Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants. PH...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants. PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-IIPart-4
Polyploidy reference to medicinal plants.
Types Of Polyploidy
A. Euploidy
a.Autopolyploidy
b. Allopolyploidy
B. Aneuploidy
1. Causes Of Polyploidy
2. Non-disjunction in mitosis
3. Non-reduction in meiosis
4. Polyspermy
5. Endo-replication or Endo- reduplication.
Factors Promoting Polyploidy
1. Physical factor
2. Chemical factor
3. Biological factor
Physical factor:-
Temperature :- heat temperature & cold temperature
Centrifugation
X-rays
Gamma rays
Cosmic rays
Ionizing & non-ionizing radiations
UV-radiations
Chemical factor:-
Alkylating agents:- nitrogen & sulphur mustard
Acridines
Proflavins
Nitrous acid
Colchicines[6]
Colchicines (Poisonous alkaloids):-
Biological factor
Mode of reproduction
Mode of fertilization
Breeding system present (Hybridization)
Growth habit of the plant
Size of chromosomes
Application Of Polyploidy
Mutation breeding
Seedless fruits production
Bridge crossing
Ornamental & forage breeding
Disease resistance through aneuploidy
Industrial application of polyploidy
mutation reference to medicinal plants
Type of mutations:
1. Spontaneous and induced mutations.
2. Recessive and dominant mutations.
3. Somatic and germinal mutations.
4. Forward, back and suppressor mutation.
5. Chromosomal, genomic and point mutations
Application Of Mutation:
Hybridization reference to medicinal plants
The following steps are involved in hybridization of plant:
Choice Of Parents:.
Selfing Of Parents
Emasculation:.
Bagging:
Crossing Or Cross Pollination
Labelling
Collection Of Hybrid Seeds
Significance of Hybridization
Fennel Cultivation : Chemical constituents, Health benefits, Origin and distribution, Soil and Climate, Commercial varieties, Propagation, Harvesting, Post harvest management and Uses
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants. PH...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants. PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-IIPart-4
Polyploidy reference to medicinal plants.
Types Of Polyploidy
A. Euploidy
a.Autopolyploidy
b. Allopolyploidy
B. Aneuploidy
1. Causes Of Polyploidy
2. Non-disjunction in mitosis
3. Non-reduction in meiosis
4. Polyspermy
5. Endo-replication or Endo- reduplication.
Factors Promoting Polyploidy
1. Physical factor
2. Chemical factor
3. Biological factor
Physical factor:-
Temperature :- heat temperature & cold temperature
Centrifugation
X-rays
Gamma rays
Cosmic rays
Ionizing & non-ionizing radiations
UV-radiations
Chemical factor:-
Alkylating agents:- nitrogen & sulphur mustard
Acridines
Proflavins
Nitrous acid
Colchicines[6]
Colchicines (Poisonous alkaloids):-
Biological factor
Mode of reproduction
Mode of fertilization
Breeding system present (Hybridization)
Growth habit of the plant
Size of chromosomes
Application Of Polyploidy
Mutation breeding
Seedless fruits production
Bridge crossing
Ornamental & forage breeding
Disease resistance through aneuploidy
Industrial application of polyploidy
mutation reference to medicinal plants
Type of mutations:
1. Spontaneous and induced mutations.
2. Recessive and dominant mutations.
3. Somatic and germinal mutations.
4. Forward, back and suppressor mutation.
5. Chromosomal, genomic and point mutations
Application Of Mutation:
Hybridization reference to medicinal plants
The following steps are involved in hybridization of plant:
Choice Of Parents:.
Selfing Of Parents
Emasculation:.
Bagging:
Crossing Or Cross Pollination
Labelling
Collection Of Hybrid Seeds
Significance of Hybridization
Fennel Cultivation : Chemical constituents, Health benefits, Origin and distribution, Soil and Climate, Commercial varieties, Propagation, Harvesting, Post harvest management and Uses
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids:
Liquorice, Dioscorea, Digitalis
For video lecture suscribe youtube channel snehal chakorkar.
GPAT
Niper &
other pharma competative exams...
For more posts, follow us on .... be
@pharmahelpers
@pharmahelpers
@pharmahelpers
Also follow us on...
Facebook @ Pharma Helpers
Whatsapp @ 8421773854 OR https://chat.whatsapp.com/FFVRcxiiqC91PvnEvmK2F1
Instagram @ https://www.instagram.com/p/COM-VYqJ3Xo/?igshid=1ac01ibq2sa2k
Adulteration of Crude Drug and Evaluation Methods Vandana Janghel
Different factor and cause of adulteration with common examples, different types of adulteration with examples, different types of quality control methods for detection of adulteration (physical , chemical, biological, morphological and microscopic methods of detection of adulterstion with examples of each evaluation parameter)
Commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
It is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms.
Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi the Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum), from which it was first isolated in 1885 by Johan Fredrik Eykman.
The elucidation of its structure was made nearly 50 years later.
Shikimic acid is also the glycoside part of some hydrolysable tannins.
The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).
This pathway is not found in animals; therefore, phenylalanine and tryptophan represent essential amino acids that must be obtained from the animal's diet
Animals can synthesize tyrosine from phenylalanine, and therefore is not an essential amino acid except for individuals unable to hydroxylate phenylalanine to tyrosine).
Catheranthus roseus is a flowering plant belongs to the family Apocyanaceae. A number of alkaloids present in the plant parts and are medicinally useful.
SWERTIA CHIRATA NATURAL PRODUCT OF PHARMACEUTICALSShikha Popali
HERE THE NATURAL PRODUCT SERTIA CHIRATA IS DISCUSSED WITH ITS COMMON NAME, CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS, SAR, MEDICINAL ACTIVITY AND MORE
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids:
Liquorice, Dioscorea, Digitalis
For video lecture suscribe youtube channel snehal chakorkar.
GPAT
Niper &
other pharma competative exams...
For more posts, follow us on .... be
@pharmahelpers
@pharmahelpers
@pharmahelpers
Also follow us on...
Facebook @ Pharma Helpers
Whatsapp @ 8421773854 OR https://chat.whatsapp.com/FFVRcxiiqC91PvnEvmK2F1
Instagram @ https://www.instagram.com/p/COM-VYqJ3Xo/?igshid=1ac01ibq2sa2k
Adulteration of Crude Drug and Evaluation Methods Vandana Janghel
Different factor and cause of adulteration with common examples, different types of adulteration with examples, different types of quality control methods for detection of adulteration (physical , chemical, biological, morphological and microscopic methods of detection of adulterstion with examples of each evaluation parameter)
Commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
It is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms.
Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi the Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum), from which it was first isolated in 1885 by Johan Fredrik Eykman.
The elucidation of its structure was made nearly 50 years later.
Shikimic acid is also the glycoside part of some hydrolysable tannins.
The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).
This pathway is not found in animals; therefore, phenylalanine and tryptophan represent essential amino acids that must be obtained from the animal's diet
Animals can synthesize tyrosine from phenylalanine, and therefore is not an essential amino acid except for individuals unable to hydroxylate phenylalanine to tyrosine).
Catheranthus roseus is a flowering plant belongs to the family Apocyanaceae. A number of alkaloids present in the plant parts and are medicinally useful.
SWERTIA CHIRATA NATURAL PRODUCT OF PHARMACEUTICALSShikha Popali
HERE THE NATURAL PRODUCT SERTIA CHIRATA IS DISCUSSED WITH ITS COMMON NAME, CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS, SAR, MEDICINAL ACTIVITY AND MORE
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
content
Cultivation and preparation of crude drugs
1- Cultivation
2- Collection
3- Preservation of plant material (Drying, stabilization and fermentation)
4- Packing
5- Storage
6- Grinding of crude drugs
7- crude drug extraction
The quality and efficacy of Traditional Herbal Medicine can be influenced by correct collection of Raw Materials. In this presentation prepared by Dr. Eugene Zampieron, ND, we discuss collection details to assure the best quality and efficacy of traditional herbal remedies made at home. Tinctures, Extracts, Poultices, Salves and other Herbal Preparations are discussed.
Mass- 3rd lecture
Ionization methods
Electron Impact (EI),
Chemical Ionization (CI),
Field Desorption (FD),
Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB),
Plasma Desorption (PD),
Matrix assisted laser desorption (MALDI),
Thermospray Mass and
Electrospray(ESI)
Analysis techniques
Magnetic Sector
Quadrupole
Ion Trap
Time-of-Flight (TOF)
Fourier Transform (FT)
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
3. Collection Of Drugs
■ Factors affecting collection of
drugs:
■ Time of the year:
The constituents vary in amount
and nature throughout the year.
e.g. Rhubarb, in winter, it contains
no anthraquinone, but contains
anthranols, which oxidized to
anthraquinones in warmer
weather
Hyoscyamus, contains less
alkaloids in winter than in
summer.
Rhubarb anthraquinones
winter
Anthranols
warmer
weather
4. Colchicum corm is collected at
the end of autumn and used
as food instead of potatoes
because it is free of bitterness
and devoid of its active
constituents (no colchicine)
and is full of starch.
And it is collected for
medicinal use on spring and
early summer when it is better
and contains colchicine.
Colchicum corm
colchicine
5. ■ Time of the day:
Digitalis leaves contain a higher
glycosides when collected in
the afternoon than in the
morning, due to the glycosides
may be hydrolyzed during the
night and recombine with sugar
during day- time carbon
assimilation.
Solanaceous leaves contain a
higher alkaloidal content in the
morning than in the afternoon,
may be due to the constituents
are hydrolyzed by sun.
Digoxin
Atropine
6. ■ Stage of maturity and age:
Clove contains a highest concentration of
oils at the bud stage.
Chamomile and pyrethrum are collected
before full expansion, because the
constituents are present in the ovary, so
that we leave the chance for the ovary to
grow to its full size.
Santonica flowers are collected before
expansion, because the constituents
(santonin) oxidized by sun to inactive
photosantonin.
Clove
Chamomile
Santonin
7. ■ Solanaceous leaves contain the maximum
amount of alkaloids when the plant is in the
flowering stage.
■ Lobelia herb must be collected towards the
end of the flowering stage.
hyoscyamus leaves
8. General rules for the collection of drugs
■ Leaves are collected before maturation of flowers (just beginning to
expand) i.e. at a time when they may be expected to be very active
(contain an optimum of the products of the plant metabolism) and before
their biosynthesized products have been translocated to other parts of the
plant
It is collected in dry weather.
■ Flowers are collected before the full expansion. It must be collected in dry
weather because petals which are damp when gathered may infected with
fungi or become badly discolored during drying.
9. ■ Fruits are collected when fully mature but not ripe; fruits usually undergo
chemical changes during ripening.
■ Seeds being storage organs, are collected when mature.
■ Roots and rhizomes are collected in autumn or winter, usually after the
withering of aerial parts and before the vegetative process starts and when
their tissues are fully stored with reserve food and medicinal constituents.
■ Stem barks are collected in spring when the bark can be stripped from the
trunk and branches more easily.
10. Preparation Of Drugs
■ The preparation of crude drugs from the collected plants involves cleaning
or garbling and drying. Certain plants are subjected to a process of
bleaching.
11. 1- Cleaning and Garbling
2- Decortication
3- Bleaching
4- Drying
5- Curing of drugs
12. ■ Cleaning and Garbling:
Removal of extraneous matter from the drug such as soil particles; sand,
dirt or parts of plants which are not officially indicated.
Rhubarb and Liquorice are peeled.
Large roots as Calumba and Inula are sliced to facilitate drying.
Some plants like cinnamon are decorticated to acquire a good appearance, or
to remove tissues containing undesirable matters.
■ Bleaching:
Which alters the appearance of certain drugs when they are being prepared
for the market, and protect against insect attack. e.g. Ginger and Nutmeg
are coated with a layer of calcium carbonate.
Ginger
13. Drying
■ The object of drying of drugs:
■ To aid in their preservation.
■ To fix their constituents i.e. to stop the enzymatic or hydrolytic reactions
that might alter the chemical composition of the drug.
■ To prevent the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
■ To facilitate grinding of the drugs into a powder).
■ To reduce weight and bulk (size), to facilitate packing, storage and
transport (lowering transportation cost).
14. Methods of Drying
■ Natural Drying:
the drug dried by exposure to direct sun, or spreading in the shade by putting
on the floor or mats or trays in a single layer and by time, drugs are turned over.
■ Shade drying is employed
when it is desirable to retain the natural
color of the drug and preserve its
sensitive active constituents.
■ Sun drying is employed for drugs
not affected by direct action of sunlight.
15. ■ Artificial Drying:
– Physical methods, that is involve the use of
elevated temperature and / or decreased
pressure (vacuum) or the use of radiation of
infra-red or radio-frequency wave length.
– Chemical method, by using of desiccants.
16. ■ Artificial drying has the advantage over air-drying in that it immediately
stops enzymatic action.
e.g. If the Digitalis leaves are allowed to dry naturally, a very rapid enzymatic
hydrolysis of the cardiac glycosides will occur.
17. ■ Artificial heat may be applied by:
■ Uncontrolled heat;
by using direct fire, heated stones or using of stoves, this must be done
carefully to prevent the damage produced to drugs when dried e.g.
scorching or burning. Excessive heat produces gelatinization of starch, as
will as, smoke will impart to the drug a smoky odor.
18. ■ Controlled heat by using,
– Drying sheds or chambers:
Care is taken that drugs,
becoming dry are moved
downwards on the lower shelves
and fresh drugs are placed
upon the uppermost shelves, so
that moisture given off from the
fresh drugs may not dampen
the already partially dried ones.
19. • Pneumatic high-speed
dryer:
High temperature for few
second. Some firms use
vacuum ovens for drying
leaves as Digitalis, which are
rapidly and efficiently dried
by this means.
Fairly rapid drying helps flowers and leaves to retain their
coloring and aromatic drugs to keep their aroma, but the
temperature must be governed by the constituents and
physical nature of the drug.
20. • Freeze drying (lyophilization):
Which is used for thermo labile
drugs such as biological fluids e.g.
blood plasma, enzymes, hormones,
royal jelly, vitamins, antibiotics. This
method depends on drying of the
plant in the frozen state at low
pressure (vaccum).
21. Advantage of lyophilization
■ Prevents chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis in the chemical constituents
■ Prevents oxidative changes of substances that are usually
oxidized if dried by other means.
22. Drying using chemical method
■ The drug is placed in a dissicator at the
bottom of which a desiccating agent
(H2SO4, silica gel, anhydrous calcium
chloride or sodium sulphate) is placed. In
this closed atmosphere, water vapor is
absorbed by the dissicating agent leaving
a dry atmosphere in which evaporated
water from the drug is carriage.
■ As a general rule, leaves, herbs and
flowers must be dried between 40 and
60, while barks and roots are dried
between 40 and 80 c.
23. Effects of drying on the drugs involves
Size and weight:
The drugs lose 80-90 % of their original weight due to loss of water where they
get smaller in size.
24. ■ Shape and appearance:
Some drugs shrivel and shrink when dried
and the surface gets wrinkled or reticulated
e.g. Black pepper on drying shows polygonal
reticulations, duo to the presence of stone
cells in the hypodermis.
The petiole of Datura stramonium leaves
becomes hooked and bent on drying as it
contains more collenchyma on the lower than
the upper side.
The inner surface of most barks shows depressed
dark appearance, gets curved, channeled,
quill, double quill as the inner tissues are soft
and outer ones are hard (more scelrides).
25. Vanilla changes from yellow to dark
brown.
The green color of certain drugs change
to brown on drying due to
decomposition of chlorophyll,
Flowers may lose their color especially
when red or blue due to the
destruction of the anthocyanin
pigments producing these colors.
Certain barks are changed in color due to
oxidation of tannins to certain
phlobaphenes e.g. Cinchona and
Cinnamon.
26. Odor:Drying may changes the natural odor of certain drugs
e.g. Digitalis and Hyoscyamus lose their bad odors, when dried
Taste: May be altered e.g. Gentian and Tea is very bitter when fresh, and
becoming pleasant or slightly bitter
27. ■ Constituents (curing of drugs):
Constituents of some drugs may change due to drying e.g. the purine bases
present in some fresh drugs in a combined glycoside form are hydrolyzed on
drying and the dried drugs contain the free bases.
Gentiopicroside present in Gentian are hydrolyzed during drying into
gentiamarin and glucose which reduce the bitter taste of Gentian.
Fresh vanilla pods contain the glycosides gluco-vanillin and gluco-vanillyl
alcohol. On drying, hydrolysis of both glycosides and oxidation of the latter to
vanillin occurs.
28. ■ If these changes are required, drying should be done slowly (curing of
drugs). If the changes are objectionable, drying must be carried out as
rapidly as possible.
■ Rapid drying, not only prevents the decomposition of active constituents,
but also retains the color of the drug.