1. A steam generator or boiler is a closed vessel made of steel that transfers heat from fuel combustion to water to generate steam.
2. Boilers should be safe, accessible for maintenance, efficient in absorbing heat, simple in construction, and have low initial and maintenance costs.
3. There are many types of boilers classified by factors like the contents in tubes (fire tube or water tube), furnace position, and circulation method. Proper consideration of factors like steam needs, area, and costs is important for boiler selection.
Boilers are most important part of Chemical Industry. 99 % boilers used in Pakistan Chemical Industries are water tube boilers because of their high efficiency and safety. So we should have clear understanding about the boilers.
Try to explain about the steam generator (boiler), it has three parts. Part 1 cover the types, part 2 about its parts & auxiliaries & accessories and part 3 about performance.
CONTENTS
1.Introduction
2.Applications
3.Classification
4.Types
5.Charachterstics of an Efficient Furnace
6. Economic Measure of Surnace
7. Modes of Heat Transfer in Furnaces
Boilers are most important part of Chemical Industry. 99 % boilers used in Pakistan Chemical Industries are water tube boilers because of their high efficiency and safety. So we should have clear understanding about the boilers.
Try to explain about the steam generator (boiler), it has three parts. Part 1 cover the types, part 2 about its parts & auxiliaries & accessories and part 3 about performance.
CONTENTS
1.Introduction
2.Applications
3.Classification
4.Types
5.Charachterstics of an Efficient Furnace
6. Economic Measure of Surnace
7. Modes of Heat Transfer in Furnaces
Hello,
I am trying to explain about Steam Generator (Boiler) in this session, due to length of said presentation, I am deciding to divide it in three parts.
Part 1 cover the “Introduction & Types of Steam Generator”
Part 2 cover about the “Parts of Steam Generator and Its Accessories & Auxiliaries” and
Part 3 cover the “Efficiency & Performance”
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
This presentation report describes about steam boiler,classification of boiler ,boiler mounting,
boiler accessories, operation & maintenance of boiler, boiler starting & shut downing
systems, and safety operation of boiler. some common problems that occurred during
boiler operation have been also presented in the presentation report along with solutions . Finally
some recommendations are being suggested.
A boiler or steam generator is a device used to create steam by applying heat energy to water. Although the definitions are somewhat flexible, it can be said that older steam generators were commonly termed boilers and worked at low to medium pressure.
Hello,
I am trying to explain about Steam Generator (Boiler) in this session, due to length of said presentation, I am deciding to divide it in three parts.
Part 1 cover the “Introduction & Types of Steam Generator”
Part 2 cover about the “Parts of Steam Generator and Its Accessories & Auxiliaries” and
Part 3 cover the “Efficiency & Performance”
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
This presentation report describes about steam boiler,classification of boiler ,boiler mounting,
boiler accessories, operation & maintenance of boiler, boiler starting & shut downing
systems, and safety operation of boiler. some common problems that occurred during
boiler operation have been also presented in the presentation report along with solutions . Finally
some recommendations are being suggested.
A boiler or steam generator is a device used to create steam by applying heat energy to water. Although the definitions are somewhat flexible, it can be said that older steam generators were commonly termed boilers and worked at low to medium pressure.
Ijri te-03-012 design and optimization of water cool condenser for central ai...Ijripublishers Ijri
Water-cooled chiller systems have typically been designed around entering condenser water temperatures of 85°F with a Optimization of Water - Cooled Chiller – Cooling Tower Combinations The warm water leaving the chilled water coils is pumped to the evaporator of the chiller, where the unwanted heat from the building is transferred by the latent heat of vaporization of the refrigerant. The compressor of the chiller then compresses the refrigerant to a higher pressure, adding the heat of compression in the process. The high pressure refrigerant then moves to the economical condenser water flow of 3.0 USGPM/ton and a 10°F denser, where the unwanted heat is rerange. In recent years, there has been considerable debate on the merits of designing around lower condenser water flow rates with a higher range in order to improve system lifecycle costs. However, two other parameters must also be considered in any analysis - approach and design wet bulb. The question to be answered is: What nominal condenser water flow rate and approach is best from a first cost standpoint as well as from a full load energy standpoint at any given wet bulb.
A Brief Introduction to Industrial boiler. And details about Boiler of Monnet Power Company Ltd(2X525 MW) Thermal Power Plant. Details about parts of Boiler, Water & Steam path, Oil Circuit, flue Gas Circuit.
Water cross flow shell and tube heat exchanger | Heat Transfer LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Experiment Name: - Water / Water Cross Flow Shell and Tube Heat
Exchanger
1. Abstract
Studying the performance of this type of heat exchanger
2. Introduction
Types of heat exchangers:
Onetype of heat exchanger is that of a double pipe arrangement with either
counter or parallel flow and with either the hot or cold fluid occupying the annular
space and the other fluid occupying the inside of the inner pipe. A type of heat
exchanger widely used in the chemical process inches is that of the shell and tube
arrangement
Ijri te-03-011 performance testing of vortex tubes with variable parametersIjripublishers Ijri
Conventional refrigeration system is a type of refrigeration systems which are costly; noisy, harmful gases released from a machine based on application of this type of system and it is required more maintenance. So, we need to go for unconventional refrigeration systems like vortex tube refrigeration system, which produce less vibrations and which require less maintenance and which are noiseless. It is required for our mechanical engineers to look for enhancing the performance of such vortex tubes. So as a part of my project work, I have chosen various sizes of vortex tubes and test their performances for finding out optimum performance. We will be testing the performance of vortex tubes with different ‘l/d’ ratios and different cold fractions, with different pressures and different nozzle sizes.
Final report on spent solution in hydroprateekj765
Assessment of cooling towers, cooling tower efficiency, assessment of cooling towers fans, material required, maintenance operations, calculation of flow rate of spent
To design and fabricate a refrigeration system which will work on vapor absorption cycle based on LiBr- H2O mixture using exhaust heat/ flue gases to run the generator.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
2. STEAM GENERATOR OR BOILER
A steam generator or boiler is usually a closed vessel made of
steel. Its function is to transfer the heat produced by the
combustion of fuel to water and ultimately to generate steam.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 2
3. BOILER PROPERTIES:
(i) Safety. The boiler should be safe under operating conditions.
(ii) Accessibility. The various parts of the boiler should be
accessible for repair and maintenance.
(iii) Capacity. Should be capable of supplying steam according to
the requirements.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 3
4. (iv) Efficiency. Should be able to absorb a maximum amount of heat
produced due to burning of fuel in the furnace.
(v) It should be simple in construction .
(vi) Its initial cost and maintenance cost should be low.
(vii) The boiler should have no joints exposed to flames.
(viii) Should be capable of quick starting and loading.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 4
5. Generate maximum steam.
Light in weight and not occupy large space.
Proper safety regulations.
Cheaper in cost.
Easy cope up with fluctuating demands of
requirements.
Easily accessible for inspection and repair.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 5
6. The source of heat for a boiler are :
Wood
Coal
Diesel
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 6
7. Though there are many classifications of steam boilers, yet
the following are important.
ACCORDING TO THE CONTENTS IN THE TUBE:
a) fire tube or smoke tube boiler
b) water tube boiler.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 7
8. FIRE – TUBE BOILERS
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 8
10. ACCORGING TO POSITION OF FURNACE:
a) Internally fired boilers
b) Externally fired boilers
ACCORDING TO AXIS OF FURNACE:
a) Vertical boilers
b) Horizontal boilers
ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF TUBES:
a) Single tube boilers
b) Multi tube boilers
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 10
11. ACCORDING TO METHOD OF
CIRCULATION OF WATER:
a) Natural circulation boilers
b) Forced circulation boilers
ACCORDING TO THE USE
a) Stationary boilers
b) Mobile boilers
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 11
12. Following factors should be considered
Quality of steam required
Steam Generation rate
Accessibility of repair and inspection
Area
Cost
Erection facility
Fuel and Water available
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 12
14. Pressure Gauge
Water level indicator
Safety valve
Fusible plug
Blow of cock
Steam stop valve
Feed check valve
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 14
15. Air preheater : It utilize the heat of exhaust gases.
Economizer: Heat is used to raise the temperature
of feed water supplied to the boiler.
Steam super heater: Used to super heat the
steam.
Feed pump: Raise the pressure of water and force it into the boiler.
Injector: Used to feed water in boilers.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 15
18. Considered to be one of the most efficient type
multi tubular boilers.
Consists of external cylindrical shell and fire
box. The shell and fire box both are
hemispherical.
The fire box and combustion chamber is
connected through a short pipe.
The flue gases from the combustion chamber
flow to the smoke box through a number of
smoke tubes.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 18
19. The gases from the smoke box pass to the
atmosphere through a chimney
The external diameter of pipe is 62.5mm and are
165in number.
Manhole is provided for cleaning.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 19
21. The boiler consists of a long cylindrical external
shell (1) built of steel plates in sections riveted
together.
It has two large internal flue tubes (2).
A fire grate (3) is also called furnace is provided at
one end of the flue tubes on which solid fuel is burnt.
At the end of the fire grate there is a brick arch (5)
to deflect the flue gases upwards.
The hot flue gases leaving internal flue tubes passes
through the bottom tube(6).
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 21
22. These flue gases move to the front of the boiler where
they divide and flow into side tube (7).
The flue gases then enter the main flue (9) which
leads them to chimney.
The damper (8) is fitted at one side flues to control
the draught and thus regulate the rate of generation of
steam.
A spring loaded safety valve (10) and stop valve (11)
are mounted.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 22
23. Locomotive boiler is a horizontal fire tube type mobile
boiler. The main requirement of this boiler is that it
should produce steam at a very high rate. Therefore,
this boiler requires a large amount of heating surface
and large grate area to burn coal at a rapid rate. In order
to provide the large heating surface area, a large
number of fire tubes are setup and heat transfer rate is
increased by creating strong draught by means of steam
jet
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 23
25. Large rate of steam generation per square metre of
heating surface. To some extent this is due to the
vibration caused by the motion.
It is free from brickwork, special foundation and
chimney. This reduces the cost of installation.
It is very compact.
The pressure of the steam is limited to about 20 bar.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 25
27. 1. This is an example of water tube boiler and is used
in stationary and marine engine.
2. The efficiency of this boiler is much greater than that
of the fire tube boiler.
3. This boiler is used when pressure is above 10bar
and steam generating capacity is required higher then
7000kg/hr.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 27
28. SAFETY MOUTINGS
Safety valves (2 Nos)
Fusible plug
Control mountings
Water level indicator
Pressure Gauge
Blow of cock
Steam stop valve
Feed check valve
Inspection Mountings
Man hole
Mud hole
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 28
29. Air preheater : It utilize the heat of exhaust gases.
Economizer: Heat is used to raise the temperature
of feed water supplied to the boiler.
Steam super heater: Used to super heat the
steam.
Feed pump: Raise the pressure of water and force
it into the boiler.
Injector: Used to feed water in boilers.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 29
32. Draught is defined as “the pressure difference (between absolute gas
pressure at any point in a gas flow passage and the atmospheric air outside
the boiler) required to maintain flow of air and exhaust gases through the
boiler setting.”
Function of draught:
1. To supply required quantity of air to the boiler furnace for the combustion
of fuel.
2. To remove exhaust gases from the boiler passage to maintain flow of air
and gases.
3. To create pressure difference against pressure losses in the flow passage.
4. To discharge the exhaust gases such that they will not be objectionable or
injurious to the surroundings.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 32
34. It produces draught which required to force air and gases
through the furnace, boiler accessories & setting.
It carries the product of combustion to such a height that
they will not be objectionable or injurious to surrounding.
The chimney is vertical tabular structure build either of
masonry concrete or steel.
The draught produces by the chimney is due to density
difference between the column of hot gases inside the
chimney & cold air outside the chimney & also on the
height of the chimney above the level of the furnace grate.
The density difference depends on the temperature of flue
gases passing in chimney & temperature of atmospheric air.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 34
35. Natural Draught
Natural Draught = Difference of pressure due to cold air column and
hot gas column
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 35
36. Suppose,
T0 = Absolute Zero Temperature = 273 K
𝜌0 = Density of air at absolute temperature = 1.293
𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
Tg = Temperature of hot gas
𝜌 𝑔 = Density of hot gas
Now from PV = m R T P = 𝜌 R T
∴ 𝜌 𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
o Density of air at temp. Tg
𝜌0 𝑇0 = 𝜌 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑇𝑔 ∴ 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑡 =
𝜌0 𝑇0
𝑇 𝑔
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 36
40. ∴ ∆𝑃 = 𝜌 𝑤 𝑔 ℎ𝑤 = 353 𝑔 𝐻
1
𝑇𝑎
−
𝑚+1
𝑚
1
𝑇𝑔
∴ hw =
353
1000
𝐻
1
𝑇𝑎
−
𝑚+1
𝑚
1
𝑇𝑔
∴ ℎ𝑤 = 353 𝐻
1
𝑇𝑎
−
𝑚+1
𝑚
1
𝑇𝑔
mm of water
o Now, Hot Gas Velocity in Chimney 𝑉 =
2𝑔(ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑓)
(where hg = hot gas column
hf = loss due to friction)
𝑚𝑔 = 𝜌 𝑔 𝐴 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑚𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑉 = 𝜌𝑔 𝐴 2𝑔 ℎ𝑔
𝑚𝑔 =
𝑚+1
𝑚
𝜌0
𝑇0
𝑇𝑔
𝐴 2𝑔 ℎ𝑔
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 40
41. ∴ 𝑚𝑔 =
𝑚 + 1
𝑚
𝜌0𝑇0
𝑇𝑔
𝐴 2𝑔 𝐻
𝑚
𝑚 + 1
𝑇𝑔
𝑇𝑎
− 1
∴ 𝑚𝑔 =
𝑚 + 1
𝑚
𝜌0𝑇0 𝐴 2𝑔𝐻
𝑚
𝑚 + 1
1
𝑇𝑔𝑇𝑎
−
1
𝑇𝑔2
∴ 𝑚𝑔 = 𝐾
𝑚
𝑚 + 1
1
𝑇𝑔𝑇𝑎
−
1
𝑇𝑔2
o For max. discharge diff. w.r.t Tg & equate zero
∴ The condition for max. discharge will be
𝑇𝑔
𝑇𝑎
=
2 (𝑚+1)
𝑚
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 41
42. 𝑛 =
9.81 𝐻
𝑚
𝑚+1
𝑇𝑔
𝑇𝑎
−1
𝐶 𝑝𝑔
( 𝑇𝑔−𝑇2
)
Where, T2 = Temp. in artificial draught
In Chimney draught, the efficiency if always less than
1%
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 42
43. 1. Chimney draught does not require any external power
to produce draught.
2. Simple in construction, less cost& has long life.
3. No mechanical parts & hence maintenance cost is
negligible.
4. Chimney keeps flue gases at a high place in the
atmosphere which prevents contamination of
atmosphere & maintains the cleanliness.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 43
44. 1. The draught produced by chimney depends on height of chimney, atmospheric
air tem & tem of flue gases leaving through the chimney. Hence in order to get
appropriate draught at given height off chimney, the flue gases have to be
discharged at comparatively high temp resulting in the reduction in overall
efficiency of plant.
2. The maximum pressure available for producing natural draught by chimney is
hardly 10 to 20 mm of water.
3. Draught created by chimney is dependent on atmospheric air &flue gases
conditions, hence there is no flexibility to create more draught under peak load
conditions because draught available is constant for given height of chimney.
4. Due to low velocity of air, the mixing process of air & fuel is not proper &
hence combustion is very poor. This increases the specific fuel combustion of
boiler.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 44
45. Steam super heater
1112/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 45
46. 1. Evaporative capacity
2. Equivalent evaporation
3. Factor of evaporation
4. Boiler efficiency
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 46
47. Ability to evaporate water.
Generally it is expressed in terms of
A. Kg of steam/hour
B. Kg of steam /hour/area of heating surface
C. Kg of steam/kg of fuel is fired
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 47
48. It can be defined as the amount of water evaporated
from water at 100 deg C to dry and saturated steam at
100 deg C.
Simply it means that the capacity of boiler to generate
same evaporation.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 48
49. Ratio of heat received by 1kg water under working
condition to that received by 1kg of water evaporated
from and at 100deg C.
Fc=h-hf/2257
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 49
50. Ratio of heat utilized to the heat supplied.
Efficiency= ma ( h – hf )/c
Where ma=mass of water actual evaporated to the
system
C= calorific value to the fuel
hf=enthalpy of water at given feed temp.
h=enthalpy of fuel.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 50
51. Condenser is a device in which steam is condensed to
water at a pressure less than atmosphere.
Condensation can be done by removing heat from
exhaust steam using circulating cooling water.
During condensation, the working substance changes
its phase from vapour to liquid and rejects latent
heat.
The exhaust pressure in the condenser is maintaned
nearly 7 to 8 kpa which corresponds to condensate
temperature of nearly 313 kelvin.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 51
52. To reduce the turbine exhaust pressure so as to increase
the specific output and hence increase the plant
efficiency and decrease the specific steam consumption.
To condense the exhaust steam from the turbine and
reuse it as pure feed water in the boiler. Thus only make
up water is required to compensate loss of water
Enables removal of air and other non condensable gases
from steam. Hence improved heat transfer.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 52
53. Condenser
Air Extraction Pump
Condensate Extraction Pump
Cooling Water Circulating Pump
Hot Well
Cooling Tower
Make up Water Pump
Boiler Feed Pump
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 53
55. It increases the work output per kg of steam supplied to the
power plant. It also reduces the specific steam consumption,
therefore reduces the size of power plant of given capacity.
It improves the thermal efficiency of the power plant.
It affects the saving in cost of water to be supplied to
the boiler since the condensate is returned to the
boiler.
Cost of water softening plant is also reduced since
pure feed water is available for the boiler.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 55
56. According to the type of flow:
Parallel flow , Counter flow & Cross flow
According to the Cooling Action:
Jet Condensers or mixing type
Low Level Parallel Flow Jet Condenser
Low Level Counter Flow Jet Condenser
High Level Jet Condenser
Ejector Jet Condenser
Surface Condensers or Non-mixing type
1. Down Flow 2. Central Flow 3. Inverted Flow 4.
Evaporative type 5. Regenerative type
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 56
57. In jet condensers exhaust steam and cooling water come
in direct contact and mix up together. Thus, the final
temperature of condensate and cooling water leaving the
condenser is same.
Such condensers are normally used for small power units.
It can be used when cooling water is cheaply and easily
available.
These condensers are not usually employed since the
Condensate collected can not be reused in boiler, because
it contains impurities like dust, oil, metal particles etc in
the condensate.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 57
58. Exhaust steam and
cooling water both flow
in the same direction.
Wet air pump is used to
extract the mixture of
condensate, air &
coolant. This limits the
vacuum created in the
condenser up to 600 mm
of Hg.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 58
59. The cooling water is supplied
from the top of the condenser and
steam from side of the condenser.
The water flows in downward
direction through a series of
perforated trays. Steam gets
condensed while it comes in
contact with the falling water.
The air pump always maintains
the required vacuum in the
condenser and induces the cooling
water to be lifted into the
condenser up to a height of 5.5m.
The excess amounts of
condensate from hot well flows
into the cooling pond by an
overflow pipe.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 59
60. Condenser shell is installed at
height greater than that of
atmospheric pressure in water
column i.e. 10.33 m.
A tall pipe more than 10.33m
length is attached to the bottom of
the condenser. This allows the
condensate and coolant to be
discharged from condenser under
the gravity action; hence a
condensate extraction pump is not
required.
The water from the hot well will
not be able to rise into the
condenser and flood the turbine
due to vacuum pr. Maintained in
condenser.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 60
61. In this cooling water enters from
the top of the condenser at least
under a head of 6m of water
pressure with the help of a
centrifugal pump and then it passes
over a series of convergent nozzles
and finally it leaves through a
convergent divergent nozzle.
The non return valve helps in
preventing the rush of water from
hot well to the engine in case the
cooling water supply fails.
Momentum of flowing water is
used to remove the mixture of
condensate & coolant from
condenser without the use of any
extraction pump.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 61
62. Advantages:
Simple in design & cheaper.
Less floor area is required.
Disadvantages:
Condensate is not pure hence can not be reused.
Low vacuum efficiency.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 62
63. In surface condenser, the exhaust steam and cooling water
do not come in physical contact, rather they are separated
by heat transfer wall. Hence condensate remains pure &
can be reused.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 63
64. Exhaust steam enters the
top of condenser shell &
flows downward over
water tubes.
Water tubes are double
passed. The cold water
flows in lower side first
& then in upper side in
the reverse direction,
which enables the
maximum heat transfer.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 64
65. The steam flows radially inward
The condensate is collected
at the bottom of the shell from
where it is taken out by the
condensate extraction pump.
The steam gets access to the
entire periphery of tubes, and
thus a large surface area for the
hear transfer is available as
compared to the down flow.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 65
66. The steam enters the bottom of the shell and
air extraction pump connected at the top.
Steam flows upward first and subsequently,
returns to the bottom of the condenser.
The condensate extraction pump is connected
at the bottom of the shell to extract the
condensate.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 66
67. The evaporation of some
cooling water provides the
cooling effect, thereby
steam condenses.
Steam to be condensed is
passed through grilled tubes
& cooling water is sprayed
over outer surface of tubes.
The evaporative condensers
are most suitable for small
plants, where supply of cold
water is limited.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 67
68. Advantages:
High vacuum efficiency.
Pure condensate.
Low quality cooling water can be used.
It allows the expansion of steam through a higher pressure
ratio.
Disadvantages:
Large amount of water is required.
Construction is complicated.
Costly maintenance and skilled workers.
Large floor area.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 68
69. Jet Condensers Surface Condensers
1) Cooling water and steam are mixed up
2) Requires small floor space
3) The condensate cannot be used as feed water
to boiler unless it is free from impurities
4) More power is required for air pump
5) Less power is required for water pump
6) Requires less quantity of cooling water
7) The condensing plant is simple
8) Less suitable for high capacity plants due to
low vacuum efficiency
1) Cooling water & steam aren’t mixed up
2) Requires large floor space
3) The condensate can be used as feed
water to boiler as it is not mixed with
cooling water
4) Less power is required for air pump
5) More power is required for water pump
6) Requires large quantity of cooling water
7) The condensing plant is complicated
8) More suitable for high capacity plants
as vacuum efficiency is high
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 69
70. The ambient air leaks to the condenser chamber at the joints &
glands which are internally under pressure lower than that of
ambient.
Another source of air is the dissolved air with feed water. The
dissolved air in feed water enters into boiler and it travels with
steam into condenser.
Effects of Air Leakage:
The presence of air lowers vacuum in the condenser. Thus back
pressure of the plant increases, and consequently, the work
output decreases.
Air has very poor thermal conductivity. Hence, the rate of heat
transfer from vapour to cooling medium is reduced.
The presence of air in the condenser corrodes to the metal
surfaces. Therefore, the life of condenser is reduced.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 70
71. • When the steam condenses in a closed vessel, the vapour phase of
working substance changes to liquid phase, and thus its specific
volume reduces to more than one thousand times.
• Due to change in specific volume, the absolute pressure in the
condenser falls below atmospheric pressure and a high vacuum is
created.
• This minimum pressure that can be attained depends on the
temperature of condensate and air present in the condenser.
The absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure – Vacuum Gauge
in the condenser Pressure
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 71
72. Lowering the condenser pressure
will increase the area enclosed by
the cycle on a T-s diagram which
indicates that the net work will
increase. Thus, the thermal
efficiency of the cycle will be
increased
Lowering the back pressure causes
an increase in moisture content of
steam leaving the turbine.
Increase in moisture content of
steam in low pressure stages, there
is decrease in efficiency & erosion
of blade may be a very serious
problem and also the pump work
required will be high.
12/31/2016 Jahangirabad institute of technology 72