Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motion
Lesson Outline:
1. Law of Inertia
2. Law of Acceleration
3. Law of Interaction
4. Momentum and Impulse: An Overview
Garbage In, Garbage Out: Optimizing Design Inputs for Successful PrototypesKamaria Campbell
We’ve all heard the phrase “Garbage in, Garbage out”. The quality of a product or service is often linked to the quality of the underlying components. When it comes to prototypes, the truth is that much of the important work happens before we ever create a prototype artifact. This may include brainstorm sessions, creating requirements documents, analyzing an existing system, etc. More often than not, the effectiveness of the prototype is linked to how effectively these different aspects are managed in the pre-design process. Whether you are a designer, business representative, project manager or developer, this session will provide you with effective techniques for managing design inputs to create better prototypes.
5-1 NEWTON’S FIRST AND SECOND LAWS
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
5.01 Identify that a force is a vector quantity and thus has
both magnitude and direction and also components.
5.02 Given two or more forces acting on the same particle,
add the forces as vectors to get the net force.
5.03 Identify Newton’s first and second laws of motion.
5.04 Identify inertial reference frames.
5.05 Sketch a free-body diagram for an object, showing the
object as a particle and drawing the forces acting on it as
vectors with their tails anchored on the particle.
5.06 Apply the relationship (Newton’s second law) between
the net force on an object, the mass of the object, and the
acceleration produced by the net force.
5.07 Identify that only external forces on an object can cause
the object to accelerate.
5-2 SOME PARTICULAR FORCES
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
5.08 Determine the magnitude and direction of the gravitational force acting on a body with a given mass, at a location
with a given free-fall acceleration.
5.09 Identify that the weight of a body is the magnitude of the
net force required to prevent the body from falling freely, as
measured from the reference frame of the ground.
5.10 Identify that a scale gives an object’s weight when the
measurement is done in an inertial frame but not in an accelerating frame, where it gives an apparent weight.
5.11 Determine the magnitude and direction of the normal
force on an object when the object is pressed or pulled
onto a surface.
5.12 Identify that the force parallel to the surface is a frictional
the force that appears when the object slides or attempts to
slide along the surface.
5.13 Identify that a tension force is said to pull at both ends of
a cord (or a cord-like object) when the cord is taut. etc...
Force and Mass;
Types of Forces;
Contact forces;
Field forces;
Newtons laws of motion;
Explanation;
It’s not Newton’s Laws;
Its Rishi Kanad laws;
Proof of stolen three laws of motion; how newton theft the laws ?
newton a modern thief?
laws of motion by Rishi Kanad
Vaisheshika - laws of motion
Comparision - Kanad rishi vs Newton
References for theft
Unit 9, Lesson 3 - The Hydrosphere
Lesson Outline:
1. The Hydrosphere
2. Water or Hydrologic Cycle (Review)
3. The Earth’s Oceans
4. Water Currents
5. Aquatic Organisms
6. Water Systems
7. The Underground Water System
8. Water Pollution
Unit 9, Lesson 2 - The Lithosphere
Lesson Outline:
1. The Lithosphere
2. Rocks
3. Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks
4. Minerals
5. Properties of Minerals
6. The Soil
Unit 9, Lesson 1 - Locating Places on Earthjudan1970
Unit 9, Lesson 1 - Locating Places on Earth
Lesson Outline:
1. Locating Places By Latitudes and Longitudes
2. Latitude and Longitude Distance Measurements
3. Layers of the Earth
Unit 6, Lesson 1 - Force
Lesson Outline:
1. Force
2. Kinds of Forces
3. Contact Forces (Ex. Friction)
4. Non-contact Forces
A. Gravity, Weight, Law of Universal Gravitation
B. Magnetic Force
C. Electrical Force
D. Magnetism and Electricity
E. Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces
F. Resultant Force
Unit 5, Lesson 5.7- Ecological Successionjudan1970
Unit 5, Lesson 5.7- Ecological Succession
Lesson Outline:
Ecological Succession
1. Primary and Secondary Succession
2. Succession from Bare Rock
3. Succession from Disturbed Vegetation
Unit 5, Lesson 5.5- Major Ecosystems and Resources in the Philippinesjudan1970
Unit 5, Lesson 5.5- Major Ecosystems and Resources in the Philippines
Lesson Outline:
1. Importance of Ecosystems
2. Major Ecosystem and Resources
3. Population Growth and Sustainable Development
Unit 4, Lesson 4.5 - Sexual Reproduction in Animalsjudan1970
Unit 4, Lesson 4.5 - Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Lesson Outline:
1. Internal and External Fertilization
2. Internal and External Development
3. Sexual Reproduction Among Some Animals
4. Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. Lesson Outline
Law 1: Law of Inertia
Law 2: F = ma
Law 3: Law of Interaction
Momentum and Impulse (Introduction only)
Credits to the owner. Some slides are derived from this site:
education.jlab.org/jsat/powerpoint/newtons_laws_of_motion.ppt
3. Mechanics is the branch of Physics dealing with the study
of motion.
It has two areas:
• Kinematics – describing motion
• Dynamics – what causes changes in motion?
4. So far, we have already studied Kinematics, that is, we
have described motion in terms of the speed,
acceleration, time, and distance travelled by a certain
body by applying different formulas.
5. After describing the motion of an object, we will now look
into what caused the motion, in a branch called
dynamics.
6. What causes something to move?
What causes change in motion?
This can be answered by studying Newton’s 3 Laws of
Motion
7. Newton’s Laws of Motion
(Summary)
• 1st Law – An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in
motion will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless acted upon by
an unbalanced force.
• 2nd Law – Force equals mass times acceleration.
• 3rd Law – For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
9. 1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
Inertia is a resistance to a
change in its state of
motion (speed, direction, or
state of rest).
Inertia is an ability to resist
any change in its state of
motion.
10. 1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
In layman’s term:
Objects tend to "keep on
doing what they're doing”.
A moving object will continue moving and a nonmoving
object will remain not moving (at rest)…
UNLESS a FORCE is applied!
11.
12. 1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
Which leads us to a formal
statement:
LAW NO. 1:
A body at rest will remain
at rest and a body in
motion will remain in
motion unless acted upon
by an outside unbalanced
force.
13. 1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
WHY UNBALANCED FORCE?
Unbalanced forces do not cancel out (in terms of vectors
via tip-to-tail method):
The resultant is a vector, thus, there is a motion going to
that direction.
14. 1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
IN BALANCED FORCES…
Vectors cancel out
The resultant is zero, thus, there is no motion.
15. 1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
CAN ALL FORCES CAUSE CHANGE IN MOTION?
No. To be able to cause a change in motion, the force
exerted must be greater than the inertia of the object.
Example:
You cannot move your house by pushing it because you
do not have enough energy to do so!. You need to exert
tremendous amount of force to surpass its inertia, which
will of course, if possible, destroy your house!
16. 1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
CAN FORCES CAUSE MOTION?
No! It is a big misconception even among
physics students that forces cause motion. Force
causes a change in motion, not motion. Instead,
the correct though is that, force causes
acceleration, not motion.
17. 1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
CAN FORCES CAUSE MOTION?
Forces are not the cause of motion, but forces
cause "a change" in motion. I mean, if something
has a straight line motion with a velocity of 3 m/s and
a second later it has a velocity of 5 m/s, Newton's
Laws would say a force interacted with that
something, changing its motion status, but Newton's
Law would not explain why that something had a
straight line motion with a velocity of 3 m/s at the
beginning.
18. • Unless acted
upon by an
unbalanced
force, this golf
ball would sit
on the tee
forever.
1st Law
LAW OF INERTIA
19. Why then, do we
observe everyday
objects in motion
slowing down and
becoming motionless
seemingly without an
outside force?
It’s a force we
sometimes cannot see –
friction.
20. Slide a book across
a table and watch it
slide to a rest position.
The book comes to a
rest because of the
presence of a force -
that force being the
force of friction - which
brings the book to a
rest position.
21. In the absence of a force of friction, the
book would continue in motion with the
same speed and direction - forever! (Or at
least to the end of the table top.)
22. Newtons’s 1st Law and You
Don’t let this be you. Wear seat belts.
Because of inertia, objects (including you)
resist changes in their motion. When the car
going 80 km/hour is stopped by the brick wall,
your body keeps moving at 80 m/hour.
28. If mass remains constant, doubling the acceleration, doubles the force. If force remains
constant, doubling the mass, halves the acceleration.
29. Newton’s 2nd Law proves that different masses
accelerate to the earth at the same rate, but with
different forces.
• We know that objects
with different masses
accelerate to the
ground at the same
rate (9.8 m/s2).
• However, because of
the 2nd Law we know
that they don’t hit the
ground with the same
force.
F = ma
98 N = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s2
F = ma
9.8 N = 1 kg x 9.8 m/s2
30. The problem solving part has already been
tackled previously.
F=ma
a=F/m
M=F/a
2nd Law
F = ma
31. 3rd Law
LAW OF INTERACTION or
LAW OF ACTION AND REACTION
32. 3rd Law
LAW OF INTERACTION
LAW NO. 3:
For every action,
there is an equal
and opposite
reaction.
33. 3rd Law
LAW OF INTERACTION
Mathematically:
action = –reaction
The negative (–) sign indicates opposite reaction.
Graphically:
34.
35.
36.
37.
38. 3rd Law
LAW OF INTERACTION
Therefore, if you
punch a wall with a
strong force, it also
punches you back
with the same force
you exerted. That’s
why it hurts.
39. Flying gracefully
through the air, birds
depend on Newton’s
third law of motion. As
the birds push down
on the air with their
wings, the air pushes
their wings up and
gives them lift.
3rd Law
LAW OF INTERACTION
41. • Mass in motion
Mathematically:
p = mv
Where p is the momentum,
from the Latin petere
meaning pressure.
m is mass (kg)
v is velocity (m/s)
MOMENTUM
43. From the formula
p=mv
We can see the following relationships:
1. Mass is directly proportional to momentum
2. Velocity is directly proportional to momentum
MOMENTUM
44. Therefore:
-The greater the mass, the greater the
momentum (Converse is also true)
-The faster the velocity, the greater the
momentum (Converse is also true)
MOMENTUM
45. It makes sense
because its
indeed hard to
stop a heavy train
from moving
compared to
stopping a rolling
ball.
MOMENTUM
46. Problem Solving:
A fat man weighing 80 kg is running at 4 m/s, while a
thin man weighing 40 kg is running at 10 m/s. Who
has a larger momentum?
MOMENTUM
47. Problem Solving:
A fat man weighing 80 kg is running at 4 m/s, while a
thin man weighing 40 kg is running at 10 m/s. Who
has a larger momentum?
MOMENTUM
Fat man:
p = mv
= (80 kg)(4 m/s) = 320 kg m/s
Thin man:
p = mv
= (40 kg)(10 m/s) = 400 kg m/s
48. Problem Solving:
A fat man weighing 80 kg is running at 4 m/s, while a
thin man weighing 40 kg is running at 10 m/s. Who
has a larger momentum?
MOMENTUM
Fat man: 320 kg m/s
Thin man: 400 kg m/s
Therefore, the thin man has the larger momentum!
Note that even the fat man is far heavier than the thin man, the
thin man’s momentum is greater because it is running at a high
velocity. Therefore, it is harder to stop the thin man.
49.
50. • Something that
changes the
momentum of an
object
To change the momentum,
you have to apply a force for
a period of time, which gives
us the formula for impulse
(on the next slide)
IMPULSE
51. Mathematically:
I = Ft or
I = m∆v = m(vf – vi)
I is impulse (Ns) m is mass
F is force (N) ∆v is change in velocity:
T is time (s) final velocity – initial velocity
IMPULSE
52. 1. Which of Newton's Laws is demonstrated by a ball rolling to a
wall then stopping? (1 pt)
2. It is the tendency of an object to continue doing what it is
currently doing. (1 pt)
3. Calculate the force of a moving body of mass 45 kg
accelerating at 3 m/s2. (3 pts)
4. Refer to the experiment on p. 223-224. Answer no. 1. (4 pts)
5. Answer no. 2 (6 pts)
6. Answer no. 4 (4 pts)
ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of
paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
53. 7. Solve:
From the data given by LRT System Line 1, the maximum
speed allowed for these trains is 22.22 m/s. If the mass of a
train is 40,000 kg moving to the west:
a) Calculate the momentum of the train at its maximum
speed. (3 pts)
b) Calculate the momentum of the train at 15 m/s. (3 pts)
c) Find the impulse if the train slowed down from its
maximum speed to 15 m/s. (5 pts)
ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of
paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
55. 1. Which of Newton's Laws is demonstrated by a ball rolling to a
wall then stopping? (1 pt)
FIRST LAW: LAW OF INERTIA
2. It is the tendency of an object to continue doing what it is
currently doing. (1 pt)
INERTIA
3. Calculate the force of a moving body of mass 45 kg
accelerating at 3 m/s2. (3 pts)
F= ma = (45 kg)(3 m/s2) = 135 N
ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of
paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
56. For nos. 4-6, answers may vary but must be rational.
4. Refer to the experiment on p. 223-224. Answer no. 1. (4 pts)
The air from the balloon rushes out (action) and propels the
car forward (reaction). (Law of Action and Reaction)
5. Answer no. 2 (6 pts)
Law of Inertia = the unbalanced force from the air coming out
of the balloon caused the car to move
Second Law = The greater the mass placed on the car, the
slower it moves.
Third Law = same to answer in no. 4
ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of
paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
57. 6. Answer no. 4 (4 pts)
The greater the mass, the greater the momentum, that is, the
harder for the object to cease motion.
ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of
paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
58. 7. From the data given by LRT System Line 1, the maximum
speed allowed for these trains is 22.22 m/s. If the mass of a
train is 40,000 kg moving to the west:
a) Calculate the momentum of the train at its maximum
speed. (3 pts)
p=(40,000 kg)(22.22 m/s)
p=888,800 kg m/s, west
ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of
paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
59. 7. From the data given by LRT System Line 1, the maximum
speed allowed for these trains is 22.22 m/s. If the mass of a
train is 40,000 kg moving to the west:
b) Calculate the momentum of the train at 15 m/s. (3 pts)
p=(40,000 kg)(15 m/s)
p=600,000 kg m/s, west
ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of
paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
60. 7. From the data given by LRT System Line 1, the maximum
speed allowed for these trains is 22.22 m/s. If the mass of a
train is 40,000 kg moving to the west:
c) Find the impulse if the train slowed down from its
maximum speed to 15 m/s. (5 pts)
I = m(vf – vi)
I = (40,000 kg)(15 m/s – 22.22 m/s)
I = -288,800 Ns, west or 288,800 Ns, east
ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of
paper (submit tomorrow)= 30 pts
