This document provides information about air compressors, including reciprocating and rotary compressors. It discusses single stage and two stage reciprocating compressors, detailing their workings using pressure-volume diagrams. It also covers testing methods, classifications, and efficiency parameters for compressors. Rotary compressor types like screw, vane, and lobe compressors are introduced as well.
1) A reciprocating compressor takes in air or gas at low pressure and compresses it using pistons moving back and forth in cylinders.
2) It is classified based on design, number of stages, pressure ratio, capacity, number of cylinders, type of fluid, and cooling method.
3) In single stage reciprocating compression, air is drawn into the cylinder on the inward stroke and compressed on the outward stroke through inlet and outlet valves.
A compressor is a machine that compresses air or gas to pressures over 241.25 KPa. There are three main types: centrifugal for low pressure/high capacity, rotary for medium pressure/low capacity, and reciprocating for high pressure/low capacity. Compressed air has many industrial and specialized uses. Compressors can be analyzed using the steady flow energy equation and isentropic, polytropic, or isothermal processes. Multistage compression saves power by cooling the air between stages to limit temperature and pressure increases.
This document provides an overview of compressed air systems, including:
- The types of compressors and their characteristics such as reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal, and axial compressors.
- How compressors work using principles such as the ideal gas law and Bernoulli's equation.
- Factors that affect the energy consumption of compressed air systems such as inlet air conditions, pressure settings, piping layout and leaks.
- Methods for improving efficiency such as variable speed drives, capacity control, and detailed energy audits.
The document discusses compressed air systems in detail over 5 sections, covering the scope of work, types of compressors, selection criteria, performance comparisons, and system components.
This document discusses the reversed Carnot cycle, which is used in Carnot refrigerators and heat pumps. It consists of four processes: 1) adiabatic compression, 2) isothermal compression, 3) adiabatic expansion, and 4) isothermal expansion. This cycle operates in the counterclockwise direction on a temperature-entropy diagram. It is the most efficient refrigeration cycle possible between two temperature levels, as it achieves the highest theoretical coefficient of performance. However, it cannot be practically implemented due to the different speeds required for the adiabatic and isothermal processes.
This document discusses different types of compressors used in mechanical engineering. It covers positive displacement compressors like roots blowers, vane compressors, and screw compressors. It also discusses steady flow compressors such as centrifugal and axial flow compressors. For each type of compressor, the document provides details on their working principles, applications, pressure ratios, flow rates and comparative advantages.
1) A compressor takes in air at atmospheric pressure and compresses it, delivering it at a higher pressure to a storage vessel.
2) Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress air in cylinders. As the piston moves, the air is compressed and discharged from the cylinder.
3) The work required to compress air depends on the pressure and volume changes. Actual work done is greater than theoretical isothermal work due to heat transfer during compression.
The document discusses various types of compressors used to raise the pressure of gases. It describes reciprocating compressors, which use pistons to compress gases, and rotary compressors like screw compressors that rotate to continuously compress gases. It also discusses dynamic compressors like centrifugal compressors that speed up gases to convert velocity energy to pressure energy. The document provides details on compressor components, working principles, performance parameters, selection criteria and efficiency definitions.
1) A reciprocating compressor takes in air or gas at low pressure and compresses it using pistons moving back and forth in cylinders.
2) It is classified based on design, number of stages, pressure ratio, capacity, number of cylinders, type of fluid, and cooling method.
3) In single stage reciprocating compression, air is drawn into the cylinder on the inward stroke and compressed on the outward stroke through inlet and outlet valves.
A compressor is a machine that compresses air or gas to pressures over 241.25 KPa. There are three main types: centrifugal for low pressure/high capacity, rotary for medium pressure/low capacity, and reciprocating for high pressure/low capacity. Compressed air has many industrial and specialized uses. Compressors can be analyzed using the steady flow energy equation and isentropic, polytropic, or isothermal processes. Multistage compression saves power by cooling the air between stages to limit temperature and pressure increases.
This document provides an overview of compressed air systems, including:
- The types of compressors and their characteristics such as reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal, and axial compressors.
- How compressors work using principles such as the ideal gas law and Bernoulli's equation.
- Factors that affect the energy consumption of compressed air systems such as inlet air conditions, pressure settings, piping layout and leaks.
- Methods for improving efficiency such as variable speed drives, capacity control, and detailed energy audits.
The document discusses compressed air systems in detail over 5 sections, covering the scope of work, types of compressors, selection criteria, performance comparisons, and system components.
This document discusses the reversed Carnot cycle, which is used in Carnot refrigerators and heat pumps. It consists of four processes: 1) adiabatic compression, 2) isothermal compression, 3) adiabatic expansion, and 4) isothermal expansion. This cycle operates in the counterclockwise direction on a temperature-entropy diagram. It is the most efficient refrigeration cycle possible between two temperature levels, as it achieves the highest theoretical coefficient of performance. However, it cannot be practically implemented due to the different speeds required for the adiabatic and isothermal processes.
This document discusses different types of compressors used in mechanical engineering. It covers positive displacement compressors like roots blowers, vane compressors, and screw compressors. It also discusses steady flow compressors such as centrifugal and axial flow compressors. For each type of compressor, the document provides details on their working principles, applications, pressure ratios, flow rates and comparative advantages.
1) A compressor takes in air at atmospheric pressure and compresses it, delivering it at a higher pressure to a storage vessel.
2) Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress air in cylinders. As the piston moves, the air is compressed and discharged from the cylinder.
3) The work required to compress air depends on the pressure and volume changes. Actual work done is greater than theoretical isothermal work due to heat transfer during compression.
The document discusses various types of compressors used to raise the pressure of gases. It describes reciprocating compressors, which use pistons to compress gases, and rotary compressors like screw compressors that rotate to continuously compress gases. It also discusses dynamic compressors like centrifugal compressors that speed up gases to convert velocity energy to pressure energy. The document provides details on compressor components, working principles, performance parameters, selection criteria and efficiency definitions.
The document discusses different types of compressors used to increase air pressure. It describes reciprocating compressors which use pistons to compress air inside cylinders. Rotary compressors like screw, vane, and lobe compressors compress air using rotating elements. Centrifugal and axial compressors accelerate air to increase pressure, with centrifugal compressors using impellers and axial using rotating and stationary blades in stages. The document provides details on components and operating principles of these compressor types.
This document is a project report on the thermodynamic analysis of a vapor cascade refrigeration system using R-12 and R-404A as alternative refrigerants. It was submitted by six students and guided by their professor Santanu Banerjee at Birbhum Institute of Engineering and Technology. The report includes an introduction to refrigeration systems, literature review on vapor cascade systems, mathematical formulation of the proposed model, results and discussion of simulations, and conclusions and scope for future work.
The document summarizes key concepts about reciprocating air compressors:
1) It describes the basic components and working of a single-stage, double-acting reciprocating air compressor using a labeled diagram. The compressor consists of a piston that reciprocates in a cylinder driven by a crankshaft, with inlet and outlet valves.
2) It explains the ideal thermodynamic cycle on p-V and T-S diagrams, involving constant-pressure intake, adiabatic compression, and constant-pressure discharge processes.
3) It defines mechanical efficiency and indicated power for reciprocating compressors, and describes calculations for work of compression and various efficiencies like isothermal efficiency.
The document discusses two-stroke and four-stroke internal combustion engines. It provides details on the working principles of two-stroke petrol and diesel engines. A two-stroke engine completes the processes of intake, compression, combustion and exhaust in two strokes of the piston rather than four strokes as in a four-stroke engine. This allows a two-stroke engine to produce power during every revolution of the crankshaft.
The document discusses different methods of governing steam turbines to maintain a constant rotational speed despite varying loads. Throttle governing reduces steam pressure through a restricted passage before entering the turbine. Nozzle governing opens and closes sets of nozzles to control steam flow. Bypass governing introduces steam into later turbine stages during overloads. Combination governing uses two methods, typically bypass and nozzle. Electro-hydraulic governing uses electronic, hydraulic, and mechanical components to precisely control steam flow and allow synchronization to power grids for load and frequency regulation.
Natural draught is produced by a chimney and provides ventilation for boiler systems. The height and diameter of a chimney can be calculated based on factors like flue gas temperature, ambient temperature, and air-fuel ratio. For maximum discharge of hot gases, the flue gas temperature should be slightly higher than ambient temperature. Chimneys provide advantages like no external power requirements but have limitations like low efficiency below 1%. Boiler performance is quantified by equivalent evaporation and efficiency, which allow standardization based on feed water temperature and pressure.
This document discusses different types of compressors used in the chemical industry. It describes positive displacement compressors, which include reciprocating and rotary compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons moving back and forth in cylinders to compress air. Rotary compressors include screw, scroll, vane, and lobe types that use rotating parts to compress air. Dynamic compressors like centrifugal compressors are also discussed, which use impellers to add velocity and pressure to flowing gases. Multistage compression is explained as a way to compress air to higher pressures by cooling between stages.
The document discusses condensers used in thermal power plants. It describes the functions of a condenser as condensing exhaust steam from turbines to be reused in the steam cycle, creating a vacuum to improve turbine efficiency, and removing non-condensable gases. Key aspects covered include the condenser's role in the Rankine cycle, operation, materials used for tubes, sources of air leakage, methods for detecting water leakage into tubes, and cleaning and testing of condenser tubes.
This document discusses different types of rotary compressors used to compress air or gas. It describes positive displacement and roto dynamic rotary compressors. It then provides details on the construction and working of rotary lobe compressors, rotary vane compressors, rotary screw compressors, and scroll compressors. For each type, it outlines the key components and explains how compression is achieved as the gas is drawn in and compressed spaces are reduced in size.
This document provides information about axial flow compressors including:
- They consist of multiple rows of fixed and moving blades that continuously pressurize gas flowing parallel to the axis of rotation, achieving high efficiency and mass flow.
- Each pair of rotor and stator blades constitutes a pressure stage, with typical single stage pressure increases of 15-60% and multiple stages used to achieve higher overall pressure ratios.
- Stalling and surging refer to unstable flow conditions that reduce compressor performance and must be avoided through proper design and operation.
- They find applications in industries like oil refining and power generation as well as aircraft engines due to their high performance capabilities.
The document provides information about pumps, including:
1) Pumps are mechanical devices that use rotation or reciprocation to move fluid from one place to another by converting energy into hydraulic energy.
2) The main purposes of pumps are to transfer fluid from low to high pressure areas, from low to high elevations, and from local to distant locations.
3) There are two main types of pumps - positive displacement pumps which move a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle, and centrifugal pumps which use centrifugal force to move fluid by spinning an impeller.
1. A steam generator or boiler is a closed vessel made of steel that transfers heat from fuel combustion to water to generate steam.
2. Boilers should be safe, accessible for maintenance, efficient in absorbing heat, simple in construction, and have low initial and maintenance costs.
3. There are many types of boilers classified by factors like the contents in tubes (fire tube or water tube), furnace position, and circulation method. Proper consideration of factors like steam needs, area, and costs is important for boiler selection.
1. Supercritical boilers operate above the critical pressure of water (221 bar), where there is no distinction between water and steam.
2. Operating above the critical pressure provides benefits like higher cycle efficiency, lower fuel consumption and emissions, and improved load change flexibility compared to subcritical boilers.
3. The key difference between subcritical and supercritical boilers is that supercritical boilers are drumless, with evaporation occurring in a single pass and flow induced by the feed pump rather than natural circulation.
1. The document discusses various topics related to hydraulic turbines including their classification, selection, design principles of Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines, draft tubes, surge tanks, governing, unit quantities, characteristic curves, similitude analysis and cavitation.
2. Hydraulic turbines are classified based on the type of energy at the inlet, direction of flow through the runner, head at the inlet, and specific speed. Pelton wheels are impulse turbines suitable for high heads while Francis and Kaplan turbines are reaction turbines for lower heads.
3. The design of each turbine type involves guidelines related to jet ratio, speed ratio, velocities, discharge, power and efficiency calculations. Characteristic curves show the performance of a
Compressors complete description and a well arranged slides for the topic. That's too the point and relevant slide share you are looking for! Hope you will find it easy to understand
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Boiler draught refers to the pressure difference between the air inside a boiler furnace and the outside air, which causes the flow of air and flue gases through the boiler. This pressure difference is necessary for proper combustion of fuel and removal of flue gases. Draught can be produced naturally through the use of a chimney, or artificially through mechanical fans or steam jets. Forced draught uses a fan before the furnace to push air and gases through, while induced draught uses a fan at the chimney to pull gases through. Balanced draught combines the two. Mechanical draught allows better control of the pressure but has higher costs than natural or steam jet draught.
This document discusses turbomachinery and hydraulic turbines. It begins by defining turbomachinery as rotating machines that add or extract energy from fluid. It then describes the basic types of hydraulic machines - displacement and rotodynamic. Rotodynamic machines include turbines and pumps, which have rotating elements that fluid passes through. Key hydraulic turbines discussed include impulse (Pelton) and reaction (Francis, Kaplan) turbines. The document provides detailed descriptions of how Pelton wheels in particular work as high-head impulse turbines that convert hydraulic energy to mechanical energy via rotating buckets impacted by high-velocity water jets. It also outlines the basic energy transfer equation for rotodynamic machines.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
1) An air compressor takes in atmospheric air, compresses it using a piston-cylinder mechanism, and delivers the compressed air to a storage vessel.
2) The main components are a motor or engine to power the compression, a compression chamber where the air is compressed, and a storage tank to hold the compressed air.
3) Air compressors have many common uses, including powering pneumatic tools, inflating tires and equipment, and providing compressed air for industrial processes and HVAC systems.
1) An air compressor takes in atmospheric air, compresses it using a piston-cylinder mechanism, and delivers the compressed air to a storage vessel.
2) The main components are a motor or engine to power the compression, a compression chamber where the air is compressed, and a storage tank to hold the compressed air.
3) Air compressors have many common uses, including powering pneumatic tools, inflating tires and equipment, and providing compressed air for industrial processes and HVAC systems.
The document discusses different types of compressors used to increase air pressure. It describes reciprocating compressors which use pistons to compress air inside cylinders. Rotary compressors like screw, vane, and lobe compressors compress air using rotating elements. Centrifugal and axial compressors accelerate air to increase pressure, with centrifugal compressors using impellers and axial using rotating and stationary blades in stages. The document provides details on components and operating principles of these compressor types.
This document is a project report on the thermodynamic analysis of a vapor cascade refrigeration system using R-12 and R-404A as alternative refrigerants. It was submitted by six students and guided by their professor Santanu Banerjee at Birbhum Institute of Engineering and Technology. The report includes an introduction to refrigeration systems, literature review on vapor cascade systems, mathematical formulation of the proposed model, results and discussion of simulations, and conclusions and scope for future work.
The document summarizes key concepts about reciprocating air compressors:
1) It describes the basic components and working of a single-stage, double-acting reciprocating air compressor using a labeled diagram. The compressor consists of a piston that reciprocates in a cylinder driven by a crankshaft, with inlet and outlet valves.
2) It explains the ideal thermodynamic cycle on p-V and T-S diagrams, involving constant-pressure intake, adiabatic compression, and constant-pressure discharge processes.
3) It defines mechanical efficiency and indicated power for reciprocating compressors, and describes calculations for work of compression and various efficiencies like isothermal efficiency.
The document discusses two-stroke and four-stroke internal combustion engines. It provides details on the working principles of two-stroke petrol and diesel engines. A two-stroke engine completes the processes of intake, compression, combustion and exhaust in two strokes of the piston rather than four strokes as in a four-stroke engine. This allows a two-stroke engine to produce power during every revolution of the crankshaft.
The document discusses different methods of governing steam turbines to maintain a constant rotational speed despite varying loads. Throttle governing reduces steam pressure through a restricted passage before entering the turbine. Nozzle governing opens and closes sets of nozzles to control steam flow. Bypass governing introduces steam into later turbine stages during overloads. Combination governing uses two methods, typically bypass and nozzle. Electro-hydraulic governing uses electronic, hydraulic, and mechanical components to precisely control steam flow and allow synchronization to power grids for load and frequency regulation.
Natural draught is produced by a chimney and provides ventilation for boiler systems. The height and diameter of a chimney can be calculated based on factors like flue gas temperature, ambient temperature, and air-fuel ratio. For maximum discharge of hot gases, the flue gas temperature should be slightly higher than ambient temperature. Chimneys provide advantages like no external power requirements but have limitations like low efficiency below 1%. Boiler performance is quantified by equivalent evaporation and efficiency, which allow standardization based on feed water temperature and pressure.
This document discusses different types of compressors used in the chemical industry. It describes positive displacement compressors, which include reciprocating and rotary compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons moving back and forth in cylinders to compress air. Rotary compressors include screw, scroll, vane, and lobe types that use rotating parts to compress air. Dynamic compressors like centrifugal compressors are also discussed, which use impellers to add velocity and pressure to flowing gases. Multistage compression is explained as a way to compress air to higher pressures by cooling between stages.
The document discusses condensers used in thermal power plants. It describes the functions of a condenser as condensing exhaust steam from turbines to be reused in the steam cycle, creating a vacuum to improve turbine efficiency, and removing non-condensable gases. Key aspects covered include the condenser's role in the Rankine cycle, operation, materials used for tubes, sources of air leakage, methods for detecting water leakage into tubes, and cleaning and testing of condenser tubes.
This document discusses different types of rotary compressors used to compress air or gas. It describes positive displacement and roto dynamic rotary compressors. It then provides details on the construction and working of rotary lobe compressors, rotary vane compressors, rotary screw compressors, and scroll compressors. For each type, it outlines the key components and explains how compression is achieved as the gas is drawn in and compressed spaces are reduced in size.
This document provides information about axial flow compressors including:
- They consist of multiple rows of fixed and moving blades that continuously pressurize gas flowing parallel to the axis of rotation, achieving high efficiency and mass flow.
- Each pair of rotor and stator blades constitutes a pressure stage, with typical single stage pressure increases of 15-60% and multiple stages used to achieve higher overall pressure ratios.
- Stalling and surging refer to unstable flow conditions that reduce compressor performance and must be avoided through proper design and operation.
- They find applications in industries like oil refining and power generation as well as aircraft engines due to their high performance capabilities.
The document provides information about pumps, including:
1) Pumps are mechanical devices that use rotation or reciprocation to move fluid from one place to another by converting energy into hydraulic energy.
2) The main purposes of pumps are to transfer fluid from low to high pressure areas, from low to high elevations, and from local to distant locations.
3) There are two main types of pumps - positive displacement pumps which move a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle, and centrifugal pumps which use centrifugal force to move fluid by spinning an impeller.
1. A steam generator or boiler is a closed vessel made of steel that transfers heat from fuel combustion to water to generate steam.
2. Boilers should be safe, accessible for maintenance, efficient in absorbing heat, simple in construction, and have low initial and maintenance costs.
3. There are many types of boilers classified by factors like the contents in tubes (fire tube or water tube), furnace position, and circulation method. Proper consideration of factors like steam needs, area, and costs is important for boiler selection.
1. Supercritical boilers operate above the critical pressure of water (221 bar), where there is no distinction between water and steam.
2. Operating above the critical pressure provides benefits like higher cycle efficiency, lower fuel consumption and emissions, and improved load change flexibility compared to subcritical boilers.
3. The key difference between subcritical and supercritical boilers is that supercritical boilers are drumless, with evaporation occurring in a single pass and flow induced by the feed pump rather than natural circulation.
1. The document discusses various topics related to hydraulic turbines including their classification, selection, design principles of Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines, draft tubes, surge tanks, governing, unit quantities, characteristic curves, similitude analysis and cavitation.
2. Hydraulic turbines are classified based on the type of energy at the inlet, direction of flow through the runner, head at the inlet, and specific speed. Pelton wheels are impulse turbines suitable for high heads while Francis and Kaplan turbines are reaction turbines for lower heads.
3. The design of each turbine type involves guidelines related to jet ratio, speed ratio, velocities, discharge, power and efficiency calculations. Characteristic curves show the performance of a
Compressors complete description and a well arranged slides for the topic. That's too the point and relevant slide share you are looking for! Hope you will find it easy to understand
Thank you!
Boiler draught refers to the pressure difference between the air inside a boiler furnace and the outside air, which causes the flow of air and flue gases through the boiler. This pressure difference is necessary for proper combustion of fuel and removal of flue gases. Draught can be produced naturally through the use of a chimney, or artificially through mechanical fans or steam jets. Forced draught uses a fan before the furnace to push air and gases through, while induced draught uses a fan at the chimney to pull gases through. Balanced draught combines the two. Mechanical draught allows better control of the pressure but has higher costs than natural or steam jet draught.
This document discusses turbomachinery and hydraulic turbines. It begins by defining turbomachinery as rotating machines that add or extract energy from fluid. It then describes the basic types of hydraulic machines - displacement and rotodynamic. Rotodynamic machines include turbines and pumps, which have rotating elements that fluid passes through. Key hydraulic turbines discussed include impulse (Pelton) and reaction (Francis, Kaplan) turbines. The document provides detailed descriptions of how Pelton wheels in particular work as high-head impulse turbines that convert hydraulic energy to mechanical energy via rotating buckets impacted by high-velocity water jets. It also outlines the basic energy transfer equation for rotodynamic machines.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
1) An air compressor takes in atmospheric air, compresses it using a piston-cylinder mechanism, and delivers the compressed air to a storage vessel.
2) The main components are a motor or engine to power the compression, a compression chamber where the air is compressed, and a storage tank to hold the compressed air.
3) Air compressors have many common uses, including powering pneumatic tools, inflating tires and equipment, and providing compressed air for industrial processes and HVAC systems.
1) An air compressor takes in atmospheric air, compresses it using a piston-cylinder mechanism, and delivers the compressed air to a storage vessel.
2) The main components are a motor or engine to power the compression, a compression chamber where the air is compressed, and a storage tank to hold the compressed air.
3) Air compressors have many common uses, including powering pneumatic tools, inflating tires and equipment, and providing compressed air for industrial processes and HVAC systems.
1) A reciprocating compressor takes in atmospheric air, compresses it using pistons driven by a crankshaft, and delivers the compressed air to a storage vessel.
2) Reciprocating compressors are classified as single-acting, double-acting, or multi-stage based on the number of piston sides in operation and number of compression stages.
3) The actual pressure-volume diagram of a reciprocating compressor differs from the theoretical diagram due to phenomena like valve bounce and intake depression that occur during the intake and exhaust strokes.
The document discusses air compressors. It defines an air compressor as a machine that compresses air to higher pressures using a piston or rotary arrangement powered by an electric motor or engine. It describes the main components and working of reciprocating piston compressors. Compressors are classified based on their compression method, pressure level, operation principle, number of stages and cylinders. Compressed air has various industrial uses like spray painting, pneumatic tools, and vehicle air brakes. The document also discusses important compressor terms like indicated power and volumetric efficiency.
1) A reciprocating compressor takes in air or gas at low pressure and compresses it using pistons moving back and forth in cylinders.
2) Reciprocating compressors are widely used for compressing air and can handle all pressure ranges. They are driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines.
3) The key components are pistons, cylinders, valves, connecting rods and a crankshaft. As the piston moves back and forth, air is drawn in, compressed, and expelled through intake and exhaust valves.
The document discusses reciprocating air compressors. It describes the basic components and working of single-stage and two-stage compressors. For two-stage compressors, it explains how intercooling between stages improves efficiency by reducing temperature and work input. Perfect intercooling approaches ideal isothermal compression by cooling the air to its initial temperature between stages.
The document discusses different types of compressors used to compress air or gas, including centrifugal, rotary, and reciprocating compressors. It then describes the operation and analysis of centrifugal and reciprocating compressors. Multistage compression is discussed as a way to increase pressure to over 300 KPa using multiple compressor stages separated by intercoolers to reduce temperature and save power compared to a single stage. The analysis shows that for ideal multistage compression with perfect intercooling, the work is equal at each stage and the total work is equal to the number of stages times the work of one stage.
The document discusses different types of compressors used to compress air or gas, including centrifugal, rotary, and reciprocating compressors. It then describes the operation and analysis of centrifugal and reciprocating compressors. Multistage compression is discussed as a way to increase pressure to over 300 KPa using multiple compressor stages separated by intercoolers to reduce temperature and save power compared to a single stage. The analysis shows that for ideal multistage compression with perfect intercooling, the work is equal at each stage and the total work is equal to the number of stages times the work of one stage.
The document discusses reciprocating air compressors. It describes how reciprocating compressors work by using pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress incoming air. The air is compressed from a low pressure to a higher pressure and delivered for storage. Compression requires work input from a prime mover like an engine. Reciprocating compressors are classified as single-acting or double-acting depending on the number of sides of the piston in operation during each cycle. The document provides equations to calculate the work done during compression and defines important concepts like clearance volume, swept volume, and volumetric efficiency.
1) The document discusses air compressors, including their classification, working, and performance parameters.
2) Air compressors take in atmospheric air, compress it using work, and deliver it to a storage vessel. They can be classified as dynamic or positive displacement.
3) Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress air. Performance is evaluated using parameters like isothermal efficiency, which compares actual work to ideal isothermal work.
1) The document discusses air compressors, including their classification and operation of reciprocating compressors. It defines an air compressor as a device that takes in atmospheric air, compresses it, and delivers it at higher pressure to a storage vessel.
2) Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. The intake air enters the cylinder and gets compressed by the reciprocating piston, increasing in pressure and temperature.
3) Equations are provided for calculating the work done by the compressor during polytropic and isothermal compression processes. The actual work done is always greater than the minimum isothermal work due to heat transfer limitations.
This document discusses air compressors and their uses. It describes the main types of air compressors - reciprocating and rotary. Reciprocating air compressors operate similar to reciprocating engines, using pistons inside cylinders to compress air. Rotary air compressors compress air through the rotation of impellers or blades inside a casing. The document focuses on reciprocating air compressors and their components. It explains the operation of single-stage and two-stage reciprocating air compressors through diagrams and equations. Intercooling between stages brings the compression process closer to isothermal, reducing the work required.
This document discusses air compressors and reciprocating compressors specifically. It defines an air compressor as a device that takes in atmospheric air, compresses it, and delivers it at higher pressure to a storage vessel. It then describes the basic components and working of a reciprocating compressor, including the polytropic process of compression, equations for work done, volumetric efficiency, and factors that affect the actual pressure-volume diagram compared to the theoretical diagram.
This document discusses air compressors and reciprocating compressors specifically. It defines an air compressor as a device that takes in atmospheric air, compresses it, and delivers it at higher pressure to a storage vessel. It then describes the basic components and working of a reciprocating compressor, including the polytropic process of compression, equations for calculating work done, factors affecting volumetric efficiency like clearance volume, and diagrams of the actual pressure-volume cycle including valve bounce and intake depression.
This document discusses air compressors. It defines an air compressor as a device that increases the pressure of air by reducing its volume through compression. It then describes various types of air compressors classified by their principle of operation, mechanism used, number of stages, capacity, maximum pressure developed, and action. Technical terms related to air compressors like inlet pressure, discharge pressure, compression ratio, swept volume, and mean effective pressure are also defined. Finally, it discusses the thermodynamic processes involved in air compression and defines terms like clearance volume, free air delivery, and volumetric efficiency.
This document provides information about reciprocating compressors. It defines reciprocating compressors as using pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gas in a cyclic manner. The key components of reciprocating compressors are identified as the compression cylinder, piston, intake and outlet valves, crankshaft, and connecting rod. The thermodynamic cycle and p-V diagram of reciprocating compressors are discussed. The document also covers indicated power, mechanical efficiency, conditions for minimum work, clearance volume, volumetric efficiency, and multistage compressors.
Compressors are mechanical devices used for increasing the pressure of a gas. Compressors used for
producing high pressure air are called air compressors. Air is drawn from the atmosphere by suction process, which is then compressed to the required pressure and delivered to the receiver
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
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Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
1. Unit No:- 03
AIR COMPRESSORS
COURSE OUTCOME:-
CO562.3 : Maintain reciprocating air compressors
Prof. D. C. Jadhav
Marks : 14
2. Syllabus:-
3.1 Reciprocating compressors: Applications, working of single stage and two stage
compressors with PV diagrams, Intercooling.
3.2 Testing of reciprocating air compressors: Pressure ratio, Compressor capacity, FAD,
Volumetric efficiency, Isothermal efficiency, Numerical, Methods of energy saving.
3.3 Rotary compressors : Screw, Centrifugal, Lobe type, Vane type compressors and axial
flow compressors, Comparison of rotary and reciprocating compressors.
3. Introduction:-
Air compressor is a power absorbing machine which provides high pressure air. It takes the air
from the atmosphere, compresses it to a high pressure and high pressure air will be stored in a
storage vessel (reservoir) from where it can be taken out for use.
There are many uses of high pressure air in industry. The main uses of compressed air are:
1. For inflating automobile tyres.
2. To clean workshop machines, generators etc.
3. To operate air operated drills, hammers (Pneumatic tools).
4. To inject fuel in the diesel engine cylinder.
5. In spray painting.
6. To operate air brakes in automobiles
7. In automobile service station to clean vehicle.
4. Classification of Air Compressor:-
Compressor
Reciprocating Rotary
Single Stage Multi stage Positive
Displacement
Non-Positive
Displacement
Single
Acting
Double
Acting
Single
Acting
Double
Acting
Screw
Type
Vane
Type
Roots
blower
Lysholm
Comp.
Centrifugal Axial Flow
5. Single Stage Reciprocating air compressor :-
-The principal parts of reciprocating compressor are
same as that of engine.
-Fig. shows single stage reciprocating air compressor
with PV diagram. Crank shaft is coupled to the prime
mover or electric motor. Inlet and delivery valves are
automatic in their operation. They are opened and closed
by pressure difference on both sides of valves.
-In working, there are two strokes, suction stroke and
delivery stroke.
-During suction stroke piston moves downward. Due to
which pressure in cylinder falls bellow atmospheric
pressure and intake valve opens and air is taken in the
cylinder.
-In delivery stroke, piston moves upwards with
compression of air in cylinder. Both the inlet and
delivery valves is closed and compression proceeds; at
the end of compression stroke the pressure of air
increases above the receiver pressure and this pressure
delivers to the receiver.
-The receiver is a vessel, which acts as a storage tank.
Crank shaft
Connecting rod
Fig. Single stage compressor with P-V
Diagram
6. The figure shows the P-V diagram for single stage reciprocating air
compressor without clearance.
During the suction stroke the air is drawn into the cylinder along line
4-1 at constant pressure P1 which is slightly below the atmosphere.
At point 1, the piston completes the suction stroke and starts its
compression stroke. At this time, all the valves are closed; the air
inside the cylinder is compressed along the curve 1-2.
At point 2, the pressure P2 is reached which is slightly higher than the
receiver pressure.At this point discharge valve opens delivery of
compressed air takes place along line 2-3 at constant pressure P2.
The piston has now reached at top of cylinder and again starts its
suction stroke & the pressure in the cylinder will be lowered again P1
& the cycle of operations will be repeated.The net work done
required is represented by area 1-2-3-4.
P-V Diagram of single stage
compressor
7. Work required for single stage single acting reciprocating compressor:-
Work required for compression :
W = A(1-2-3-4) = A(0-a-2-3) + A(a-b-1-2) – A(0-b-1-4)
W = P2V2 +
P2V2 − P1V1
𝑛−1
+ P1V1
W =
nP2V2 − P2V2+P2V2− P1V1−n P1V1+P1V1
𝑛−1
=
nP2V2−n P1V1
𝑛−1
=
n
𝑛−1
[P2V2 - P1V1]
=
n
𝑛−1
P1V1[
P2V2
P1V1
– 1]
Consider process 1-2 : PVn = C i.e P1V1
n = P2V2
n
W =
𝑛
𝑛−1
P1V1
P2
P1
P2
P1
−
1
𝑛
− 1
∴ W =
𝑛
𝑛−1
P1V1
P2
P1
𝑛−1
𝑛
− 1
But P1V1 = mRT1 ∴ work required (W) =
𝑛
𝑛−1
mRT1
P2
P1
𝑛−1
𝑛
− 1
∴ I.P = work required x
𝑁
60
∴ I.P = W x
𝑁
60
∴ I.P =
𝑛
𝑛−1
mRT1
P2
P1
𝑛−1
𝑛
− 1 x
𝑁
60
Pressure
(P)
Volume
(V)
V 1
V 2
P 1
P 2
3 2
14
0 ba
Suction
Compression
Delivery
8. Two Stage Reciprocating air compressor :-
In a single-stage compression, the pressure ratio is less. But sometimes we require a higher pressure ratio.
So, in order to get a large pressure ratio, we can employ a large pressure in a single cylinder or compress the
air in two or more cylinders in series.
Inter cooler
Cold water InHot water
out
Delivery
valve
Delivery
valve
Intake
valve
Intake valve
L. P.
Compressor
H. P
Compressor
Cold
air
Hot
air Discharge air at
delivery
pressure
Working:- Air is admitted to L.P.(Low-pressure cylinder) and
is compressed to some intermediate pressure between the
intake and deliver pressure. Air at high temperature and
pressure is brought to an intercooler( intercooler is a device
used for cooling air between two stages or it is a heat
exchanger), where the air is cooled down nearly to the
temperature of intake air to L.P. cylinder by regulating the
supply of cooling water in the intercooler.
The temperature of the air leaving the intercooler depends
upon the cooling efficiency of the intercooler. This high
pressure cold air is again compressed to required delivery
pressure in H. P (High pressure cylinder) compressor.
Complete or Perfect Intercooling:-
When the temperature of the air leaving the intercooler is
equal to the original atmospheric air temperature, then this
is known as Complete or Perfect Intercooling.
Incomplete or Imperfect Intercooling:- When the temperature of the air leaving the intercooling is more than the original
atmosphere air temperature, then this is known as incomplete or Imperfect Intercooling.
The work saving in perfect intercooling is more than work saving in incomplete intercooling.
9. Work required for two stage single acting reciprocating compressor:-
o The figure shows the P-V diagram for two stage reciprocating air
compressor with perfect intercooling
o Air is sucked at atmospheric pressure in L.P cylinder at P1 during suction
stroke. Then it is compressed along 1-2’
o From condition 2’ it is delivered to an intercooler where heat from the air
is rejected by cooling water at constant pressure P2.
o If air is cooled to intake temperature of L.P. it is called as perfect cooling
this cooled air is admitted into H.P. cylinder.
o In H.P. stage it is compressed along curve 2-3 to pressure P3 and then
delivered to receiver at constant pressure P3.
o The shaded area 2-2’-3’-3 is saving in work with two stage compressor
with perfect intercooling
Let, P1 = intake pressure, V1= Volume at point 1, P2 = pressure at inlet to H.P
V2 = Volume at point 2, P3 = Delivery pressure.
Pressure
(P)
Volume
(V)
P1
P2
P3
3 3’
2
2’
1
Intercooler
pressure
Suction
Delivery
Then total work for compression and delivery of air is,
W = Work done in L.P + Work in H.P
W =
𝑛
𝑛−1
P1V1
P2
P1
𝑛−1
𝑛
− 1 +
𝑛
𝑛−1
P2V2
P3
P2
𝑛−1
𝑛
− 1
∴ W =
𝑛
𝑛−1
P1V1
P2
P1
𝑛−1
𝑛
+
P3
P2
𝑛−1
𝑛
− 2
10. Advantages of Multistage Compression
1. Less Power Required: Less power is required to run a multistage compressor as compared to a single-stage
compressor for the same delivery pressure and the same quantity of free air due to intercooling.
2. Increased volumetric efficiency
3. Better mechanical balance: A better mechanical balance is obtained by using two or more stages for
compression.
4. Better lubrication: Better lubrication is possible due to lower working temperature and pressure.
5. Reduced size of cylinder
6. Reduced leakage loss
7. Reduced cost of compressor
Disadvantages of Multistage Compression
1. It requires more no of cylinders.
2. Arrangement of intercooler is required to be done to reduce work.
3. It requires more floor space.
4. System becomes complicated and costly.
11. Compressor terminology:-
Intake Pressure :-
It is the pressure at which air is taken in cylinder of compressor.
Discharge pressure:-
It is the pressure at which air is delivered by the compressor.
Compression ratio( pressure ratio):-
Compression ratio is the ratio of delivery pressure to suction pressure.
Free air delivered (FAD):-
It is the volume of air delivered under the condition of temperature and pressure existing at compressor
intake.
Swept volume:-
It is actual volume of air taken in during suction stroke. It is expressed in m3
Efficiency of compressor:-
Volumetric efficiency:-
It is the ratio of volume of free air delivered per stroke to the volume of air swept by piston during the stroke.
∴ Volumetric efficiency =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒
𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒
Factors which reduce volumetric efficiency are:
1. As clearance volume increases, volumetric efficiency decreases.
2. Leakage at inlet valves.
3. Piston ring leakage
4. As pressure ratio increases, volumetric efficiency decreases
5. High speed of rotation of crank.
12. Isothermal Efficiency:-
It is the ratio of isothermal power to the indicated power in kW.
∴ 𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Mechanical Efficiency:-
The ratio of Indicated Power to the Brake power of compressor is called as mechanical efficiency.
∴ Mechanical 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Methods of energy saving in air compressor:-
To reduce work required to compression following methods are adopted,
i) Spraying cold water into cylinder during compression
ii) Providing cooling jackets
iii) Multistaging of compressor
14. Roots blower or Lobe type rotary compressor:-
Suction
side
Driver Lobe
Casing
Driven Lobe
Delivery side
Construction:-
They consist of a pair of involute
profiled lobes/rotors rotating inside an
oval shaped casing, closed at ends by
side plates. One lobe is the driving lobe,
which is driven by the external power
while the driven lobe is driven by a
pair of equal ratio gears. Both the lobes
thus, rotate at same speed but in
opposite direction.
Working:-
During rotation, volume of air at atmospheric pressure is trapped between the rotors and the casing.
This air is positively displaced with change in volume until the space is open to high pressure region
and this high pressure air is delivered to the receiver. This can be shown in fig.
15. Rotary screw compressors:-
Construction:-
Rotary compressors uses two Asymmetrical rotors that
are also called helical screws to compress the air. The
rotors have a very special shape and they turn in
opposite directions with very little clearance between
them. The rotors are covered by cooling jackets. Two
shafts on the rotors are placed that transfer their
motion with the help of timing gears that are
attached at the starting point of the shafts
Working principle-
Air sucked in at one end and gets trapped between the
rotors and get pushed to other side of the rotors .The
air is pushed by the rotors that are rotating in opposite
direction and compression is done when it gets
trapped in clearance between the two rotors. Then it
pushed towards pressure side.
16. Vane Type Rotary Compressor:-
Construction:-
This is an another type of rotary compressor. There is a
fixed casing in Vane type compressor in which a rotary
rotor disc is placed which has slots that are used for
holding the sliding plates.
Working:-
Whenever rotor rotates the disc also rotates thus
allowing the sliding plates to slide as the inner surface of
casing is eccentric. Whenever the plates moves away
from the center a huge amount of air get trapped inside it
and with the rotation the sliding plates converge due to
its shape and the trapped air get compressed. This results
in compression of air.
17. Centrifugal compressor:-
Construction and working:-
Centrifugal compressor consists of a rotating
member known as impeller wheels mounted on steel
shaft and enclosed in cast iron casing. The impeller
wheel consists of two discs, a hub disc and cover disc
with number of blades mounted radially between
them. An impeller has rotary vanes, which provides
closed radial passages for flow of air. Centrifugal
compressors also known as dynamic compressors. A
centrifugal compressor imparts kinetic energy into
the air stream by increasing the velocity of the air
using a rotating element and then converts this
kinetic energy into potential energy in the form of
pressure. Air is drawn into the center of a rotating
impeller with radial blades and is pushed toward the
center by centrifugal force. This radial movement of
air results in a pressure rise and the generation of
kinetic energy. Before the air is led into the center of
the impeller, the kinetic energy is also converted into
pressure by passing through a diffuser and volute.
18. Comparison between reciprocating and rotary compressor:-
Reciprocating Compressor Rotary Compressor
1 Compression of air takes place with the help of piston
and cylinder arrangement with reciprocating motion of
piston
Compression of air takes place due to
rotary motion of blades
2 Delivery of air is intermittent Delivery of air is continuous
3 Delivery pressure is high i.e. pressure ratio is high Delivery pressure is low i.e. pressure
ratio is low
4 Flow rate of air is low Flow rate of air is high
5 Speed of compressor is low because of unbalanced
forces
Speed of compressor is high because of
perfect balancing.
6 Reciprocating air compressor has more number of
moving parts, so it needs proper lubrication and more
maintenance.
Rotary air compressor has less number
of moving parts therefore less
maintenance is required.
7 Size of compressor is large for given discharge. Size of compressor is small for the given
discharge.
8 Air delivered is less clean, as it comes in contact with
lubricating oil.
Air delivered is more clean, as it does
not comes in contact with lubricating