronic signatures use digital signatures. In some countries, including the United States, India, and members of the European Union, electronic signatures have legal significance.
Database:
It is a collection of information stored in a computer.
Security:
It is being free from danger.
Database Security:
It is the mechanisms that protect the database against intentional or accidental threats.
OR
Protection from malicious attempts to steal (view) or modify data.
Three Main Aspects:
1. Secrecy
2. Integrity
3. Availability
An artificial neural network (ANN), often just called a "neural network" (NN), is a mathematical model or computational model based on biological neural networks, in other words, is an emulation of biological neural system.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. `
Introduction
• 3 D computer Graphics is a large and complex
subject.
• 3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D
computer graphics) are graphics that use a
three-dimensional representation of geometric
data (often Cartesian) that is stored in the
computer for the purposes of performing
calculations and rendering 2D images. Such
images may be stored for viewing later or
displayed in real-time.
4. `
• The Cartesian system employs the set of 3D axes
where each axis is a orthogonal to the other two.
• The above figure illustrates a scheme where a
right handed set of axes is used to locate uniquely
any point P with Cartesian co-ordinates (x, y, z).
• The right hand system requires that when using
ones right hand, the outstretched thumb , first and
the middle fingers align with x, y, z axes
respectively.
The Virtual World Space (contd..)
5. `
Positioning the Virtual Observer
• The VO always has a specific location within
the VE and will gaze along some line of sight.
• The VO has two eyes which, ideally, receive two
different views of the environment to create a
3D stereoscopic image.
• To achieve this two perspective views, a
standard computer graphic procedure is used
to re-compute the VE’s co-ordinate geometry
relative to the VO’s FOR.
7. `
• The procedure used depends upon y]the
method employed to define the VO’s FOR
within the VE which may involve the use of
direction cosine, XYZ fixed angles, XYZ Euler
angles or Quaternions.
Positioning the Virtual Observer (contd..)
8. `
Direction Cosines
• A unit 3D vector has three axial components
which are also equal to the cosines of angle
formed between the vector and 3 axes.
• These angles are known as direction cosines
and can be computed by taking dot product of
the vector and the axial unit vectors.
• These direction cosines enable any point P (x,
y, z) in one FOR to be transformed into P’ (x’, y’,
z’) in another FOR as follows:
12. `
• r11, r12,r13 are the direction cosines of
secondary x-axis.
• r21, r22,r23 are the direction cosines of
secondary y-axis.
• r31, r32,r33 are the direction cosines of
secondary z-axis.
Direction Cosines (contd…)
13. `
XYZ Fixed Angles
• The orientation involves the use of 3 separate
rotations about a fixed FOR – these angles are
frequently referred to as Yaw, Pitch, Roll.
• The roll, pitch, yaw angles can be defined as
follows: Roll is the angle of rotation about the
Z-axis, Pitch is the angle of rotation about the
X-axis and Yaw is the angle of rotation about
the Y-axis.
17. `
XYZ Euler Angles
• XYZ fixed angles are relative to fixed FOR while
XYZ Euler angles are relative to the local
rotating FOR.
• E.g.: A FOR is subjected to a pitch rotation and
then a yaw rotation relative to the rotating
FOR.
• Fig. shows the FOR are mutually aligned.
21. `
XYZ Euler Angles (contd…)
• Without developing the matrices for roll, pitch,
yaw and translate again, we can state that if a
VO is located in the VE using XYZ Euler angles,
then any point (x, y, z) in the VE is equivalent
to (x’, y’, z’) for the VO given the following –
22. `
XYZ Euler Angles (contd…)
• This too can be represented by the single
homogenous matrix operation:
23. `
XYZ Euler Angles (contd…)
• Where,
• T11 = cos yaw cos roll – sin yaw sin pitch sin roll
• T12 = cos yaw sin roll + sin yaw sin pitch cos roll
• T13 = -sin yaw cos pitch
• T14 = -(tx T11+ ty T12 + tz T13 )
• T21 = -cos pitch sin roll
• T22 = cos pitch cos roll
• T23 = sin pitch
• T24 = -(tx T21+ ty T22 + tz T23)
24. `
XYZ Euler Angles (contd…)
• T31 = sin yaw cos roll + cos yaw sin pitch sin roll
• T32 = sin yaw sin roll – cos yaw sin pitch cos roll
• T33 = cos yaw cos pitch
• T34 = - (tx T31+ ty T32 + tz T33 )
• T41 = 0
• T42 = 0
• T43 = 0
• T44 = 1
25. `
Quaternions
• It represents the rotation about an arbitrary
axis.
• We use 4D rotation and hence termed as
Quaternion. It is used to define the orientation
of the VO relative to the VE FOR.
• A quaternion ‘q’ is a quadruple of the real nos.
and defined as:
q = [s, v]
Where, s Scalar
v vector
26. `
Quaternions (contd…)
• q = [s + xi + yj + zk]
• Here s, x, y and z are the real nos. and i, j and k
represents the unit vector in x, y and z
direction respectively.
• The two quaternions are equal if and only if
their corresponding terms are equal.
• q1 = [s1, v1] q2 = [s2, v2]
• q1 = [s1 + x1i + y1j + z1k]
• q2 = [s2 + x2i + y2j + z2k]
29. `
• Projection plane located at the xy plane.
• The plane is used to capture Perspective
projection of objects located within the VO’s
field of view.
• Any given line its intersection point with the
projection plane identifies the corresponding
position of the point in a Perspective
projection .
Perspective projection (contd…)
30. `
Back –face removal
• Clipping is relatively computational expensive
process any way the number of polygons to be
clipped must be investigated and back face
removal is one such technique.
• Using the relative orientation of the polygon with
the observer, polygons divided into two classes
visible and bon-visible.
• As the back-face removal strategy remove those
polygon , the VE user will effectively see through
the object.
• If this effect is not required , interiors of object
will require modeling.
32. `
Back –face removal (contd…)
• From the above equation if cosƟ is positive
then the surface is visible. If the VO is in such a
position that all surface normals are pointing
away from him then, the back-face removal
technique removes this polygon so that the
observer can view through the object
33. `
• Unless we allow for light to be reflected from
one surface to another , there is a very good
chance that some surface will not receive any
illumination at all.
• Consequently , when this surface are rendered,
they will appear black and unnatural.
• In anticipation of this happening , illumination
schema allow the existence of some level of
background light level called the ambient light.
Ambient light