1. The document discusses various topics related to hydraulic turbines including their classification, selection, design principles of Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines, draft tubes, surge tanks, governing, unit quantities, characteristic curves, similitude analysis and cavitation.
2. Hydraulic turbines are classified based on the type of energy at the inlet, direction of flow through the runner, head at the inlet, and specific speed. Pelton wheels are impulse turbines suitable for high heads while Francis and Kaplan turbines are reaction turbines for lower heads.
3. The design of each turbine type involves guidelines related to jet ratio, speed ratio, velocities, discharge, power and efficiency calculations. Characteristic curves show the performance of a
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from this ppt you can almost aware about the operation of hydraulic turbines and various specification releated to it...
if you want to attains the knowledge about the turbines then must watch this ppt,... thankyou!
if you want to follow me on twitter then contact me at
ishantgautam51@yahoo.com
hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
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from this ppt you can almost aware about the operation of hydraulic turbines and various specification releated to it...
if you want to attains the knowledge about the turbines then must watch this ppt,... thankyou!
if you want to follow me on twitter then contact me at
ishantgautam51@yahoo.com
hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
Governing of the Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
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A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
Specific Speed of Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
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The second in our series of workshops designed to gather input from stakeholders involved in existing off-grid projects in Africa, Asia and Latin America. This event is workshop scheduled to be held in Malaysia for the ASEAN countries will be organised by the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) in collaboration with Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS).
Governing of the Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
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A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
Specific Speed of Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
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The second in our series of workshops designed to gather input from stakeholders involved in existing off-grid projects in Africa, Asia and Latin America. This event is workshop scheduled to be held in Malaysia for the ASEAN countries will be organised by the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) in collaboration with Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS).
Design and Analysis of Low Head, Light weight Kaplan Turbine BladeIRJESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- The project deals with the development of the design of low head light weight Kaplan turbine blade. To enhance it's hydrodynamic efficiency by reducing weight, shape alterations, blade angle with combination of materials Aluminium alloy, Structural steel, Titanium alloy Stainless steel. The 3D model of blade is developed using software Solid Works and Analysis of blade is done on Ansys14..
Here you find all about Kaplan Turbine. You will also able to know how its work, main parts of it, design factors, equations, application, capacity, efficiency, advantages-disadvantages and etc. I think it will very much helpful for you. If you find any problem please do inform for correction. Thank you.
Design, Modeling & Analysis of Pelton Wheel Turbine BladeIJSRD
A Pelton-wheel impulse turbine is a hydro mechanical energy conversion device which converts gravitational energy of elevated water into mechanical work. This mechanical work is converted into electrical energy by means of running an electrical generator. The Pelton turbine was performed in high head and low water flow, in establishment of micro-hydroelectric power plant, due to its simple construction and ease of manufacturing. To obtain a Pelton hydraulic turbine with maximum efficiency during various operating conditions, the turbine parameters must be included in the design procedure. Here all design parameters were calculated at maximum efficiency by using MATLAB SOFTWARE. These parameters included turbine power, turbine torque, runner diameter, runner length, runner speed, bucket dimensions, number of buckets, nozzle dimension and turbine specific speed. The main focus was to design a Pelton Turbine bucket and check its suitability for the the pelton turbine. The literature on Pelton turbine design available is scarce; this work exposes the theoretical and experimental aspects in the design and analysis of a Pelton wheel bucket, and hence the designing of Pelton wheel bucket using the standard rules. The bucket is designed for maximum efficiency. The bucket modelling and analysis was done by using SOLIDWORKS 2015. The material used in the manufacture of pelton wheel buckets is studied in detail and these properties are used for analysis. The bucket geometry is analysed by considering the force and also by considering the pressure exerted on different points of the bucket. The bucket was analysed for the static case and the results of Vonmises stress, Static displacement and Factor of safety are obtained.
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Inferential Statistics,
Variables and Types of Data: Qualitative, Quantitative, Discrete,
Continuous, Organizing and Graphing Data: Qualitative Data, Quantitative Data
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2. Components of GIS
3. Types of Data
4. Spatial Data
5. Non-Spatial Data
6. GIS Operations
7. Coordinate Systems
8. Datum
9. Map Projections
10. Raster Data Compression Techniques
11. GIS Software
12. Free GIS Data Resources
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1. Mapping Concepts
2. Analysis with paper based Maps
3. Limitations of Paper based Maps
4. Computer Aided Cartography History and Development
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6. Advantage of Digital Maps
Topics:
1. Introduction to Fluid Dynamics
2. Surface and Body Forces
3. Equations of Motion
- Reynold’s Equation
- Navier-Stokes Equation
- Euler’s Equation
- Bernoulli’s Equation
- Bernoulli’s Equation for Real Fluid
4. Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
5. The Momentum Equation
6. Application of Momentum Equations
- Force exerted by flowing fluid on pipe bend
- Force exerted by the nozzle on the water
7. Measurement of Flow Rate
a). Venturimeter
b). Orifice Meter
c). Pitot Tube
8. Measurement of Flow Rate in Open Channels
a) Notches
b) Weirs
1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
E-Waste or Electronic Waste may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, television sets and refrigerators. This definition includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal.
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2. Topics
1. Classification of Turbines
2. Selection of Turbines
3. Design of Turbines - Pelton, Francis, Kaplan
4. Draft Tube
5. Surge Tanks
6. Governing of Turbines
7. Unit Speed, Unit Discharge, Unit Power
8. Characteristic Curves of Hydraulic Turbines
9. Similitude or Model Anlysis
10. Cavitations
3. Classification of Turbines
1. According to type of energy at Inlet
a) Impulse Turbine - Pelton Wheel
Requires High Head and Low Rate of Flow
a) Reaction Turbine - Fancis, Kaplan
Requires Low Head and High Rate of Flow
2. According to direction of flow through runner
a) Tangential Flow Turbine - Pelton Wheel
b) Radial Flow Turbine - Francis Turbine
c) Axial Flow Turbine - Kaplan Turbine
d) Mixed Flow Turbine - Modern Francis Turbine
4.
5.
6. Classification of Turbines
3. According to Head at Inlet of turbine
a) High Head Turbine - Pelton Wheel
b) Medium Head Turbine - Fancis Turbine
c) Low Head Turbine - Kaplan Turbine
4. According to Specific Speed of Turbine
a) Low Specific Speed Turbine - Pelton Wheel
b) Medium Specific Speed Turbine -Fancis Turbine
c) High Specific Speed Turbine - Kaplan Turbine
8. Classification of Turbines
5. According to Disposition of Turbine Shaft
a) Horizontal Shaft - Pelton Wheel
b) Vertical Shaft - Fancis & Kaplan Turbines
12. Design of Pelton Wheel
Guidelines:
1. Jet Ratio = Pitch Diameter of wheel / Dia. of Jet = D/d
2. Speed Ratio = Velocity of Wheel / Velocity of Jet = u/V
3. Velocity of Wheel,
4. Overall Efficiency , OR
5. Water Power, W.P. = ½mV2 = gQH
6. Shaft Power, S.P. =
7. No. of Buckets = (0.5 x Jet Ratio) + 15
13. Design of Pelton Wheel
Problems:
1. A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 m/s with a jet of water flowing at
the rate of 700 lps under a head of 30 m. The buckets deflect the jet through an
angle of 160°. Calculate the power given by water to the runner and the
hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. Assume the coefficient of nozzle as 0.98.
2. A Pelton wheel has to develop 13230 kW under a net head of 800 m while
running at a speed of 600 rpm. If the coefficient of Jet C y = 0.97, speed ratio is
0.46 and the ratio of the Jet diameter is 1 /16 of wheel diameter. Calculate
i) Pitch circle diameter
ii) the diameter of jet
iii) the quantity of water supplied to the wheel
14. Design of Pelton Wheel
Problems:
3. Design a Pelton wheel for a head of 80m. and speed of 300 RPM. The Pelton
wheel develops 110 kW. Take co-eficient of velocity= 0.98, speed ratio= 0.48 and
overall efficiency = 80%.
4. A double jet Pelton wheel develops 895 MKW with an overall efficiency of 82%
under a head of 60m. The speed ratio = 0.46, jet ratio = 12 and the nozzle
coefficient = 0.97. Find the jet diameter, wheel diameter and wheel speed in
RPM.
18. Design of Francis Turbine
Guidelines:
1. Velocity of Wheel,
2. Work done per second or Power,
3. Velocity of Wheel,
4. Discharge,
19. Design of Francis Turbine
Problems:
1. A reaction turbine works at 450 rpm under a head of 120 m. Its diameter at inlet
is 1.2 m and the flow area is 0.4 m2 . The angle made by the absolute and
relative velocities at inlet are 20º and 60º respectively with the tangential
velocity. Determine
(i) the discharge through the turbine
(ii) power developed (iii) efficiency.
Assume radial discharge at outlet.
2. A Francis turbine has inlet wheel diameter of 2 m and outlet diameter of 1.2 m.
The runner runs at 250 rpm and water flows at 8 cumecs. The blades have a
constant width of 200 mm. If the vanes are radial at inlet and the discharge is
radially outwards at exit, make calculations for the angle of guide vane at inlet
and blade angle at outlet
23. Design of Kaplan Turbine
Guidelines:
1. Velocity of Wheel, where
2. Work done per second =
3. Velocity of Flow at Inlet and Outlet are equal
4. Discharge,
5. Flow Ratio =
25. Design of Kaplan Turbine
Problems:
1. A Kaplan turbine develops 9000 kW under a net head of 7.5 m. Overall
efficiency of the wheel is 86% The speed ratio based on outer diameter is 2.2
and the flow ratio is 0.66. Diameter of the boss is 0.35 times the external
diameter of the wheel. Determine the diameter of the runner and the specific
speed of the runner.
2. A Kaplan turbine working under a head of 25 m develops 16,000 kW shaft
power. The outer diameter of the runner is 4 m and hub diameter is 2 m. The
guide blade angle is 35˚. The hydraulic and overall efficiency are 90% and 85%
respectively. If the velocity of whirl is zero at outlet, determine runner vane
angles at inlet and outlet and speed of turbine.
27. Draft Tube
The water after working on the turbine, imparts its energy to the vanes and
runner, there by reducing its pressure less than that of atmospheric Pressure. As
the water flows from higher pressure to lower Pressure, It can not come out of the
turbine and hence a divergent tube is Connected to the end of the turbine.
Draft tube is a divergent tube one end of which is connected to the outlet Of the
turbine and other end is immersed well below the tailrace (Water level).
The major function of the draft tube is to increase the pressure from the inlet to
outlet of the draft tube as it flows through it and hence increase it more than
atmospheric pressure. The other function is to safely Discharge the water that
has worked on the turbine to tailrace.
30. Surge Tanks
Surge tank (or surge chamber) is a device introduced within a hydropower water
conveyance system having a rather long pressure conduit to absorb the excess
pressure rise in case of a sudden valve closure. The surge tank is located
between the almost horizontal or slightly inclined conduit and steeply sloping
penstock and is designed as a chamber excavated in the mountain.
It also acts as a small storage from which water may be supplied in case of a
sudden valve opening of the turbine.
In case of a sudden opening of turbine valve, there are chances of penstock
collapse due to a negative pressure generation, if there is no surge tank.
32. Governing of Turbines
Governing means Speed Regulation.
Governing system or governor is the main controller of the hydraulic turbine. The
governor varies the water flow through the turbine to control its speed or power
output.
1. Impulse Turbine
a) Spear Regulation
b) Deflector Regulation
c) Combined
2. Reaction Turbine
34. The unit quantities give the speed, discharge and power for a particular
turbine under a head of 1m assuming the same efficiency. Unit quantities
are used to predict the performance of turbine.
1. Unit speed (Nu) - Speed of the turbine, working under unit head
2. Unit power (Pu) - Power developed by a turbine, working under a unit head
3. Unit discharge (Qu) - The discharge of the turbine working under a unit head
Performance of Turbines under unit quantities
37. Unit Quantities & Specific Speed
Problems:
1. Suggest a suitable type of turbine to develop 7000 kW power under a head
of 20m while operating at 220 rpm. What are the considerations for your
suggestion.
2. A turbine is to operate under a head of 25m at 200 rpm. The discharge is 9
m3/s. If the efficiency is 90%, determine:
i) Power generated ii) Speed and Power at a head of 20m
38. Characteristics Curves of Turbine
These are curves which are characteristic of a particular turbine which helps in
studying the performance of the turbine under various conditions. These
curves pertaining to any turbine are supplied by its manufacturers based on actual
tests.
The characteristic curves obtained are the following:
a) Constant head curves or main characteristic curves
b) Constant speed curves or operating characteristic curves
c) Constant efficiency curves or Muschel curves
39. Constant head curves or main characteristic curves
Constant head curves:
Maintaining a constant head, the speed of the turbine is varied by admitting different
rates of flow by adjusting the percentage of gate opening. The power P developed is
measured mechanically. From each test the unit power Pu, the unit speed Nu, the
unit discharge Qu and the overall efficiency are determined.
The characteristic curves drawn are
a) Unit discharge vs unit speed
b) Unit power vs unit speed
c) Overall efficiency vs unit speed
40.
41. Constant speed curves or operating characteristic curves
Constant speed curves:
In this case tests are conducted at a constant speed varying the head H and
suitably adjusting the discharge Q. The power developed P is measured
mechanically. The overall efficiency is aimed at its maximum value.
The curves drawn are
42.
43. Constant efficiency curves or Muschel curves
Constant efficiency curves:
These curves are plotted from data which can be obtained from the constant
head and constant speed curves. The object of obtaining this curve is to determine
the zone of constant efficiency so that we can always run the turbine with
maximum efficiency.
This curve also gives a good idea about the performance of the turbine at
various efficiencies.
46. Similitude of Turbines - Problems
Problems:
1. A hydraulic turbine develops 120 KW under a head of 10 m at a speed of
1200 rpm and gives an efficiency of 92%. Find the water consumption and
the specific speed. If a model of scale 1: 30 is constructed to operate under a
head of 8m what must be its speed, power and water consumption to run
under the conditions similar to prototype.
2. A model turbine 1m in diameter acting under a head of 2m runs at 150 rpm.
Estimate the scale ratio if the prototype develops 20 KW under a head of 225
m with a specific speed of 100.
47. Cavitations
If the pressure of a liquid in course of its flow becomes equal to its vapour pressure
at the existing temperature, then the liquid starts boiling and the pockets of vapour
are formed which create vapour locks to the flow and the flow is stopped. The
phenomenon is known as cavitation.
To avoid cavitation, the minimum pressure in the passage of a liquid flow, should
always be more than the vapour pressure of the liquid at the working temperature.
In a reaction turbine, the point of minimum pressure is usually at the outlet end of
the runner blades, i.e., at the inlet to the draft tube.