It is the process of transferring the research knowledge into practice, thus facilitating an innovative change in practice of protocols. Research utilization is the use of the findings from a disciplined study or a set of studies in a practical application that is unrelated to the original research.
It is the process of transferring the research knowledge into practice, thus facilitating an innovative change in practice of protocols. Research utilization is the use of the findings from a disciplined study or a set of studies in a practical application that is unrelated to the original research.
Ethnographic research is one of the many crucial research methodologies in educational research. This well-researched ppt gives a clear picture of the what, how, and why of the research design.
Triangulation research is all about the integration of data, method, investigators, and settings. there is a description of various types of triangulation and their impact on the validity of the results. there is a slight introduction to meta-analysis and systematic review.
Family Counseling Psychology
Family therapy is a type of psychological counseling (psychotherapy) that can help family members improve communication and resolve conflicts. Family therapy is usually provided by a psychologist, clinical social worker or licensed therapist
Development of conceptual framework in Nursing ResearchDhara Vyas
Conceptual Framework in Research
Conceptual framework: it is constructed by researcher’s own experience, previous research findings or conceps of theories and model
Conceptual Framework in Nursing Research
Developing Conceptual Framework
Types
Purposes
Health Belief Model
Health Promotional Model
Advantage of Conceptual Framework
Limitation of Conceptual Framework
Problems with the Framework
Observation Method is one of the methods for data collection. This method is very much applicable for ethnic research. Expert data collectors are essential to collect data through observation method..
Cognitive testing and vignettes in the WEAI - IFPRI Gender Methods SeminarIFPRI Gender
Katie Sproule and Chiara Kovarik (IFPRI) present on using cognitive testing and vignettes in the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), for a Gender Methods Seminar, Dec. 12, 2014.
Audio recording of the presentation available here: http://bit.ly/1zG14dI
Ethnographic research is one of the many crucial research methodologies in educational research. This well-researched ppt gives a clear picture of the what, how, and why of the research design.
Triangulation research is all about the integration of data, method, investigators, and settings. there is a description of various types of triangulation and their impact on the validity of the results. there is a slight introduction to meta-analysis and systematic review.
Family Counseling Psychology
Family therapy is a type of psychological counseling (psychotherapy) that can help family members improve communication and resolve conflicts. Family therapy is usually provided by a psychologist, clinical social worker or licensed therapist
Development of conceptual framework in Nursing ResearchDhara Vyas
Conceptual Framework in Research
Conceptual framework: it is constructed by researcher’s own experience, previous research findings or conceps of theories and model
Conceptual Framework in Nursing Research
Developing Conceptual Framework
Types
Purposes
Health Belief Model
Health Promotional Model
Advantage of Conceptual Framework
Limitation of Conceptual Framework
Problems with the Framework
Observation Method is one of the methods for data collection. This method is very much applicable for ethnic research. Expert data collectors are essential to collect data through observation method..
Cognitive testing and vignettes in the WEAI - IFPRI Gender Methods SeminarIFPRI Gender
Katie Sproule and Chiara Kovarik (IFPRI) present on using cognitive testing and vignettes in the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), for a Gender Methods Seminar, Dec. 12, 2014.
Audio recording of the presentation available here: http://bit.ly/1zG14dI
Generative Research Workshop by Nearsoft — Amsterdam MaterialMisael Leon
Determine what your users want or whether they will like your new feature. Generative user research is a powerful tool that can help you understand your target users' desires, expectations and lifestyle habits, taking the speculation out of product decisions and surfacing new customer opportunities.
The 2013 Market Research Event Promotional InfographicVital Findings
At the 2013 Market Research Event, Vital Findings partnered with The Market Research Event's conference organizers to design a custom infographic for the conference, which was available at the event and mailed to 10,000 leaders in the consumers insights industry.
Why engineers can be great at dealing with emotions at work once they get the manual.
TED-like talk for the Airbus Group Leadership University Trainer day held in Toulouse on 11 December 2014.
A few perspectives on how to bring soft subjects like "emotions at work" to engineers, using metaphors that speak to them :
- Emotions as a process (engine metaphor)
- Emotions as chemistry (what is happening to my body and why?)
- Emotions as tools (how can I be an emotions augmented manager?)
Bringing Research to Life through Collaborative, Engaging and Inspiring Works...Vital Findings
Vital Findings presented at The Market Research Event 2012 along with Logitech, using insights workshops to turn research into action.
Download the whitepaper here: http://vitalfindings.com/images/TMRE_WhitepPaper.pdf
Download DIY Insights Workshop Card here:http://vitalfindings.com/images/DIYWorkshopInsightsCard.pdf
Presented by Jason Kramer, Managing Director of Vital Findings and Katy Mogal, Sr. Manager, Consumer
Insights/Innovation Lead of Logitech
IFPRI Gender Breakfast with CARE and WorldFish: Measuring Gender-Transformati...IFPRI Gender
Measuring Gender-Transformative Change in Agriculture: A review of the literature and promising practices
February 16, 2017
Presenters: Steven Cole, Cynthia McDougall, & Afrina Choudhury from WorldFish & the FISH CGIAR Research Program; Emily Hilenbrand & Pranati Mohanraj from CARE USA
Discussant: Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI)
Gender inequalities are recognized as both a major driver of poverty and an impediment to agricultural development. Understanding complex processes of social change remains a critical challenge for effective agricultural development programming that advances gender equality. Gender transformative approaches represent a move beyond “business as usual” gender integration in programming towards the creation of an enabling social environment and more equitable formal and informal institutions that expand life choices for women and men.
At the heart of their work, WorldFish (in particular, through its FISH and Aquatic Agricultural Systems cross-cutting research program) and CARE USA (through its global Pathways to Empowerment agriculture program) strive to apply gender transformative approaches (GTA) in designing, implementing, and learning from agricultural development interventions. However, committing to GTA implementation approaches also requires a transformation of measurements and indicators of change, an area of research that remains relatively under-developed in the agriculture sector.
In this webinar, CARE and WorldFish Center jointly present a literature review of promising indicators and tools for measuring gender-transformative change in agriculture, along with some practical case studies and the implications of applying such approaches in practice.
It's all a game: The twin fallacies of epistemic purity and the scholarly inv...Carl Bergstrom
My talk from the Feb 2016 Gaming Metrics workshop at UC Davis.
Video of the talk at http://bit.ly/1WwfMxY (begins 20:00)
For some reason the visual gradients (used to indicate gradients of behavior) have not rendered here.
Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences Vol. 25, No. .docxpriestmanmable
Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences
Vol. 25, No. 1; Spring 2013
THE RISE OF STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE TESTING
IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH AND WHY
THIS IS A MISTAKE
Raymond Hubbard
C. Kenneth Meyer
Drake University
ABSTRACT: The growth of statistical significance testing in articles
published in the Public Administration Review for the period 1945 through 2008
is examined. Comparisons with sister journals, the American Political Science
Review and the American Journal of Political Science, show this growth to be
less emphatic and of more recent origin than theirs. That public administration
researchers are not yet quite entrenched in this practice is good because statistical
significance testing, with its focus on p-values, is largely ritualistic and adds
almost nothing of scientific value to a study. The justification for this conclusion
is presented. Instead of the infatuation with p-values, we encourage public
administration researchers to report and interpret sample statistics, effect sizes,
and their confidence intervals in empirical work. This offers a better prospect for
developing cumulative knowledge within the field.
INTRODUCTION
It is evident that the current practice of focusing exclusively on a
dichotomous reject-nonreject decision strategy of null hypothesis testing
can actually impede scientific progress. I suspect that the continuing appeal of
null hypothesis significance testing is that it is considered to be an objective
scientific procedure for advancing knowledge. In fact, focusing on p
values and rejecting null hypotheses actually distracts us from our real goals:
deciding whether data support our scientific hypotheses and are practically
significant. The focus of research should be on our scientific hypotheses, what
data tell us about the magnitude of effects, the practical significance of effects,
and the steady accumulation of knowledge (Kirk, 2003, p. 100).
A heated debate over the merits of quantitative versus qualitative research
methodologies has occurred recently in a number of public administration and
public policy journals, especially the Journal of Public Administration Research
and Theory and Administration and Society (see, e.g., Gill, J., & Meier, K. J.
(2000); Luton, 2007, 2008; Lynn, Heinrich, and Hill, 2008; Meier and O’Toole,
2007). Because our paper deals with methodology, we would like for readers to
know of our own perspective on this debate from the outset.
Both of us are staunch advocates of a postpositivist philosophy of science,
credited to Bhaskar (1978, l979), called critical realism. While incorporating
Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences
5
aspects of both, critical realism provides an alternative philosophy to those found
wanting—positivism/empiricism on the one hand and relativism/interpretivism
on the other (Sayer, 2000). In essence, this philosophy states tha ...
Here is an in-depth presentation that overviews twenty two (22) qualitative data methods that can be used in marketing research. For more great FREE resources, join us on facebook today at www.facebook.comb2bwhiteboard.
Or visit our website: www.b2bwhiteboard.com
· Select one ethical marketing issue suggested by a review, of any.docxalinainglis
· Select one ethical marketing issue suggested by a review, of any recent article from a non-academic periodical (e.g. LA Times, Wall St. Journal, Business Week, etc.).
· In the 2-page paper, briefly:
· describe the ethical issue (2-3 sentences),
· discuss the implications for one marketing decision (target market, product, pricing, promotion, distribution)
· include the full article upon which your paper is based. Staple to the back of the paper.
https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/314011
Personality impression formation: a correlational-
experimental design*
JOHN T. PARTINGTON
Brock University
LOUISE CLARKE
University of Western Ontario
ABSTRACT
A correlational-experimental design was used to study personality impression forma-
tion. Subjects rated how they would accept a number of hypothetical stimulus people
represented by combinations of self-referent statements denoting opposite poles of
four personality dimensions. They also gave self-endorsement responses to a person-
ality battery which sampled the same four dimensions. Perceivers were classified into
personality types defining levels of a subject's factor which together with four
stimulus cue factors comprised a complete factorial design for analyzing l i e accep-
tance ratings. Although the main experimental results suggested that stimulus cue
integration may be more linear than configural, the nature of subject-cue interactions
illustrated the need for more representative design in social perception research.
The present investigation focussed on how people form impressions of
others based on limited stimulus information. Asch's (1946) pioneering
studies on this problem suggested that people appear to combine stimulus
cues configurally and that certain traits are more central than others in
determining impressions. However, subsequent work within the Asch
paradigm yielded conflicting findings regarding trait centrality (e.g.,
Kelley, 1950; Wishner, 1960). In addition, considerable evidence favouring
more parsimonious linear models of impression formation has also been
obtained (Anderson, 1962; Triandis & Fishbein, 1963; Goldberg, 1968),
even under widely varied stimulus conditions (Partington, 1967). Not-
withstanding this, it is conceivable that die "fit" between such simple
models and obtained impression formation data may be a design artifact.
That is, the predictive power of these simple linear models may have
been a function of "rigorous" experimental paradigms which varied
stimulus cues in a controlled manner while holding constant other poten-
tially important covariates such as perceiver characteristics, nature of the
responses obtained, and situational effects (cf., Bieri, Atkins, Briar, Lea-
man, Miller, & Tripodi, 1966).
The purpose of the present study was to determine how different types
of perceivers would utilize and integrate information when forming im-
" This research was supported by Canada Council Grant 68-0667 and by the
University of Western Ontar.
The course gives a professional and academic introduction to computer and information security using the ethical hacking approach, which enables improved defence thanks to adopting an attacker mindset when discovering vulnerabilities, hands-on experience with different attacks, facilitates linking theory and practice in significant areas of one’s digital literacy, and can therefore be utilized by (future) security professionals, (informed) decision-makers, (savvy) users and developers alike.
The course introduces students to data mining in its interdisciplinary nature, with the goal of being exposed to and being able to obtain variety of data, process them, quickly find one’s feet, and perform exploratory analysis as a basis for drawing conclusions for decision-making and/or subsequent automation and prediction employing machine learning models.
The Machine Learning course follows the Data Mining course with introducing students to the most widely used machine learning algorithms and building machine learning models for prediction, decision-making, and/or automation of data analysis in a computer program /application.
Educational App Development
course proposal (its offering in 2016/2017 might be discussed in spring/summer 2016)
Department of Information Technology and Technical Education
Faculty of Education, Charles University in Prague
The course gives a professional and academic introduction to cross-platform (web) educational application development founded on the understanding of the role of ICT in contemporary education.
Coursera & Khan Academy on the Social WebJakub Ruzicka
Take a “social web” look back at Coursera & Khan Academy. How does it co-create both brands? What does it reveal about both communities? And how can social web data facilitate – both producers’ & consumers’ – informed decision-making in adjusting their “education mix”?
Social Web: (Big) Data Mining | summer 2014/2015 course syllabusJakub Ruzicka
Social Web: (Big) Data Mining | ISS FSV UK | Charles University in Prague | Faculty of Social Sciences | Institute of Sociological Studies | bachelor’s course | JSB454 | summer semester 2014/2015
Course Syllabus (version 1.1)
Introduction to Data Mining & Data Analysis | Data Science | Digital Humanities
Big Data | Types of Data | Data Formats | Information Retrieval | Business Intelligence | Law & Ethics of Data Mining
Introduction to Web Technologies for Non-Tech Students | Database Systems | Web Programming | Semantic Web | APIs
Graph Theory | Social Network Analysis | Statistical Procedures, Apps&Tools
Pseudocoding | Introduction to Programming in Python & data mining alternatives comparison | Data Exploration & Preprocessing
Web Scraping | Data Cleaning & Processing | Python Implementation &Libraries, Statistical Procedures, Apps &Tools
Social Media Mining | Data Cleaning & Processing | Python Implementation &Libraries, Statistical Procedures, Apps &Tools
Text Mining | Natural Language Processing | Python Implementation &Libraries, Statistical Procedures, Apps &Tools
Data Visualization | Data Storytelling | Electronic Publishing | Python Implementation & Libraries, Statistical Procedures, Apps & Tools
Student Webinars Week |Introducing Various Free &Open Source Data Mining Software &Apps
Machine Learning, Recommender Systems & OtherMoreAdvanced Topics | Large-ScaleDataSets| MapReduce, Hadoop, NoSQL
Course Review | Semestral Projects Consultation & Adjustments | The Remaining 99% of Data Science | Data Science Buzzwords
Social Media: Marketing Communications Strategy | 2013/2014 course reviewJakub Ruzicka
Social Media: Marketing Communications Strategy | ISS FSV UK | Charles University in Prague | Faculty of Social Sciences | Institute of Sociological Studies | bachelor’s course | JSB452 | winter semester 2013/2014 | review
Facebook News Feed Algorithm: Facebook User AwarenessJakub Ruzicka
Facebook News Feed Algorithm / Facebook User Awareness / Pilot Research
Majority of Facebook users is not aware of the Facebook EdgeRank / News Feed Algorithm (excluding social media managers/specialists).
Facebook users are rather aware of the influence of their their ‘affirmative‘ actions (liking, sharing, commenting befriending, following, subscribing) than the influence of their ‘private‘ interactions with other users (messages, chatting), their ‘private‘ actions (adjusting privacy settings, creating & editing friends lists, sorting Facebook posts) and/or of their ‘negative‘ actions (hiding, reporting & blocking something).
Majority of Facebook users have used at least half of the features affecting their News Feed content shown but more than half of the Facebook users seem to be rather ‘passive‘ consumers of the News Feed content shown (not adjusting it in any way even though they seem to know about some ways of how to do it).
In general, more than half of the users have never reported or blocked anything on Facebook.
People rather subscribe to notifications from a page than from a person.
Majority of Facebook users know about the interest and/or friend list feature but only about 1/3 of them actually use it.
There are still some users (even among University students) who have never adjusted their privacy settings.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
3. In a broad sense
anthropology
criminology
medical science
(& clinical
vignettes)
psychology
education
...
The vignette is a “thick description”
(Geertz, 1973) revealing the pathic
qualities of a tangible moment
perceived by the researcher.
Researchers must be mindful that
the selection of these moments is an
act of signification driven by their
own directed attention, which might
change while working with the data
(protocols, conversations, photos,
documents).
7. What is a vignette in
survey research?
& examples
8. The foundations of a vignette in 1970s & 1980s
(...) “The third generation, starting to emerge in the late
1980s, deals with data that are neither cross-tabulations nor
data matrices, either because they have a different form,
such as texts or narratives, or because dependence is a
crucial aspect, as with spatial or social network data.“ (...)
Statistics in Sociology, 1950-2000 (1999)
9. What is a vignette?
A vignette is a sort of "illustration" in words. In survey research, a vignette question describes an event,
happening, circumstance, or other scenario, the wording of which often is experimentally controlled by the
researcher and at least one of the different versions of the vignette is randomly assigned to different subsets of
respondents. For example, imagine a vignette that describes a hypothetical crime that was committed, and the
respondents are asked closed-ended questions to rate how serious they consider the crime to be and what
sentence a judge should assign to the perpetrator. The researcher could experimentally alter the wording of
the vignette by varying six independent variables: the gender, race, and age of both the victim and perpetrator.
If two ages (e.g., 16 and 53), three races (Asian, black, and white) and both genders (female and male) were
varied for both the victim and perpetrator
Vignettes consist of stimuli presented to research participants. Their purpose is to selectively portray
aspects of reality to which participants are asked to respond. They take many forms, including written and
spoken narratives, visual imagery, video, and sound. Like any research method, vignettes address clearly
defined research questions, and their form and application will be directed by the research questions posed,
the topics under study, and the kinds of participant groups involved. The simplicity of scenarios can help to
identify, clarify, and disentangle the complexities of real-world processes
Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods (2008)
10. Indirect technique (here: disguised gender)
It seems that last month, Karl (Kathy) Michaels was away
visiting relatives for a few days, leaving the two Michaels
youngsters in the care of their mother (father), Kathy
(Karl). MIS. (MI.) Michaels, however, took the opportunity to
rendezvous with her (his) secret lover, leaving the two
children, Mark (5) and Tommy (3), as she (he) had
apparently done on several such occasions. This time,
however, fear and hunger after many hours of neglect drove
the Michaels children to the streets in search of their
wayward parent. A pair of city residents found the children
wandering in the street almost 3 miles from the Michaels
home. The police were called in, and in the process of
reuniting the children and their mother (father), the whole
story came out. “I don’t see that what I did was so terrible,”
Kathy (Karl) told an obviously upset spouse.
WOULD YOU AGREE THAT
MRS. (MR.) MICHAELS IS A
POOR PARENT? (CIRCLE ONE)
STRONGLY DISAGREE
1234567
STRONGLY AGREE
Contrastive Vignette Technique: An indirect Methodology Designed to Address Reactive Social Attitude Measurement (1980)
11. Another example
This exploratory study reports a first attempt to measure general family status in an urban setting,
and further, to do this in an experimental way. The tool investigated is the vignette, a plain-language
description of a family containing a measured amount of information. Respondents are asked to read the
description and answer a number of status-relevant questions about the family described. The effects on
status of each variable investigated may be measured by creating a second vignette on the same family,
changing the value of the variable investigated, giving the two forms to two randomly selected groups,
and comparing the status scores resulting from the two “treatments.” The technique was applied here to
five family related variables and appeared to yield valid data.
Marvin Silver, 34, and his wife Sheila, 31, have been married two years. They have just moved into their
first home in Wellesley, Massachusetts. They met as students in business school. Mr. Silver has just
been appointed assistant administrator of a small Boston hospital. The Silvers have a one-year-old
daughter (who is a victim of cerebral palsy). Mrs. Silver does not work, but she does volunteer jobs
for the Crippled Children’s Fund.
The Vignette as an Experimental Approach to the Study of Social Status: An Exploratory Study (1972)
12. Question example
Which TWO of the
following
would
you most expect
the members of
this family to mix
with socially?
Which TWO are
the least likely to
mix with socially?
(Mark them M for
most and L for
least.)
train conductor
architect
accountant
research chemist
electrician
barber
assembly line worker
commercial artist
owner of a grocery store
The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods (2008)
13. Battery of questions
This
family
shops carefully
1234567
shops impulsively
tends to save extra money
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 tends to spend entire salary
pays cash for all purchases
1234567
buys on installment
attends church regularly
1234567
does not attend church
reads many books
1234567
does not read
...
The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods (2008)
15. The use of vignettes in qualitative research
vignettes
may be
used for
three
main
purposes
in social
research
to allow actions in context to be explored
to clarify people’s judgements
to provide a less personal and therefore less
threatening way of exploring sensitive topics.
The Use of Vignettes in Qualitative Research (1999)
17. General usage
Vignettes have
the potential to
explore
meanings and
interpretations
not easily
accessible
through other
methods.
Exploring general attitudes and beliefs
Asking questions
Context
Multi-method approach
Some researchers have employed vignettes as an icebreaker
Sensitive topics
Authenticity
Compensating for lack of personal experience
Using vignettes in qualitative research (1999)
18. Vignette typology
constantvariablevalue vignette
(CVVV)
method
all respondents read identical vignettes, which is a correlational method for assessing intergroup
differences in judgments
factorial
vignette
studies
combine survey methodologies with an experimental research design, and allow researchers to
examine subjects’ reactions to hypothetical scenarios (vignettes) while controlling for variables within
the scenarios; slightly different versions of the vignettes are randomly assigned to respondents
uncontrolled respondent projections (different respondents = different interpretations)
evaluation process unmeasured (just outcomes, not processes)
social desirability bias
after first assessing the suitability of a factorial vignette design to the topic, researcher should settle on
the number of variables according to budget constraints, and then craft realistic vignettes with
multiple versions according to the number of variables
19. Vignette typology
“In areas where theory is weak or there exists
poorly developed empirical work, the justification
for adopting the experimental stance is
dubious.“
Reproducing Naturally Occuring Stories: Vignettes In Survey Research (1982)
22. The use of vignettes in qualitative research
implementation
stories must appear plausible and real to participants
stories need to avoid depicting eccentric characters and disastrous events, and
should instead reflect ‘mundane’ occurrences
vignettes need to contain sufficient context for respondents to have an
understanding about the situation being depicted, but be vague enough to ‘force’
participants to provide additional factors which influence their decisions
participant’s ability to engage with the story may be enhanced if they have
personal experience of the situation described
vignettes must be presented in an appropriate format (written vs. video narratives)
The Use of Vignettes in Qualitative Research (1999)
23. Implementation (other recommendations)
Other Brevity
characteristics
that vignettes
should follow Use of respondents’
(Morrison) words
Ambiguity
respondents must grab
the situation in a few
words of sentences
to avoid respondents'
confusion
to find out how
ambiguous situations are
likely to be interpreted
Use of Vignettes in business statistics in testing a new definition of the enterprise (2012)
24. Designing vignette studies in marketing
business
researchers
argue that
vignettebased studies
are superior
to directquestionbased studies
because
vignettes
provide greater realism
supply standardized stimuli to all respondents, which enhances
internal validity, measurement reliability, and ease of replication
improve construct validity by focusing respondent attention upon
specific features of the research question
bypass difficulties (e.g., time, expense) of studying real
business decisions
reduce yea-saying/social desirability bias
enhance respondent involvement & dramatize issues
Designing Vignette Studies in Marketing (2012)
25. Designing Vignette Studies in Marketing
Vignette make believable
design
issues
make adequately but not
overly detailed
1) select the appropriate method (i.e., CVVVs versus factorial survey)
2) tailor their questions to their vignettes,
3) ensure that all relevant variables are covered,
4) develop and use an adequate number of vignettes,
5) control and account for social desirability bias,
6) survey the appropriate respondent population,
make tone consistent
with research
question(s)
7) fit vignettes to respondents,
8) apply conjoint analysis techniques within a ‘theory and practice’ framework,
9) make vignettes believable,
make manipulated
variable(s) obvious
10) make vignettes adequately but not overly detailed,
11) make the tone of the vignettes consistent with their research question(s),
guard against framing
effects (precise wording)
12) make the manipulated variable(s) obvious, and
13) guard against framing effects
Designing Vignette Studies in Marketing (2012)
27. Assumption
An interviewee’s response to a vignette may well
carry some predictive power in respect of how
they would behave if they were to be subsequently
presented with a similar, ‘real-life’ event.
Putting it in context: the use of vignettes in qualitative interviewing (2010)
28. Issues
participants may initially provide socially desirable
responses and only after probing will they reveal how they
truly believe they would respond to the situation
it is important that the stories presented in the vignettes are
readily understood, are internally consistent and not too
complex
in some circumstances it may be desirable to include a
control vignette to see if any significant differences
emerge
The Use of Vignettes in Qualitative Research (1999)
29. Issues
Hughes
(1998)
“We do not know enough about the relationship
between vignettes and real life responses to be
able to draw parallels between the two.“
possible
solution
the recent inclusion of vignettes in multi-method
approaches
may
clarify
some
of
these
methodological issues by helping to understand the
extent to which abstract responses relate to
actions in everyday life
Considering the Vignette Technique and its Application to a Study of Drug Injecting and HIV Risk and Safer Behaviour (1998)
33. Student judgments about dating violence
Survey vignette methodology was employed to investigate student beliefs about what
constitutes abusive behaviors in dating relationships.
multiple regression analysis / random, stratified sample was drawn from among students at a
large university in the Northeast / 15 vignettes / questionnaire / about 300 responses /
individual & situational factors
“Significant predictors of abuse judgments were nature of the aggressive act and
victim’s gender and sexual orientation. More severe acts of aggression, female victims,
gay and lesbian victims, a history of violence in the relationship, injurious outcome, male
perpetrator, and alcohol consumption significantly increased abusiveness ratings.“
Student Judgments about Dating Violence: A Factorial Vignette Analysis (1999)
34. Student motivations to cheat
103
undergraduate
college
students
This study uses students’ evaluations of a hypothetical situation to assess their
beliefs about other students’ decisions to cheat on an exam. Participants read a
vignette describing an examination in which the protagonist has the
opportunity to cheat. The description of the vignette’s protagonist was
manipulated with respect to his perceived competence in the course and the
source (intrinsic or extrinsic) of his motivation. In addition, students rated their
own likelihood of cheating in the hypothetical situation. Their self-reported
motivation and actual cheating behavior were assessed as well.
Vignette results indicate main effects for both competence and motivation, with
high competence and intrinsic motivation leading to lower expected rates of
cheating. A three-way interaction among the participants’ gender, motivation and
competence is also evident. As these results are consistent with available theory,
support is provided for both the theory and the experimental method.
Evaluating the Motivation of Other Students to Cheat: A Vignette Experiment (2004)
36. Using vignettes in awareness and attitudinal
research
The vignette approach offers a
number of benefits:
(1) flexibility that allows the
researcher to design an
instrument uniquely responsive
to a specific topic;
(2) enjoyment and creativity
for the informant;
and (3) depersonalization that
encourages an informant to
think beyond his or her own
circumstances
By employing the vignette
approach, we avoided prestuctured
questionnaires that often contain
investigator bias while
encouraging topical focus
unavailable in most 'grand tour
questions'. We provide a description
of and evidence for how this vignette
approach circumvented frequently
encountered problems in awareness
and attitudinal research, while more
richly capturing the voices of the
informants.
Using vignettes in awareness and attitudinal research (2000)
37. Study of drug injecting and HIV risk and safer behaviour
methodology
previous research ►storyline (previous research & pre-research)
► literacy levels & vocabulary (adjusted to respondents)
tips & tricks
researchers need to point out their interest in what would happen in reality
facilitating
e.g. ‘Have you ever found yourself in a similar situation?’
differences
real life X vignette responses = would X should responses
combining the vignette technique with indirect observation
reduction of
social desirable
reponses
follow-up questions
‘What would happen in real life?’
‘Why do you think she might have do that?’
Considering the Vignette Technique and its Application to a Study of Drug Injecting and HIV Risk and Safer Behaviour (1998)
38. Follow-ups
Researcher: Ben lent Jim the works. Ben's solicitor manages to get him off early
and Ben leaves prison. When lien gets out he starts to see Jo again. Would
anything change when they have sex?
Robert: Probably not. no. I don't think they would.
Researcher: Would he be concerned about anything?
Robert: I know a lien, his name isn't Ben. but I know a and Ben wasn't into anything like this till he went
to jaill and he met all these Petes and Jims. In fact he'd go looking for Petes and Jims in the jaill so he
could get his injecting. And then, when he did get out you know, he told people like yourself and other
people that knew what he was doing with Petes and Jims and said don't do anything because if my
girlfriend finds out' and I know full well he's slept with his girlfriend and not said anything and his girlfriend
still doesn't know. So probably Ben, you know, would carry on and not say anything, he wouldn't want Jo
to know what he’s done in prison.
Considering the Vignette Technique and its Application to a Study of Drug Injecting and HIV Risk and Safer Behaviour (1998)
39. Study of drug injecting and HIV risk and safer behaviour
participants
drew on the
experiences of
peers (and/or
their own
experiences) in
order to bring
meaning to
and to
interpret the
vignette
respondents can easily interpret the
vignette if he or she has direct experience
maintaining interest & attention
a need to get a respondent ‘back on
track‘ from time to time
Considering the Vignette Technique and its Application to a Study of Drug Injecting and HIV Risk and Safer Behaviour (1998)
41. Cultural differences
The vignette technique was
used in a cross-cultural
comparative study of the
delivery of personal social
services in the United
Kingdom and Sweden. In this
article we discuss the major
premises of using the vignette
technique in cross-cultural
comparative social research.
In total, 247 vignettes were
collected, 165 in Orebro,
Sweden and 82 in the United
Kingdom
The vignettes were filled in by
social workers working in the
sector of child and family care.
Our basic premise that the social world is
becoming more and more globalized
leads us to seek uniqueness among
uniformities. In such a research context,
the vignette technique is an adequate
instrument of data collection for the
purpose of comparing the delivery of
personal social services in the United
Kingdom and Sweden
How to use the vignette technique in cross-cultural social work research (1994)
42. Disproval of questionnaire survey results
Using a two-part instrument consisting of eight vignettes and twenty
character traits, the study sampled 141 employees of a mid-west
financial firm regarding their predispositions to prefer utilitarian or
formalist forms of ethical reasoning. In contrast with earlier studies,
we found that these respondents did not prefer utilitarian
reasoning.
An Empirical Study of Ethical Predispositions (1996)
43. Job resources at work (another disproval)
To investigate employees’ beliefs about the availability, relevance, and use of matching and non-matching job resources in
different types of demanding situations at work, a quasi-experimental survey study with vignettes was developed. Specifically,
employees were presented three hypothetical situations at work (i.e. ‘vignettes’), representing a cognitively, an emotionally,
and a physically demanding job. For each separate vignette, employees had to imagine themselves in the hypothetical situation
at work. Subsequently, they were asked to assess the relevance, the availability, and the use of three types of job resources (i.e.
five items representing cognitive job resources, five items representing emotional job resources, and five items representing
physical job resources) in the hypothetical situation concerned.
The databases were
merged to create a
sample of 217 Dutch
human service
employees.
The multivariate tests of
the three repeated
measures MANOVAs
it was shown that there generally seems to be a dominant role for emotional job
resources in the job stress process, whereas the role of physical job
resources and, to a lesser extent, cognitive job resources appears much
weaker and mainly restricted to corresponding types of job demands
The role of matching job resources in different demanding situations at work: A vignette study (2010)
44. Vignettes and respondent debriefings for
questionnaire design and evaluation
two methods,
vignettes and
respondent
debriefing
questions, can be
used to identify
measurement
problems and craft
and test
questionnaire
designs to address
them
respondent debriefing and vignettes do not
eliminate all the surprises involved in questionnaire
design and pretesting, but they can help a
designer better understand and predict the nature
and underpinnings of questionnaire effects
vignettes and debriefing questions can be used to
evaluate alternative questionnaires
Vignettes and Respondent Debriefings for Questionnaire Design and Evaluation (2006)
45. Vignettes and Respondent Debriefings for
Questionnaire Design and Evaluation
Debriefing
Question
sensitivity
Confidence
(in respondents
own answers)
Failure of metamemory (quick responses)
Recall interference (projections of previous questions)
Fatigue and negative response set (long batteries)
Mnemonic failure (context needed to recall information)
Mental
Processes
Selective reporting (widely reported events prone to be answered ‘yes‘)
Vignettes and Respondent Debriefings for Questionnaire Design and Evaluation (2006)
46. Scale development (/pre-research) X Scale evaluation
The Suicide Attitude Vignette
Experience (SAVE scale) consists
of 10 vignettes which describe
different situations leading to
attempted suicide
The target figures described in the
10 vignettes are alternately male
and female
Sex differences were found for total sympathy
with females scoring higher.
Overall this study found support for the validity
and reliability of the SAVE scale.
administered to 198 twelfth-grade
students
factor analyses of the SAVE scale
three factors for both forms:
sympathy, empathy, and agree.
The suicide attitude vignette experience: A method for measuring adolescent attitudes toward suicide (1984)
49. SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research
Methods
Methodological debate on vignettes focuses on the differences between what people might actually
do in real-life situations and responses elicited from selective representations of real life
featured in the ‘’vignette world." Critiques of the method, including that of Parkinson and Manstead
(1993). argue that vignette data can be understood only within the context of people's
responses to particular scenarios and do not allow generalization to understanding real life.
Other commentators, such as Loman and Larkin ( 1976). suggest that some vignette forms, such
as video and film, relate better to real life than others, such as written narratives.
Notwithstanding, vignettes play a valuable role in augmenting insights into the social world and arc
well suited to multimethod research. They contribute toward understanding people’s perceptions.
beliefs, attitudes, and behavior throughout the social sciences.
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods (2003)
50. The effective use of vignettes in social and nursing
research (desk research)
-
+
• difference between real life processes
and vignette scenarios
• vignettes cannot completely capture the
reality of people's lives
• the extent to which findings are
generalizable outside of specific
vignette situations
• important to consider their suitability for
particular participant groups
• vignettes can be used to generate a
sound data-base relatively quickly and
cost effectively
• where there are difficulties in
accessing participant groups and
where ethical problems are paramount
• focused uniform response base that can
be used whether or not participants
have detailed knowledge of the topics
under consideration
• difficult or sensitive topics
The application of vignettes in social and nursing research (2001)
51. First equals most important?
Order effects in vignette-based measurement
research
questions
Does the order in which characteristics are presented in the
vignette affect respondents’ judgments?
Does this affect research conclusions?
Under which conditions are order effects mostly likely to occur?
methodology
literature in cognitive psychology & survey methodology
vignettes describing full-time employees
web survey of 300 students
regression models & factorial survey
First equals most important? Order effects in vignette-based measurement (2012)
52. First equals most important?
Order effects in vignette-based measurement
For respondents with strong attitudes (e.g. experts on a topic), there appears to be
little risk of order effects.
The order however only matters when the vignettes are complex, that is, when
employees are described with 12 rather than 8 different characteristics – or when
respondents are asked two questions about each vignette rather than just one.
Order effects are more likely for respondents who have little knowledge or weak
attitudes about the topic the vignettes are describing.
Contrary to expectations respondents’ cognitive ability did not appear to matter.
First equals most important? Order effects in vignette-based measurement (2012)
53. Using the vignette method in formative evaluation
multiple
vignettes
decisions
about the
timing of data
collections
Using the Vignette Method in Formative Evaluation (1993)
54. Evaluating the validity of self-reported deviant behavior
using vignette analyses
In this paper, the validity of vignette
analyses of various forms of deviant
behavior in the presence of opportunities
is analyzed on the basis of ideas derived
from cognitive psychology. Abelson’s Script
Theory together with insights into human
memory of visual and verbal information,
allow the assumption that vignette
analyses using visual stimuli are valid
measures of deviant behavior in particular.
The study includes an empirical
examination of these ideas (n=450).
Nonparticipant observations and
vignette analyses with visual and verbal
material were carried out with regard to
three forms of deviant behavior occurring
in the presence of opportunities presenting
themselves in everyday life.
What prompted this study was an objection to the
idea of using vignette analyses to measure actual
behavior.
Data analyses yielded the result that frequencies of
deviant behavior were related to the techniques
of data collection under consideration. Especially
vignette analyses of the return of ‘lost letters’ that
use both visual and verbal stimuli overestimate
‘actual’ (i.e. observed) return rates.
Evaluating the Validity of Self-Reported Deviant Behavior Using Vignette Analyses (2007)
55. CVVM X Experimental
By systematically varying the
levels of theoretically important
vignette characteristics a large
population of different vignettes
is typically available - too large
to be presented to each
respondent. Therefore, each
respondent gets only a
subset of vignettes. These
subsets may either be
randomly selected in following
the tradition of the factorial
survey or systematically
selected according to an
experimental design.
We show that these strategies in selecting vignette
sets have strong implications for the analysis and
interpretation of vignette data. Random selection
strategies result in a random confounding of effects
and heavily rely on the assumption of no interaction
effects.
In
contrast,
experimental
strategies
systematically confound interaction effects with main
or set effects, thereby preserving a meaningful
interpretation of main and important interaction
effects. Using a pilot study on attitudes towards
immigrants we demonstrate the implementation and
analysis of a confounded factorial design.
Experimental Vignette Studies in Survey Research (2010)
56. The problem of interpretation in vignette
methodology in research with young people
young people do not have
fully developed
personality
higher influence of
collective (as opposed to
personal) repertoire of
‘desirable‘ behavior
The problem of interpretation in vignette methodology in research with young people (2012)
57. Difficulties include problems establishing reliability &
validity, especially external validity
Three videos depicting hypothetical heterosexual date rape
incidents were made. Each one was based on one of three variables
that have been shown to have relevance to evaluations of date rape:
“owing”, “leading on” and “alcohol”. The videos were
transcribed into written vignettes. Participants were randomly
assigned to one of six experimental groups, watched one of the
videos or read one of the vignettes, and completed a questionnaire to
assess attribution of blame and the degree to which the situation was
defined as rape. The two methodologies differed significantly for
the alcohol scenario, where participants blamed the victim more
and were less likely to define the situation as rape when the
written vignette methodology was used.
The Effectiveness of the Vignette Methodology: A Comparison of Written and Video Vignettes in Eliciting Responses about Date Rape (2002)
58. Only important research questions (against satisficing)
minimizing the number of
different vignette versions
required for the research
instrument
The Use of Vignettes in Survey Research (1978)
The Context of Satisficing in Vignette Research (2010)
60. Scenario-based role-playing experiment
for research seeking to understand how and why operations and
supply chain managers, when dealing with complex issues, form
their judgments and preferences or make the decisions that they do
human subjects are recruited to assume an a priori defined role and,
in this role, to then form their judgments and preferences or make
their decisions in response to the scripted information conveyed
The vignette in a scenario-based role-playing experiment (2011)
61. Clinical vignettes
(medicine, education, psychology, neuroscience, ...)
To investigate how
patients and
professionals
view the role of
advice in diabetes
foot care, in order
to inform
educational
practice.
15 patients
Development of positive relationships
with health professionals was important for
patients and encouraged shared
understanding.
Responses suggest that early positive
interactions with appropriately trained
professionals are needed to help patients
assimilate advice into everyday routines.
Meeting the educational needs of people at risk of diabetes-related amputation: a vignette study with patients and professionals (2005)
62. Suicide risk vignettes
37-year-old white female, self-referred. Stated plan is to drive her car off a bridge.
Precipitant seems to be verbal abuse by her boss; after talking to her nightly for hours, he
suddenly refused to talk to her. As a result, patient feels angry and hurt, threatened to kill
herself. She is also angry at her mother, who will not let patient smoke or bring men to their
home. Current alcohol level is .15; patient is confused, repetitive, and ataxic. History reveals a
previous suicide attempt (overdose) 7 years ago, which resulted in hospitalization. After
spending the night at CIC and sobering, patient denies further suicidal intent.
The general idea is that the reporting behaviour of a specific respondent can be
anchored using the way in which that respondent evaluates the health status of
hypothetical vignette persons. After anchoring the reporting behaviour of each individual,
reporting heterogeneity is corrected for and thus cleansed (self-reported) health measures
can be obtained. However, the validity of this vignettes method rests on the two crucial
assumptions of vignette equivalence and response consistency.
Assessment and prediction of suicide (1992)
63. Ethics example
A woman moves here from another country
and is seeking a new physician. She learns about
a local doctor who is from the same country and is
the same religion, and she calls his office to
become a new patient. She speaks with a
member of the office staff and makes an
appointment. Two days later the doctor calls
her and tells her that he does not see female
patients from their culture and religion because of
his religious beliefs. He tells her that a woman
from their culture should only seek care from
female providers, in case her medical condition
requires her to take off her clothes. She realizes
that he must be very religiously conservative, as
this was never an issue in their home country.
Is it ethical for the doctor to refuse to see this
woman?
Would it be acceptable to refuse to see a
patient because of sex? race? religion?
Sexual orientation? type of insurance (private
vs.
Medicaid)?
immigration
status?
occupation? lifestyle?
What principles can guide a physician's
decision about who to see and who to turn
away?
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