The allylic position is the atom bound to a double bonded atom. The substituents on the allylic carbon and the doubly bonded atoms can result in allylic strain.
Contributed by: Sophia Robinson, (Undergraduate), Physical Organic Chemistry I, CHEM 7240 (Sigman), University of Utah, 2015
The allylic position is the atom bound to a double bonded atom. The substituents on the allylic carbon and the doubly bonded atoms can result in allylic strain.
Contributed by: Sophia Robinson, (Undergraduate), Physical Organic Chemistry I, CHEM 7240 (Sigman), University of Utah, 2015
These are chemical shift reagents and solvent induced shifts have their application in resolving the NMR Spectra of complex structures by inducing shift with respect to reference compound. Thus useful in interpretation of structures of complex organic compounds.
In molecular spectroscopy, a Jablonski diagram is a diagram that illustrates the electronic states of a molecule and the transitions between them. The states are arranged vertically by energy and grouped horizontally by spin multiplicity.
A Hollow Cathode Lamp is a light source primarily used for scientific purposes. These lamps don’t really exist outside of laboratory settings, meaning most people will have never seen one. Most of the time, a hollow cathode lamp is used as a method of tuning in specific light frequencies
The Detailed Theory and instrumentation of Both Amperometry and Biamperometric analysis is given with Titration curves and Applications.
Medha Thakur (M.Sc Chemistry)
Introduction & Definition, Theory, instrumentation, Continuous – wave (CW) instrument, The pulsed Fourier Transform [FT] instrument, Solvents, Chemical shift
i. Shielding and de-shielding
ii. Factors affecting chemical shift
Mass Spectrometry
it is very useful technique for the measurement of masses of isotopes, relative abundance of isotopes, molecular masses of the compounds and molecular structure.
Principle
Aston's mass spectrometer
Dempster's mass spectrometer
WOKING
Comparison with C-12
These are chemical shift reagents and solvent induced shifts have their application in resolving the NMR Spectra of complex structures by inducing shift with respect to reference compound. Thus useful in interpretation of structures of complex organic compounds.
In molecular spectroscopy, a Jablonski diagram is a diagram that illustrates the electronic states of a molecule and the transitions between them. The states are arranged vertically by energy and grouped horizontally by spin multiplicity.
A Hollow Cathode Lamp is a light source primarily used for scientific purposes. These lamps don’t really exist outside of laboratory settings, meaning most people will have never seen one. Most of the time, a hollow cathode lamp is used as a method of tuning in specific light frequencies
The Detailed Theory and instrumentation of Both Amperometry and Biamperometric analysis is given with Titration curves and Applications.
Medha Thakur (M.Sc Chemistry)
Introduction & Definition, Theory, instrumentation, Continuous – wave (CW) instrument, The pulsed Fourier Transform [FT] instrument, Solvents, Chemical shift
i. Shielding and de-shielding
ii. Factors affecting chemical shift
Mass Spectrometry
it is very useful technique for the measurement of masses of isotopes, relative abundance of isotopes, molecular masses of the compounds and molecular structure.
Principle
Aston's mass spectrometer
Dempster's mass spectrometer
WOKING
Comparison with C-12
UV -Vis Spectrophotometry- Principle, Theory, Instrumentation and Application...Dr. Amsavel A
UV -Vis Spectrophotometry- Principle, Theory, Instrumentation and Application in Pharmaceutical Industry Dr. A. Amsavel.
UV &Visible Spectroscopy-Absorption Theory
Electronic Transitions
Beer- Lambert Law
Chromophores & Auxochrome
Factors Influence the Absorption
UV-Vis Spectrophotometer-Instrumentation
Operation of the Spectrophotometer
Qualification & Calibration
Application
Ultraviolet spetroscopy by Dr. Monika Singh part-1 as per PCI syllabusMonika Singh
UV Visible spectroscopy as per PCI syllabus: Electronic transitions, chromophores, auxochromes, spectral shifts, solvent effect on absorption spectra, Beer and Lambert’s law, Derivation and deviations.
Mass- 3rd lecture
Ionization methods
Electron Impact (EI),
Chemical Ionization (CI),
Field Desorption (FD),
Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB),
Plasma Desorption (PD),
Matrix assisted laser desorption (MALDI),
Thermospray Mass and
Electrospray(ESI)
Analysis techniques
Magnetic Sector
Quadrupole
Ion Trap
Time-of-Flight (TOF)
Fourier Transform (FT)
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Astronomy Update- Curiosity’s exploration of Mars _ Local Briefs _ leadertele...
UV-visible spectroscopy - 2021
1. Ph.D.Ahmed Metwaly
Ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy
ORCID account
Email: ametwaly@azhar.edu.eg
1
• Associate Professor of Pharmacognosy , faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University
• Senior research fellow, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China (20118-2019)
• Visiting scholar, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, USA (2012-2014)
3. Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation consist of discrete packets of energy
which are called as photons.
A photon consists of an oscillating electric field (E) & an
oscillating magnetic field (M) which are perpendicular to each
other.
4.
5. Electromagnetic Radiation
Frequency (ν):
It is defined as the number of times electrical field radiation oscillates
in one second.
The unit for frequency is Hertz (Hz).
1 Hz = 1 cycle per second
Wavelength (λ):
It is the distance between two nearest parts of the wave in the same
phase i.e. distance between two nearest crest or troughs.
7. Electromagnetic Radiation
The visible spectrum constitutes a small part of the total radiation spectrum.
Most of the radiation that surrounds us cannot be seen, but can be detected by
instruments.
8. Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy:
The ultraviolet and visible (UV/Vis) radiation is that region of EMR (electromagnetic
radiation) or spectrum whose wavelengths range from 10-800 nm.
The (UV/Vis) region can be divided into three types of radiation that are
1. Vacuum UV; λ = 10-200 nm
2. Near UV; λ = 200-400 nm
3. Visible radiation; λ = 400-800 nm
14. Principles of Spectroscopy
The principle is based on the measurement of spectrum of a
sample containing atoms / molecules.
Spectrum is a graph of intensity of absorbed or emitted
radiation by sample verses frequency (ν) or wavelength (λ).
Spectrometer is an instrument design to measure the
spectrum of a compound.
18. Five Basic Optical Instrument Components
1) Source – A stable source of radiant energy at the desired wavelength (or range).
2) Wavelength Selector – A device that isolates a restricted region of the EM
spectrum used for measurement (monochromators, prisms & filters).
3) Sample Container – A transparent container used to hold the sample (cells,
cuvettes, etc).
4) Detector/Photoelectric Transducer – Converts the radiant energy into a useable
signal (usually electrical).
5) Signal Processor & Readout – Amplifies or attenuates the transduced signal and
sends it to a readout device as a meter, digital readout, chart recorder, computer,
etc.
24. LIGHT SOURCES
Various UV radiation sources are as follows
a. Deuterium lamp
b. Hydrogen lamp
c. Tungsten lamp
d. Xenon discharge lamp
e. Mercury arc lamp
Various Visible radiation sources are as follow
a. Tungsten lamp
b. Mercury vapour lamp
c. Carbonone lamp
SAMPLE COMPARTMENT
25. SUMMARY
Types of source, sample holder and detector for various EM region
REGION SOURCE SAMPLE
HOLDER
DETECTOR
Ultraviolet Deuterium lamp Quartz/Fused
silica
Phototube, PM
tube, diode array
Visible Tungsten lamp Glass/Quartz Phototube, PM
tube, diode array
26. Beer Lamberts Law:
Beer Lamberts Law:
A = ε b c
A=absorbance
ε =molar absorbtivity with units of L /mol.cm
b=path length of the sample (cuvette)
c =Concentration of the compound in solution, expressed
in mol /L
27.
28. Chromophore
Chromophore: covalently unsaturated groups responsible for electronic
absorption
e.g. NO2, N=O, C=O, C=N, C≡N, C=C, C=S, etc
Auxochrome
The functional groups attached to a chromophore which modifies the ability of the
chromophore to absorb light , altering the wavelength or intensity of absorption.
OR
The functional group with non-bonding electrons that does not absorb radiation in
near UV region but when attached to a chromophore alters the wavelength &
intensity of absorption.
29. Factors affecting UV/Vis absorption:
The position and intensity of an absorption band of a chromophore may be modified by
substituent groups attached to the chromophore, type of solvent, degree of conjugation and
stereochemical effect.
Bathochromic (Red) shift: The shift of absorption to a longer wavelength.
Hypsochromic ( Blue) shift: The shift of absorption to a shorter wavelength.
Hyperchromic effect: The increase in absorption intensity.
Hypochromic effect: The decrease in absorption intensity.
30. Application of UV/vis spectroscopy:
Chrysophanol, λ max (EtOH) nm: 224, 254, 288, 432,
By addition of one drop of 5% NaOH, a bathochromic shift will occurs; 232, 250,
330, 500.
Ferulic acid, λ max (MeOH) nm: 230, 279.
Vanillic acid, λ max (MeOH) nm: 252, 291, 328.
Iridoids and secoiridoids, λ max (MeOH) nm: 236; characteristics for enol-ether
system conjugated with carbonyl group (-OCO-C=CH-O-).
UV Aspect of Flavonoids:
31. • When absorption maxima (λmax) of a
compound shifts to longer wavelength, it is
known as bathochromic shift or red shift.
• The effect is due to presence of an auxochrome
or by the change of solvent.
• e.g. An auxochrome group like –OH, -OCH3
causes absorption of compound at longer
wavelength.
• Bathochromic Shift (Red Shift)
1
32. • In alkaline medium, p-nitrophenol shows red
shift. Because negatively charged oxygen
delocalizes more effectively than the unshared
pair of electron.
p-nitrophenol
λmax = 255 nm λmax = 265 nm
• Bathochromic Shift (Red Shift)
1
OH
N
+ O
-
O
OH
-
Alkaline
medium
O
-
N
+ O
-
O
33. • When absorption maxima (λmax) of a
compound shifts to shorter wavelength, it is
known as hypsochromic shift or blue shift.
• The effect is due to presence of an group
causes removal of conjugation or by the
change of solvent.
• Hypsochromic Shift (Blue Shift)
2
34. • Aniline shows blue shift in acidic medium, it
loses conjugation.
Aniline
λmax = 280 nm λmax = 265 nm
• Hypsochromic Shift (Blue Shift)
2
NH2
H
+
Acidic
medium
NH3
+
Cl
-
35. • When absorption intensity (ε) of a compound is
increased, it is known as hyperchromic shift.
• If auxochrome introduces to the compound, the intensity
of absorption increases.
Pyridine 2methylpyridine
λmax = 257 nm λmax = 260 nm
ε = 2750 ε = 3560
• Hyperchromic Effect
3
N N CH3
36. • When absorption intensity (ε) of a compound is
decreased, it is known as hypochromic shift.
Naphthalene 2-methyl naphthalene
ε = 19000 ε = 10250
CH3
• Hypochromic Effect
4
37. Wavelength ( λ )
Absorbance
(
A
)
Shifts and Effects
Hyperchromic shift
Hypochromic shift
Red
shift
Blue
shift
λmax