1) A reciprocating compressor takes in atmospheric air, compresses it using pistons driven by a crankshaft, and delivers the compressed air to a storage vessel.
2) Reciprocating compressors are classified as single-acting, double-acting, or multi-stage based on the number of piston sides in operation and number of compression stages.
3) The actual pressure-volume diagram of a reciprocating compressor differs from the theoretical diagram due to phenomena like valve bounce and intake depression that occur during the intake and exhaust strokes.
This power point presentation has for post graduate student in mechanical engineering in thermal engineering. This presentation is quite simple and perfect to explain the axial flow compressor and fan.It is the best presentation.
Wrong Sizing of a Reciprocating CompressorLuis Infante
Performance mapping has become a key analytical tool for the diagnostic and optimization of recip compressors, together with electronic performance analyzers. This analysis case illustrates how difficult is to operate a thermodynamically unbalanced multistage integral compressor in a borderline application. An in-house plotting routine in MS Excel (R) was used to map the basic performance (power and flow) of the individual stages across the operating range, and also to produce special-purpose maps in order to graphically depict other mechanical limits, thus helping the field operators to find (and avoid) the root cause of major troubles, including a catastrophic crankshaft failure. Mitigation and remedial cases are explored.
here i have cover below topics
1. introduction
2. Components In Gas Turbine
3. Gas Turbine Working
4. Air Standard Cycle
5. Brayton Cycle
6. Brayton Cycle history
7. Gas Turbine Plant (Open Cycle)
8. Gas Turbine Plant (Close Cycle)
9. Brayton Cycle On P-V & T-S Plane
10. Efficiency of Brayton Cycle
11. Isentropic Efficiency Of Compressor
12. Isentropic Efficiency Of Turbine
13. Work Ratio
14. Merits and Demerits
Centrifugal Compressor System Design & SimulationVijay Sarathy
The power point slides focuses on centrifugal compressor design, dynamic simulation including anti surge valve and hot gas bypass requirements. The topics covered are,
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) System Characteristics
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) Drivers
Typical Single Stage System
Start-up Scenario
Shutdown Scenario
Emergency Shutdown (ESD) Scenario
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) System Design Philosophy
Anti-Surge System
Recycle Arrangements
CC Driver Arrangements
General Notes
Compressors are mechanical devices used for increasing the pressure of a gas. Compressors used for
producing high pressure air are called air compressors. Air is drawn from the atmosphere by suction process, which is then compressed to the required pressure and delivered to the receiver
This power point presentation has for post graduate student in mechanical engineering in thermal engineering. This presentation is quite simple and perfect to explain the axial flow compressor and fan.It is the best presentation.
Wrong Sizing of a Reciprocating CompressorLuis Infante
Performance mapping has become a key analytical tool for the diagnostic and optimization of recip compressors, together with electronic performance analyzers. This analysis case illustrates how difficult is to operate a thermodynamically unbalanced multistage integral compressor in a borderline application. An in-house plotting routine in MS Excel (R) was used to map the basic performance (power and flow) of the individual stages across the operating range, and also to produce special-purpose maps in order to graphically depict other mechanical limits, thus helping the field operators to find (and avoid) the root cause of major troubles, including a catastrophic crankshaft failure. Mitigation and remedial cases are explored.
here i have cover below topics
1. introduction
2. Components In Gas Turbine
3. Gas Turbine Working
4. Air Standard Cycle
5. Brayton Cycle
6. Brayton Cycle history
7. Gas Turbine Plant (Open Cycle)
8. Gas Turbine Plant (Close Cycle)
9. Brayton Cycle On P-V & T-S Plane
10. Efficiency of Brayton Cycle
11. Isentropic Efficiency Of Compressor
12. Isentropic Efficiency Of Turbine
13. Work Ratio
14. Merits and Demerits
Centrifugal Compressor System Design & SimulationVijay Sarathy
The power point slides focuses on centrifugal compressor design, dynamic simulation including anti surge valve and hot gas bypass requirements. The topics covered are,
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) System Characteristics
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) Drivers
Typical Single Stage System
Start-up Scenario
Shutdown Scenario
Emergency Shutdown (ESD) Scenario
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) System Design Philosophy
Anti-Surge System
Recycle Arrangements
CC Driver Arrangements
General Notes
Compressors are mechanical devices used for increasing the pressure of a gas. Compressors used for
producing high pressure air are called air compressors. Air is drawn from the atmosphere by suction process, which is then compressed to the required pressure and delivered to the receiver
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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1. ME 6404 – THERMAL ENGINEERING
UNIT – IV – Air Compressor
by
CH.PAVAN KUMAR
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engg
PRIYADARSHINI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
2. Air Compressors
COMPRESSOR – A device which takes a definite quantity of fluid ( usually gas, and
most often air ) and deliver it at a required pressure.
Air Compressor – 1) Takes in atmospheric air,
2) Compresses it, and
3) Delivers it to a storage vessel ( i.e. Reservoir ).
Compression requires Work to be done on the gas,
Compressor must be driven by some sort of Prime Mover ( i.e. Engine )
4. Reciprocating Compressor - Working
2. Principle of Operation
Fig. shows single-acting piston actions in
the cylinder of a reciprocating compressor.
The piston is driven by a crank shaft via a
connecting rod.
At the top of the cylinder are a suction
valve and a discharge valve.
A reciprocating compressor usually has
two, three, four, or six cylinders in it.
6. Reciprocating Compressor – Equation for Work
Pressure
P1
P2
3 2’ 2 2”
4 1 (Polytropic)
PV n
C
PV C
(Isothermal)
PV
C
(Adiabatic)
V2 V1
Volume
Operations : 4 – 1 : Volume V1 of air aspirated into Compressor, at P1 and T1.
1 – 2 : Air compressed according to PVn = Const. from P1 to P2.
→ Temp increase from T1 to T2.
2 – 3 : Compressed air at P2 and V2 with temperature T2 is delivered.
7. Reciprocating Compressor – Equation for Work
During Compression, due to the excess temperature above surrounding, the air will
exchange the heat to the surrounding.
Compression Index, n is always less than γ, the adiabatic index.
As Compressor is a work consuming device, every effort is desired to reduce the work.
Work done = Area under P-V curve
1 – 2” : Adiabatic Compression = Max. Work.
1 – 2 : Polytropic Compression
1 – 2’ : Isothermal Compression = Min. Work.
8. Reciprocating Compressor – Equation for Work
Thus, comparison between the Isothermal Work and the Actual Work is important.
Isothermal Efficiency, ηiso =
Isothermal Work
Actual Work
Thus, more the Isothermal Efficiency, more the actual compression approaches to the
Isothermal Compression.
P1
P2
V1V2
3 2’ 2 2”
4
PV C
(Isothermal)
PV
C
(Adiabatic)
PV n
C
1(Polytropic)
Actual Work = Wact = Area 4-1-2-3-4
actW = Area (4-1) – Area (1-2) – Area (2-3)
1 1 2 2
2 2
n 1
PV PV
P1V1 P2V2
n 1
PV P1V1
P1V1 P2V2
P2V2
n 1
P2V2 P1V1
P1V1
10.
n
n
Wiso
P P
1/ n
P1 P1
P P
1/ n
P1 P2
P1V11 2 2
n1
P1V11 2 1
n1
Reciprocating Compressor – Equation for Work
P1
P2
3 2’ 2 2”
4
PV C
(Isothermal)
PV
C
(Adiabatic)
PV n
C
1(Polytropic)
nn
Wiso
n1
P1
P2
P1V11
n1
The solution of this equation is always negative.
This shows that Work is done ON the Compressor.
n
P
n
Wiso
n1
1
P2
1mRT 1
n 1
V2 V1
Delivery Temperature,
n 1
n
1
P 2
T 2 T 1
P
11. Reciprocating Compressor – Equation for Work
P1
P2
2
5 1
6 3
4
V3 V4 V1
Effective Swept Volume, V1-V4
Swept Volume, V1-V3=Vs
Total Volume, V1
Clearance Volume,
V3=Vc
Clearance Volume :
Volume that remains inside the cylinder
after the piston reaches the end of its
inward stroke.
PV n
C
Thus, Effective Stroke Volume = V1 – V4
actActual Work = W = Area 1-2-3-4
Wact = Area (5-1-2-6) – Area (5-4-3-6)
12. Reciprocating Compressor – Equation for Work
n
n
P
Pn
P
m1
1
2
1 4
m1
1
n P2
1 1
PV 1
n 1
Wact PV 1
n 1
act
P P
P V
n
W
P P
1/ n
1 2
2 1
41 1 V 1
n 1
nn
act
P
n
P
n
W
4
P3
4 4
m1
m1
1
P2
1 1 PV 1
n1
PV 1
n1
P1
P2
1
2
5 1
n
PV C
6 3
4
V3 V4 V
Effective Swept Volume, V1-V4
Swept Volume, V1-V3=Vs
Total Volume, V 1
Clearance Volume,
V3=Vc
But, P4 = P1 and P3 = P2
13. Reciprocating Compressor – Volumetric Efficiency
Volumetric Efficiency :
Ratio of free air delivered to the displacement of the compressor.
Ratio of Effective Swept Volume to Swept Volume.
Effective Swept Volume
Swept Volume
=
c
Vs
=
V1 – V4
V1 – V3
Clearance Volume
Swept Volume
V
Clearance Ratio =
Presence of Clearance Volume
Volumetric Efficiency less than 1. ( 60 – 85 % )
P1
P2
1
2
5 1
PV n
C
Volumetric Efficiency =
6 3
4
V3 V4 V
Effective Swept Volume, V1-V4
Swept Volume, V1-V3=Vs
Total Volume, V1
Clearance Volume,
V3=Vc
= γ ( 4 – 10 % )
14. Reciprocating Compressor – Volumetric Efficiency
↑ Pr. Ratio ↑ Effect of ClearanceVolume
…
.Clearance air expansion through greater volume before intake
Cylinder bore and stroke is fixed.
Effective Swept Volume (V1 – V4) ↓ with ↑ Pr. Ratio
↓ Volumetric Efficiency
1 31 3
3 4
31
1 3 3 4
1 3
vol
V3
V4
V1 V3 V3
V3
V1 V3
1
V4
V3
V1 V3 V3
V3
V1 V3
1
V V VV
V
V
1
VV
V V V V
V V
V1V4
P1
P2
1V4 V
2
5 1
6 3
4
V3
Effective Swept Volume,
V1-V4
Swept Volume, V1-V3=Vs
Total Volume, V1
Clearance Volume,
V3=Vc
15. Reciprocating Compressor – Volumetric Efficiency
4
1 3 4
3 4
1
1 3 4
1
1/ n
1/ n
vol
P3
P3 1
V V P
V3
V3 1
V V V
V3
V3 1 1
V V V
V3
1
P
1
vol
1
vol
vol
P1
P2
V4 V1
2
5 1
6 3
4
V3
Effective Swept Volume,
V1-V4
Swept Volume, V1-V3=Vs
Total Volume, V 1
Clearance Volume,
V =V3 c
16. Reciprocating Compressor – Actual P-V Diagram
P1
P2
2
1
3
4
Valve Bounce
Intake Depression
Atmospheric Pressure
Receiver Pressure 1-2-3-4-1 : Theoretical P-V Diagram.
At 4, inlet valve does not open due to :
1. There must be a pressure difference across the valve to open.
2. Inlet valve inertia.
Pr. Drop continues till sufficient level
for valve to force its seat.
Some valve bounce is set (wavy line).
Eventually, the pressure sets down at a level lower
than atmospheric pressure. This negative pressure
difference is known as Intake Depression.
Similar situation appears at 2, i.e. at the start of the delivery.
Pressure rise, followed by valve bounce and then pressure settles at a level higher than
the delivery pressure level.
Air delivery to a tank / receiver, hence, generally known as Receiver Pressure.
17. Reciprocating Compressor – F.A.D.
t
t
T 150
C 288K
P 101.325KN / m2
Free Air Delivery (F.A.D.) : If the volume of the air compressor is reduced to atmospheric
temperature and pressure, this volume of air is called FAD (m3/min)
Delivered mass of air = intake mass of air
PtVt
P1 V1 V4 P2 V2 V3
Tt T1 T2
If clearance volume is neglected
PtVt
P1V1
P2V2
Tt T1 T2
Where
18. Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
High Pressure required by Single – Stage :
1. Requires heavy working parts.
2. Has to accommodate high pressure ratios.
3. Increased balancing problems.
4. High Torque fluctuations.
5. Requires heavy Flywheel installations.
This demands for MULTI – STAGING…!!
19. Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
Intercooler :
Compressed air is cooled
between cylinders.
Series arrangement of cylinders, in which the compressed air from earlier cylinder
(i.e. discharge) becomes the intake air for the next cylinder (i.e. inlet).
L.P. = Low Pressure
I.P. = Intermediate
Pressure
H.P. = High Pressure
L.P.
Cylinder
I.P.
Cylinder
H.P.
Cylinder
Intercooler
Intercooler
Air Intake
Air Delivery
20. Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
Intake Pr.
P1 or Ps
P3 or Pd
2
9 3 5
1
PV n
C
8
Delivery Pr. 6
Intermediate Pr. 7 4
P2 PVC
Without Intercooling
Perfect Intercooling
L.P.
H.P.
Overall Pr. Range : P1 – P3
Single – stage cycle : 8-1-5-6
Without Intercooling :
L.P. : 8-1-4-7
H.P. : 7-4-5-6
With Intercooling :
L.P. : 8-1-4-7
H.P. : 7-2-3-6
Volume
Perfect Intercooling : After initial compression in L.P. cylinder, air is cooled in the
Intercooler to its original temperature, before entering H.P. cylinder
i.e. T2 = T1 OR
Points 1 and 2 are on SAME Isothermal line.
21. Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
Ideal Conditions for Multi – Stage Compressors :
A. Single – Stage Compressor :
2 PV C
3 5
4
1
PV n
C
8
7
6 9
L.P.
H.P.
Single – stage cycle : 8-1-5-6
1
1 1
n
P
P5n1
PV 1
n1
n
W
Delivery Temperature,
n 1
n
P 1
P 5
T 5 T 1
22. Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
2 PV C
3 5
4
1
PV n
C
8
7
6 9
L.P.
H.P.
B. Two – Stage Compressor (Without Intercooling) :
Without Intercooling :
L.P. : 8-1-4-7
H.P. : 7-4-5-6
n
P
n
P
Pn
W
n1
4
P5 n
4 4
n1
1
4
1 1
P V 1
n 1
P V 1
n 1
Delivery Temperature also remains SAME.
Without Intercooling This is SAME as that of Work done in Single – Stage.
23. Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
2 PV C
3 5
4
1
PV n
C
8
7
6 9
L.P.
H.P.
C. Two – Stage Compressor (With Perfect Intercooling) :
With Intercooling :
L.P. : 8-1-4-7-8
H.P. : 7-2-3-6-7
P
n
P
n
W P V
n1
2
P3 n
2 2
n1
1
P4 n
1 1
P V 1
n 1
1
n 1
123
PP
nn
, as T2 T1
2
T
2
P3 P3
T T
n1
Delivery Temperature,
n1
24. Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
2 PV C
3 5
4
1
n
PV C
8
7
6 9
L.P.
H.P.
C. Two – Stage Compressor (With Perfect Intercooling) :
With Intercooling :
L.P. : 8-1-4-7-8
H.P. : 7-2-3-6-7
PP
n
W P V
n1
P3 n
n 1
1 2
P2 n
1 1 2
n 1
Now, T2 = T1
P2V2 = P1V1
Also P4 = P2
Shaded Area 2-4-5-3-2 : Work Saving due to Intercooler…!!
25. Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
Condition for Min. Work :
2 PV C
3 5
4
1
PV n
C
8
7
6 9
L.P.
H.P.
Intermediate Pr. P2 → P1 : Area 2-4-5-3-2 → 0
Intermediate Pr. P2 → P3 : Area 2-4-5-3-2 → 0
2
There is an Optimum P for which Area 2-4-5-3-2
is maximum,
i.e. Work is minimum…!!
nnn
n1
n1
1 2
P2 P3
2
P
P
W PV
n1 1 1
0
dP2
P2 P1
d
dW
dP2
P3 n
n 1
P2 n
n 1
For min. Work,
26. Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
Condition for Min. Work :
232 0
n
n11
n
n1
n
n1
1
n1
n
P
n
n1
P P
n
1 n1
P1
0
dP2
P2
P3
P1
P2
d
dW
dP2
n
n1
n1
n
n
n
P P
P
P n1
1 3 2n1
2
1/n
2
2
2P P1P3
P P2
3
P1 P2
P2 P1 P3 OR
PVC2
1
PV n
C
8
7 4
6 9 3 5
L.P.
H.P.
27. Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
n
P
PP
n1
1
1/2
1 3
1 1P V 1
n1
W
2n
n
n1
1
P2
1
P
W PV
n 1 1 1
2n
n1
1
P3 2n
1
P
W PV
n 1 1 1
2n
P2 obtained with this condition (Pr. Ratio per stage is equal) is the Ideal Intermediate
Pr. Which, with Perfect Intercooling, gives Minimum Work, Wmin.
Equal Work per cylinder…!!
28. Reciprocating Compressor – Efficiency
Isothermal work done / cycle = Area of P – V Diagram
= P1V1 loge(P2/P1)
Isothermal Power = P1V1 loge(P2/P1)N kW
60 X 1000
Indicated Power : Power obtained from the actual indicator card taken during a
test on the compressor.
Compressor Efficiency = Isothermal Power
Indicated Power
Isothermal Efficiency = Isothermal Power
Shaft Power
NOTE : Shaft Power = Brake Power required to drive the Compressor.
29. Reciprocating Compressor – Efficiency
Adiabatic Efficiency : Ratio of Power required to drive the Compressor; compared
with the area of the hypothetical Indicator Diagram; assuming
Adiabatic Compression.
Brake Power required to drive the Compressor
adiabatic
1
1
P2
1
P
1
P1V1
Mechanical Efficiency : Ratio of mechanical output to mechanical input.
Mechanical Efficiency, ηmech = Indicated Power
Shaft Power
30. Reciprocating Compressor – Efficiency
How to Increase Isothermal Efficiency ?
A. Spray Injection : Assimilation of water into the compressor cylinder towards the
compression stroke.
Object is to cool the air for next operation.
Demerits : 1. Requires special gear for injection.
2. Injected water interferes with the cylinder lubrication.
3. Damage to cylinder walls and valves.
4. Water must be separated before delivery of air.
B. Water Jacketing : Circulating water around the cylinder to help for cooling the
air during compression.
31. Reciprocating Compressor – Efficiency
How to Increase Isothermal Efficiency ?
C. Inter – Cooling : For high speed and high Pr. Ratio compressors.
Compressed air from earlier stage is cooled to its original
temperature before passing it to the next stage.
D. External Fins : For small capacity compressors, fins on external surfaces are useful.
E. Cylinder Proportions : Short stroke and large bore provides much greater surface
for cooling.
Cylinder head surface is far more effective than barrel
surface.
32. Reciprocating Compressor – Efficiency
Clearance Volume : Consists of two spaces.
1. Space between cylinder end & the piston to allow for wear.
2. Space for reception of valves.
High – class H.P. compressors : Clearance Vol. = 3 % of Swept Vol.
: Lead (Pb) fuse wire used to measure the gap
between
Low – grade L.P. compressors : CcylelianrdaenrcenVdoal.n=d6p%istoonf.SweptVol.
: Flattened ball of putty used to measure the gap
between cylinder end and piston.
Effect of Clearance Vol. :
↑ Size of compressor
↑ Power to drive compressor.
Vol. taken in per stroke < Swept Vol.
33. P1
P2
1V4 V
2
5 1
6 3
4
V3
Effective Swept Volume,
V -V1 4
1 4Swept Volume, V -V =V s
Total Volume, V1
Clearance Volume,
V =V3 c
Reciprocating Compressor – Work Done
nn
P
Pn
P
Pn
n1
4
3
4 4
n1
1
2
1 1
P V 1
n 1
W P V 1
n 1
Assumption : Compression and Expansion follow same Law.
Work / cycle = Area 1-2-3-4-1
P3 = P2 and P4 = P1
P
P n
P V
n
P
n
n 1
1
2
1 a
n1
1
P2 n
4
1
n 1
V ) 1 W P (V
n 1 1 1
34. P1
P2
V4 V1
2
5 1
6 3
4
V3
Effective Swept Volume,
V1-V4
Swept Volume, V1-V4=Vs
Total Volume, V1
Clearance Volume,
V3=Vc
Reciprocating Compressor – Work Done
nn
n1
1
P2
1
P
W m RT
n 1 1 1
m1 is the actual mass of air delivered.
Work done / kg of air delivered :
nn
W
n1
P1
P2
RT1 1
n1