The document discusses the limit test for chlorides, a quantitative method used to identify and control small quantities of impurities in substances, specifically focusing on the reaction of chlorides with silver nitrate to produce turbidity. It outlines the principles, apparatus, chemicals required, and the procedure to perform the test, emphasizing the importance of sensitivity and specificity when comparing test solutions to a standard. The results indicate that if the opalescence in the sample is less than the standard, it passes the test, and it fails otherwise.

1. Limit test for chlorides
Mahakal Institute of Pharmaceutical Studies,
Ujjain
Behind Air strip, Datana, Dewas road, Ujjain
Given by
Alok Sharma
Asst. Professor
Pharmaceutical
chemistry
Presentation on

2. Introduction
Limit tests are quantitative or semi-quantitative tests
designed to identify and control small quantities of impurity,
which are likely to be present in the substance. The quantity
of any one impurity in an official substance is often small, and
consequently the visible reaction response to any test for that
impurity is also small. The design of individual tests is
therefore important if errors are to be avoided in the hands of
different operators.

3. Specificity of the test
Any test used as a limit test must, of necessity, give some form
of selective reaction with the trace impurity. Many tests used for
the detection of inorganic impurities in official inorganic
chemicals are based upon the separations involved in inorganic
qualitative analysis.

4. Sensitivity of the test
The degree of sensitivity required in a limit test varies
enormously according to the standard of purity demanded by
the monograph. The sensitivity of most tests is dependent
upon a number of variable factors concentration of the
solute, precipitating reagent, duration of the reaction,
temperature, and the nature and concentration of other
substances unavoidably present in solution.

5. Comparison methods:
Tests of this type require a standard containing a definite
amount of impurity, to be set up at the same time and under the
same conditions as the test experiment. In this way the extent
of the reaction is readily determined by direct comparison of
the test solution with a standard of known concentration. E.g.
limit test of chlorides and sulphate e.t.c
Method use for Limit tests

6. Limit test for chlorides
Principle
Limit test of chlorides is based on the reaction of soluble
chlorides with silver nitrate in presence of dilute nitric acid to
form silver chloride, which appears as turbidity (Opalescence).
Reasons:
Nitric acid is added in the limit test of chloride to make solution acidic
and helps silver chloride precipitate to make solution turbid at the end
of process.

7. Apparatus & chemicals
Apparatus Required
a) Nessler cylinders
b) Glass rod
c) Stand
Chemicals Required
a) Dilute Nitric acid (10%)
b) Silver nitrate (5%)
c) Sodium chloride

8. Nessler Cylinder
Nessler cylinders are laboratory tubes with a fixed volume,
made of glass with optically plane bottom. On the walls there
are marks of the nominal stroke volume (usually 100 ml) and
possibly one half-way mark (then usually 50 ml).

9. Procedure for Chloride limit test
Test sample Standard compound
Specific weight of compound
is dissolved in water or
solution is prepared as
directed in the pharmacopoeia
and transferred in Nessler
cylinder
Take 1ml of 0.05845 % W/V
solution of sodium chloride in
Nessler cylinder
Add 1ml of nitric acid Add 1ml of nitric acid
Dilute to 50ml in Nessler
cylinder
Dilute to 50ml in Nessler
cylinder
Add 1ml of AgNO3 solution Add 1ml of AgNO3 solution
Keep aside for 5 min Keep aside for 5 min
Observe the
Opalescence/Turbidity
Observe the
Opalescence/Turbidity

10. Observation
The opalescence produce in sample solution should not be
greater than standard solution. If opalescence produces in
sample solution is less than the standard solution, the
sample will pass the limit test of chloride and visa versa.

11. Results & conclusion
If the opalescence in the sample is less than the standard, it
passes the test. If it is more than the standard, it fails the test.
For comparison of turbidity for different substances with
varying amount of impurity, the amount of substance to be
used is varied, and not the standard turbidity.
Pharmacopoeias do not give a numerical value to the limits,
as is not practicable as its content will be influenced to great
extent, by large quantities of other substances present.