This document discusses afforestation, reforestation, and deforestation. It defines afforestation as establishing forests in areas without trees, and reforestation as reestablishing forests through natural or artificial means. Deforestation is removing forests to convert the land to non-forest uses like agriculture. Deforestation contributes to global warming by reducing carbon sequestration. It increases soil erosion by reducing tree cover and increasing runoff. The document calls for efforts to protect the environment through afforestation and limiting deforestation.
The document discusses different types of natural vegetation and land use in India. It describes six main types of natural vegetation: tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous or monsoon forests, tropical thorn and shrub forests, desert vegetation, mangrove forests, and Himalayan vegetation. It provides details on the climate, rainfall levels, and prominent plant species found in each vegetation type. Land use involves agriculture, forestry, human settlements, and other activities.
Deforestation involves clearing forests to use the land for other purposes like cultivation, construction, and fuel. This causes increased temperatures and pollution, higher carbon dioxide levels leading to global warming, reduced rainfall and water levels, and soil erosion. Forests and wildlife can be conserved by establishing biosphere reserves, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries to protect natural habitats.
The document discusses different types of wastelands including barren lands that cannot be cultivated and cultivable wastelands that have not been cultivated for 5 or more years. It lists the main causes of wastelands as overcultivation, deforestation, overgrazing, improper irrigation, and mining activities. The document then outlines several methods for reclaiming wastelands, including afforestation, reforestation, providing surface cover, mulching, strip farming, terracing, contour ploughing, leaching, and changing agricultural practices.
Land and soil resources are important natural resources in India. Land supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, and economic activities. Approximately 43% of India's land area consists of plains, 30% is mountains, and 27% is plateaus. Soil is essential for plant growth and supports living organisms. Many factors influence soil formation, including relief features, parent rock, climate, vegetation, and time. Some major soil types in India include alluvial, black, red and yellow, laterite, and arid soils. Land degradation affects 130 million hectares in India due to causes such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining, and quarrying. Conservation measures include afforestation, controlling grazing and mining activities
This document discusses waste lands in India, their classification, and reclamation. It notes that there are 6.38 million square kilometers of wastelands in India, accounting for 20.17% of the total land area. Wastelands are degraded lands that are currently unutilized. The document outlines various types of cultivable and uncultivable wastelands. It also discusses environmental factors influencing wastelands and the process of natural succession over time that can reclaim wastelands. Reclamation involves an initial colonization by annual plants and nitrogen fixers, followed by perennial herbs and grasses, and eventually scrub and woodland if left undisturbed for 8-10 years.
The document discusses the important role of the geosphere, or solid earth, in supporting plant growth and food production through soil. It describes the physical nature and composition of soil, as well as the key factors that influence soil quality like organic matter, water, and nutrients. Modern agricultural practices have increased food yields but also caused environmental damage that green chemistry aims to address through more sustainable approaches.
This document discusses deforestation, its causes, and its consequences. It notes that deforestation occurs when forests are cleared for activities like agriculture, housing, and fuel. This removal of trees leads to issues like soil erosion, disruption of the water cycle, loss of biodiversity, and increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. To help address these problems, the document explains that protected areas like wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and national parks have been established to conserve forests and wildlife. Reforestation efforts are also important to replenish harvested woodlands.
This document discusses afforestation, reforestation, and deforestation. It defines afforestation as establishing forests in areas without trees, and reforestation as reestablishing forests through natural or artificial means. Deforestation is removing forests to convert the land to non-forest uses like agriculture. Deforestation contributes to global warming by reducing carbon sequestration. It increases soil erosion by reducing tree cover and increasing runoff. The document calls for efforts to protect the environment through afforestation and limiting deforestation.
The document discusses different types of natural vegetation and land use in India. It describes six main types of natural vegetation: tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous or monsoon forests, tropical thorn and shrub forests, desert vegetation, mangrove forests, and Himalayan vegetation. It provides details on the climate, rainfall levels, and prominent plant species found in each vegetation type. Land use involves agriculture, forestry, human settlements, and other activities.
Deforestation involves clearing forests to use the land for other purposes like cultivation, construction, and fuel. This causes increased temperatures and pollution, higher carbon dioxide levels leading to global warming, reduced rainfall and water levels, and soil erosion. Forests and wildlife can be conserved by establishing biosphere reserves, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries to protect natural habitats.
The document discusses different types of wastelands including barren lands that cannot be cultivated and cultivable wastelands that have not been cultivated for 5 or more years. It lists the main causes of wastelands as overcultivation, deforestation, overgrazing, improper irrigation, and mining activities. The document then outlines several methods for reclaiming wastelands, including afforestation, reforestation, providing surface cover, mulching, strip farming, terracing, contour ploughing, leaching, and changing agricultural practices.
Land and soil resources are important natural resources in India. Land supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, and economic activities. Approximately 43% of India's land area consists of plains, 30% is mountains, and 27% is plateaus. Soil is essential for plant growth and supports living organisms. Many factors influence soil formation, including relief features, parent rock, climate, vegetation, and time. Some major soil types in India include alluvial, black, red and yellow, laterite, and arid soils. Land degradation affects 130 million hectares in India due to causes such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining, and quarrying. Conservation measures include afforestation, controlling grazing and mining activities
This document discusses waste lands in India, their classification, and reclamation. It notes that there are 6.38 million square kilometers of wastelands in India, accounting for 20.17% of the total land area. Wastelands are degraded lands that are currently unutilized. The document outlines various types of cultivable and uncultivable wastelands. It also discusses environmental factors influencing wastelands and the process of natural succession over time that can reclaim wastelands. Reclamation involves an initial colonization by annual plants and nitrogen fixers, followed by perennial herbs and grasses, and eventually scrub and woodland if left undisturbed for 8-10 years.
The document discusses the important role of the geosphere, or solid earth, in supporting plant growth and food production through soil. It describes the physical nature and composition of soil, as well as the key factors that influence soil quality like organic matter, water, and nutrients. Modern agricultural practices have increased food yields but also caused environmental damage that green chemistry aims to address through more sustainable approaches.
This document discusses deforestation, its causes, and its consequences. It notes that deforestation occurs when forests are cleared for activities like agriculture, housing, and fuel. This removal of trees leads to issues like soil erosion, disruption of the water cycle, loss of biodiversity, and increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. To help address these problems, the document explains that protected areas like wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and national parks have been established to conserve forests and wildlife. Reforestation efforts are also important to replenish harvested woodlands.
This document discusses the reclamation of various types of wastelands. The major problems of reclaiming wastelands are issues around land ownership, lack of integrated site-specific technologies, high investment costs, and lack of institutional financing. Methods for reclaiming culturable wastelands aim to stop further degradation and develop degraded land. Specific techniques are outlined for different types of problematic lands, including salt-affected lands, sandy areas, ravinous/gullied areas, mining/industrial lands, steep sloping areas, degraded pastures, stony wastelands, shifting cultivation areas, saline soils, alkali soils, waterlogged lands, and degraded forest lands. Reclamation generally involves drainage, addition of
Deforestation is clearing forests for other land uses like agriculture, housing, and industry which causes environmental issues. It increases temperatures and carbon dioxide leading to global warming, lowers groundwater levels, and disturbs the natural balance. With fewer trees, less carbon dioxide is used, increasing amounts in the atmosphere and disturbing the water cycle which can lead to droughts. Removing topsoil exposes less fertile lower layers, causing desertification. Conservation efforts include biosphere reserves, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries which protect biodiversity and wildlife habitats.
This is a PowerPoint Presentation based on Chapter-2, NCERT Geography book (Resources and Development) of Class 8. It consists of descriptions, importance and many characteristics related to land, landslides, soil, weathering, methods of soil conservation, water, natural vegetation, wildlife, ecosystem and much more.
This document discusses India's forest resources and some of the associated problems. It begins by providing an overview of India's forest cover and the different types of forests found in India. It then discusses some key uses of forests, including local consumptive use, productive/market use, and ecosystem services. The document outlines some major causes of deforestation in India like population growth, shifting cultivation, infrastructure development, and mining. It also discusses the effects of deforestation such as soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and changes to climate and rainfall patterns. The impacts of mining and dam construction on forests and tribal communities are described. Case studies on the Chipko movement, Kani tribe's medicinal plant knowledge, and the
This document defines key concepts related to ecosystems, including their components and types. It discusses biotic and abiotic components that make up ecosystems. Examples of ecosystem types include forests, wetlands, and grasslands. The document also covers topics like symbiotic relationships between organisms, trophic levels in food webs, and conservation of resources like soil, water, forests, and wildlife.
Deforestation is clearing the world's forests at an unsustainable rate, resulting in damage to the land. Each year, an area the size of Panama is lost, and at the current rate the world's rainforests could vanish within 100 years. The state of Rondônia in Brazil was once home to over 50 million acres of forest but is now one of the most deforested parts of the Amazon. Deforestation is caused by activities like logging, burning forests for livestock grazing, and agriculture. The best solution is sustainable forest management through limiting clear-cutting and balancing tree harvesting with new planting.
soil and its type,importance of soil,texture of soil,weathering of soil along with causes,structure of soil,facts about soil, soil pollution and its causes.
Land degradation leads to various environmental and economic problems. Wastelands can be reclaimed through different methods depending on their condition. Easily reclaimable wastelands can be used for agriculture by improving soil quality. Marginal wastelands can use agroforestry which plants trees and crops together. Extremely degraded wastelands may only support forestation or natural ecosystem restoration. Jatropha plantations show potential for wasteland reclamation but farmers face challenges like lack of technical knowledge, long growth periods, and climate issues. The oil and press cake of jatropha have many useful applications.
This document provides an overview of a class on conservation of plants and animals. It discusses topics like deforestation, its causes such as agricultural activities and logging, and its consequences including soil degradation and changes to climatic conditions. It also discusses reforestation and why it is needed to combat the huge areas of forests being damaged daily by deforestation. Reforestation can help improve quality of life by absorbing pollution, rebuilding habitats, and storing carbon to limit climate change. References used for the class include Wikipedia, Google Images, Arkive, and science texts.
The Philippine forests are among the most biodiverse in the world but are also among the most endangered, hosting many rare plant and animal species. Forest cover has declined significantly from around 54% historically to just 18.6% currently, and is shrinking at around 2% per year or 63 hectares per hour due to logging, land conversion, and other threats. This loss of forests endangers ecosystems, indigenous peoples, and threatens resources like food, water, and medicine. Efforts are needed to protect and restore the Philippines' remaining forests and biodiversity.
This document discusses land and soil resources. It covers topics such as land degradation, land conservation, types of soil, and soil conservation. Specifically, it notes that 23% of the world's usable land has been degraded through deforestation, overgrazing, and other causes. Proper land use planning and techniques like afforestation, controlling erosion, and regulating chemicals can help conserve land resources for future generations. The document also outlines the different layers that make up soil and the importance of conserving soil to retain its fertility.
This document discusses wastelands in India. It states that 24% of India's total land area is classified as wasteland. Wastelands are degraded lands that can be rehabilitated through reasonable efforts. They are caused by overuse of land through practices like overcultivation, deforestation, overgrazing, and improper irrigation. Degradation leads to issues like soil erosion. Wastelands are categorized based on difficulty of reclamation - easily reclaimable through practices like reducing salt content, reclaimable with some difficulty using agroforestry, and reclaimable with extreme difficulty through activities like forestry or ecosystem recreation. Various methods of reclamation are discussed, including afforestation, re
The document discusses the importance of conserving forests and wildlife. It notes that forests are crucial as they produce oxygen, regulate temperature, prevent soil erosion, and provide habitat for many species. Wildlife conservation is important as forests are natural habitats for many animals and plants and provide medicinal resources. The document advocates for practices like reforestation, controlled logging, and prevention of hunting/poaching to protect forests and wildlife. It also explains that forests play a key economic and environmental role that benefits both nature and humans.
Forest resources play an important role in a country's economy and environment. They provide wood, fuel, habitat, and help regulate climate and soil quality. India has a large forest cover of around 21% but also faces significant deforestation issues. The document discusses the types of forests in India, the causes of deforestation like population growth, agriculture expansion, and development projects, and the effects of deforestation such as soil erosion, desert expansion, lower rainfall, and loss of biodiversity. Afforestation efforts are needed to balance these issues.
Soil conservation practices can reduce soil erosion caused by flooding, wind and other agents. As well soil conservation practices restore fertility, fauna and flora and reduce contamination caused by chemicals...
Importance of Forests, Functions of Forests, Deforestation, Sustainable Fores...Fatima Laraib
A simple yet comprehensive way to know about the importance of Forests, solutions, consequences & causes of deforestation, facts and figures concerning deforestation & sustainable forestry
The document discusses different types of soils found in India. It describes alluvial soil, which is the most widely spread soil deposited by river systems. Alluvial soil is further divided into old alluvial and new alluvial soils. Black soil is volcanic in origin and ideal for growing cotton. Red and yellow soil develops on igneous rock in low rainfall areas of the Deccan plateau. The types of soil are determined by factors like climate, vegetation, parent rock type and relief of the land.
Landscape assessment of habitat loss: a new approach for a global biodiversit...Jennifer Costanza
This document presents a new approach to assessing landscape alteration in the North American Coastal Plain biodiversity hotspot. The approach accounts for changes in vegetation structure, fire regimes, and direct habitat loss. It finds that 85% of the Coastal Plain is altered, with some of the most species-rich ecosystems experiencing 96% or more alteration due to highly departed vegetation and fire regimes and conversion to other land uses. Spatial analysis identifies areas with both high species richness and high alteration that could be prioritized for conservation efforts in this newly designated global biodiversity hotspot.
in this ppt we will learn about the
importance of forest to mankind
every humankind should learn about the
importance of forest
in this ppt we also have a view of the forest
enjoy reading it
bye!!
Methodologies to Measure Nutrient Reduction and to Aggregate Results at the P...Iwl Pcu
Ramesh Kanwar
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
and
Aaron Zazueta and Jitendra Srivastava
Global Environmental Facility and the World Bank
1818 H St. NW Washington D.C. 20433, USA
CONTENTS
A. Introduction – major sources of nonpoint source pollution
B. Key motivators for monitoring – Hypoxia/regulations/EU Nitrate Directive
C. Objectives of nutrient reduction programs
D. Key water quality or stress indicators for assessment nutrient reduction
E. Water quality laws or standards for nutrients for water bodies
F. What is current status of science on nutrient reduction? What do we know?
F. Developing methods for assessment – local, country, & global level
G. Analysis, interpretation, and reporting of data – use of models
H. Using Romania example to move from pilot level on to national level as country is willing to borrow 50 m euros to conduct national level assessment
H. Discussion
Presented at the Black Sea – Danube Regional Conference on Nutrient Pollution Control in Chisinau, Moldova – October 2006
The document outlines the six main steps of the water cycle: 1) evaporation, 2) condensation, 3) precipitation, 4) surface runoff where water flows into streams and rivers and eventually back to the oceans, 5) infiltration where rainwater soaks into the ground to become groundwater or returns to the surface, and 6) transpiration where plants evaporate water through their leaves. These steps describe the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth.
This document discusses the reclamation of various types of wastelands. The major problems of reclaiming wastelands are issues around land ownership, lack of integrated site-specific technologies, high investment costs, and lack of institutional financing. Methods for reclaiming culturable wastelands aim to stop further degradation and develop degraded land. Specific techniques are outlined for different types of problematic lands, including salt-affected lands, sandy areas, ravinous/gullied areas, mining/industrial lands, steep sloping areas, degraded pastures, stony wastelands, shifting cultivation areas, saline soils, alkali soils, waterlogged lands, and degraded forest lands. Reclamation generally involves drainage, addition of
Deforestation is clearing forests for other land uses like agriculture, housing, and industry which causes environmental issues. It increases temperatures and carbon dioxide leading to global warming, lowers groundwater levels, and disturbs the natural balance. With fewer trees, less carbon dioxide is used, increasing amounts in the atmosphere and disturbing the water cycle which can lead to droughts. Removing topsoil exposes less fertile lower layers, causing desertification. Conservation efforts include biosphere reserves, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries which protect biodiversity and wildlife habitats.
This is a PowerPoint Presentation based on Chapter-2, NCERT Geography book (Resources and Development) of Class 8. It consists of descriptions, importance and many characteristics related to land, landslides, soil, weathering, methods of soil conservation, water, natural vegetation, wildlife, ecosystem and much more.
This document discusses India's forest resources and some of the associated problems. It begins by providing an overview of India's forest cover and the different types of forests found in India. It then discusses some key uses of forests, including local consumptive use, productive/market use, and ecosystem services. The document outlines some major causes of deforestation in India like population growth, shifting cultivation, infrastructure development, and mining. It also discusses the effects of deforestation such as soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and changes to climate and rainfall patterns. The impacts of mining and dam construction on forests and tribal communities are described. Case studies on the Chipko movement, Kani tribe's medicinal plant knowledge, and the
This document defines key concepts related to ecosystems, including their components and types. It discusses biotic and abiotic components that make up ecosystems. Examples of ecosystem types include forests, wetlands, and grasslands. The document also covers topics like symbiotic relationships between organisms, trophic levels in food webs, and conservation of resources like soil, water, forests, and wildlife.
Deforestation is clearing the world's forests at an unsustainable rate, resulting in damage to the land. Each year, an area the size of Panama is lost, and at the current rate the world's rainforests could vanish within 100 years. The state of Rondônia in Brazil was once home to over 50 million acres of forest but is now one of the most deforested parts of the Amazon. Deforestation is caused by activities like logging, burning forests for livestock grazing, and agriculture. The best solution is sustainable forest management through limiting clear-cutting and balancing tree harvesting with new planting.
soil and its type,importance of soil,texture of soil,weathering of soil along with causes,structure of soil,facts about soil, soil pollution and its causes.
Land degradation leads to various environmental and economic problems. Wastelands can be reclaimed through different methods depending on their condition. Easily reclaimable wastelands can be used for agriculture by improving soil quality. Marginal wastelands can use agroforestry which plants trees and crops together. Extremely degraded wastelands may only support forestation or natural ecosystem restoration. Jatropha plantations show potential for wasteland reclamation but farmers face challenges like lack of technical knowledge, long growth periods, and climate issues. The oil and press cake of jatropha have many useful applications.
This document provides an overview of a class on conservation of plants and animals. It discusses topics like deforestation, its causes such as agricultural activities and logging, and its consequences including soil degradation and changes to climatic conditions. It also discusses reforestation and why it is needed to combat the huge areas of forests being damaged daily by deforestation. Reforestation can help improve quality of life by absorbing pollution, rebuilding habitats, and storing carbon to limit climate change. References used for the class include Wikipedia, Google Images, Arkive, and science texts.
The Philippine forests are among the most biodiverse in the world but are also among the most endangered, hosting many rare plant and animal species. Forest cover has declined significantly from around 54% historically to just 18.6% currently, and is shrinking at around 2% per year or 63 hectares per hour due to logging, land conversion, and other threats. This loss of forests endangers ecosystems, indigenous peoples, and threatens resources like food, water, and medicine. Efforts are needed to protect and restore the Philippines' remaining forests and biodiversity.
This document discusses land and soil resources. It covers topics such as land degradation, land conservation, types of soil, and soil conservation. Specifically, it notes that 23% of the world's usable land has been degraded through deforestation, overgrazing, and other causes. Proper land use planning and techniques like afforestation, controlling erosion, and regulating chemicals can help conserve land resources for future generations. The document also outlines the different layers that make up soil and the importance of conserving soil to retain its fertility.
This document discusses wastelands in India. It states that 24% of India's total land area is classified as wasteland. Wastelands are degraded lands that can be rehabilitated through reasonable efforts. They are caused by overuse of land through practices like overcultivation, deforestation, overgrazing, and improper irrigation. Degradation leads to issues like soil erosion. Wastelands are categorized based on difficulty of reclamation - easily reclaimable through practices like reducing salt content, reclaimable with some difficulty using agroforestry, and reclaimable with extreme difficulty through activities like forestry or ecosystem recreation. Various methods of reclamation are discussed, including afforestation, re
The document discusses the importance of conserving forests and wildlife. It notes that forests are crucial as they produce oxygen, regulate temperature, prevent soil erosion, and provide habitat for many species. Wildlife conservation is important as forests are natural habitats for many animals and plants and provide medicinal resources. The document advocates for practices like reforestation, controlled logging, and prevention of hunting/poaching to protect forests and wildlife. It also explains that forests play a key economic and environmental role that benefits both nature and humans.
Forest resources play an important role in a country's economy and environment. They provide wood, fuel, habitat, and help regulate climate and soil quality. India has a large forest cover of around 21% but also faces significant deforestation issues. The document discusses the types of forests in India, the causes of deforestation like population growth, agriculture expansion, and development projects, and the effects of deforestation such as soil erosion, desert expansion, lower rainfall, and loss of biodiversity. Afforestation efforts are needed to balance these issues.
Soil conservation practices can reduce soil erosion caused by flooding, wind and other agents. As well soil conservation practices restore fertility, fauna and flora and reduce contamination caused by chemicals...
Importance of Forests, Functions of Forests, Deforestation, Sustainable Fores...Fatima Laraib
A simple yet comprehensive way to know about the importance of Forests, solutions, consequences & causes of deforestation, facts and figures concerning deforestation & sustainable forestry
The document discusses different types of soils found in India. It describes alluvial soil, which is the most widely spread soil deposited by river systems. Alluvial soil is further divided into old alluvial and new alluvial soils. Black soil is volcanic in origin and ideal for growing cotton. Red and yellow soil develops on igneous rock in low rainfall areas of the Deccan plateau. The types of soil are determined by factors like climate, vegetation, parent rock type and relief of the land.
Landscape assessment of habitat loss: a new approach for a global biodiversit...Jennifer Costanza
This document presents a new approach to assessing landscape alteration in the North American Coastal Plain biodiversity hotspot. The approach accounts for changes in vegetation structure, fire regimes, and direct habitat loss. It finds that 85% of the Coastal Plain is altered, with some of the most species-rich ecosystems experiencing 96% or more alteration due to highly departed vegetation and fire regimes and conversion to other land uses. Spatial analysis identifies areas with both high species richness and high alteration that could be prioritized for conservation efforts in this newly designated global biodiversity hotspot.
in this ppt we will learn about the
importance of forest to mankind
every humankind should learn about the
importance of forest
in this ppt we also have a view of the forest
enjoy reading it
bye!!
Methodologies to Measure Nutrient Reduction and to Aggregate Results at the P...Iwl Pcu
Ramesh Kanwar
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
and
Aaron Zazueta and Jitendra Srivastava
Global Environmental Facility and the World Bank
1818 H St. NW Washington D.C. 20433, USA
CONTENTS
A. Introduction – major sources of nonpoint source pollution
B. Key motivators for monitoring – Hypoxia/regulations/EU Nitrate Directive
C. Objectives of nutrient reduction programs
D. Key water quality or stress indicators for assessment nutrient reduction
E. Water quality laws or standards for nutrients for water bodies
F. What is current status of science on nutrient reduction? What do we know?
F. Developing methods for assessment – local, country, & global level
G. Analysis, interpretation, and reporting of data – use of models
H. Using Romania example to move from pilot level on to national level as country is willing to borrow 50 m euros to conduct national level assessment
H. Discussion
Presented at the Black Sea – Danube Regional Conference on Nutrient Pollution Control in Chisinau, Moldova – October 2006
The document outlines the six main steps of the water cycle: 1) evaporation, 2) condensation, 3) precipitation, 4) surface runoff where water flows into streams and rivers and eventually back to the oceans, 5) infiltration where rainwater soaks into the ground to become groundwater or returns to the surface, and 6) transpiration where plants evaporate water through their leaves. These steps describe the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth.
The document describes the temperature trends in the layers of Earth's atmosphere. The troposphere and mesosphere decrease in temperature from 17°C to -120°C, while the stratosphere and thermosphere increase from -51°C to 2000°C. The exosphere also increases in temperature but cannot be specified as it is mostly a vacuum.
Unit 9, Lesson 1 - Locating Places on Earthjudan1970
Unit 9, Lesson 1 - Locating Places on Earth
Lesson Outline:
1. Locating Places By Latitudes and Longitudes
2. Latitude and Longitude Distance Measurements
3. Layers of the Earth
Unit 4, Lesson 4.5 - Sexual Reproduction in Animalsjudan1970
Unit 4, Lesson 4.5 - Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Lesson Outline:
1. Internal and External Fertilization
2. Internal and External Development
3. Sexual Reproduction Among Some Animals
4. Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
Unit 5, Lesson 5.5- Major Ecosystems and Resources in the Philippinesjudan1970
Unit 5, Lesson 5.5- Major Ecosystems and Resources in the Philippines
Lesson Outline:
1. Importance of Ecosystems
2. Major Ecosystem and Resources
3. Population Growth and Sustainable Development
Unit 5, Lesson 5.7- Ecological Successionjudan1970
Ecological succession is the gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time. There are two types: primary succession, which occurs on new habitats that have never been colonized, and secondary succession, which occurs on previously colonized habitats that have been disturbed. Primary succession from bare rock follows steps from pioneer lichens and mosses breaking down rock to develop soil, to larger plants like ferns and shrubs, and eventually forests over hundreds of years. Secondary succession is faster as soil and seeds are already present, such as after a forest fire or deforestation.
REGIONAL FOCAL STUDIES -5.5 SUSTAINABLE USE OF FORESTRYshahzadebaujiti
This document discusses sustainable forestry and forest management. It provides details on forest distribution worldwide, including tropical and temperate zones. It discusses forest products, the importance of forests, and factors that affect the development of the timber industry. It also describes problems with resource exploitation such as deforestation, and solutions like reforestation. Examples are given of areas with developed timber industries, including Canada which has extensive forests of spruce, hemlock and fir that support its pulp and paper industries.
This document discusses different types of land management including farmlands, rangelands, forests, and protected areas. Farmlands are threatened by urban development, while rangelands face overgrazing issues if herd sizes are not properly managed. Forests provide resources like timber but harvesting methods like clearcutting can damage the environment. Protected areas conserve biodiversity and resources but face threats from overuse. Proper land management techniques aim to sustainably support agriculture, limit environmental degradation, and balance resource use with conservation.
Soil is an important resource for growing food, but it can be harmed in several ways. Removing plants and trees causes soil to be washed away by water and wind. Farming the same land year after year also depletes minerals in the soil. However, farmers can conserve soil through methods like strip cropping and contour plowing. Strip cropping involves planting grass or clover between crop strips to reduce erosion, while contour plowing plows along hills rather than up and down them. Conservation efforts are needed to protect this crucial resource.
Forests play an important economic and ecological role. They provide fuel, fodder, timber and non-timber products that people rely on. Forests also help regulate water cycles, improve soil quality, and provide habitat for biodiversity. Deforestation due to commercial use, population growth, shifting cultivation, and other factors damages these ecological functions by increasing flooding, drought, soil erosion, disrupting water cycles, reducing biodiversity, and enhancing climate change. Sustainable forest management and reduced impact logging techniques aim to balance human and environmental needs.
The document discusses soils, including what soil is composed of (organic matter, minerals, and weathered rocks) and various methods for conserving soils, such as mulching, contour barriers, terrace farming, and shelter belts. Some threats to soil are identified as soil erosion, deforestation, overgrazing, overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, rain wash, landslides, and floods. Multiple choice questions are included to test comprehension, such as identifying that soil is composed of organic matter, minerals and weathered rocks, that mulching refers to covering bare ground with organic matter, and that shelter belts involve planting rows of trees to check wind movement.
Soil erosion occurs through water and wind carrying away topsoil. This is harmful because it removes nutrients needed for plant growth. Factors that increase erosion include removal of vegetation, plowing, overgrazing, construction, and mining. Erosion can be reduced through techniques like no-till farming, contour plowing, terracing, and replanting vegetation on disturbed land. Preventing excessive erosion is important for maintaining fertile soils and limiting environmental damage.
Soil erosion occurs through water and wind carrying away topsoil. This is harmful because it removes nutrients needed for plant growth. Factors that increase erosion include removal of vegetation, steep slopes, cultivation, forest and grazing land mismanagement. Erosion exceeds soil formation when accelerated by human activities. To reduce erosion, farmers use techniques like no-till farming, cover cropping, and contour plowing to keep soil protected. On slopes, terracing creates flat surfaces to slow water flow. Exposed soils are managed through spraying water or containing eroded areas until revegetation.
Soil erosion occurs through water and wind carrying away topsoil. This is harmful because it removes nutrients needed for plant growth and it takes a long time to recover lost topsoil. Soil erosion is worsened by activities like agriculture, deforestation, overgrazing, and construction which leave soil exposed. To prevent erosion, farmers use techniques like no-till farming, chisel plowing, cover cropping, and contour plowing to minimize disturbance and keep the soil covered. On slopes, terracing creates level areas to reduce runoff. Exposed soil from activities can be controlled through spraying water or containing eroded soil until the land is reclaimed with topsoil and vegetation.
Soil erosion occurs through water and wind carrying away topsoil. This is harmful because it removes nutrients needed for plant growth and it takes a long time to recover lost topsoil. Soil erosion is worsened by activities like agriculture, deforestation, overgrazing, and construction which leave soil exposed. To prevent erosion, farmers use techniques like no-till farming, chisel plowing, cover cropping, and contour plowing to keep soil protected. On slopes, terracing is used to segment steep areas. Exposed soils from activities are controlled through spraying water or containing runoff until the area can be reclaimed with topsoil and vegetation.
Soil erosion occurs through water and wind carrying away topsoil. This is harmful because it removes nutrients needed for plant growth and it takes a long time to recover lost topsoil. Soil erosion is worsened by activities like agriculture, deforestation, overgrazing, and construction which leave soil exposed. To prevent erosion, farmers use techniques like no-till farming, chisel plowing, cover cropping, and contour plowing to keep soil protected. On slopes, terracing is used to segment steep areas. Exposed soils from activities are controlled through spraying water or containing runoff until the area can be reclaimed with topsoil and vegetation.
Soil erosion occurs through water and wind carrying away topsoil. This is harmful because it removes nutrients needed for plant growth and it takes a long time to recover lost topsoil. Soil erosion is made worse by activities like agriculture, deforestation, overgrazing, and construction which leave soil exposed. To reduce erosion, farmers use techniques like no-till farming, chisel plowing, cover cropping, and contour plowing to keep soil protected. On slopes, terracing is used to segment steep areas. Exposed soils from activities are controlled through spraying water or containing runoff until the area can be reclaimed with topsoil and vegetation.
Deforestation is the permanent destruction of indigenous forests and woodlands for purposes like agriculture, cattle ranching, and logging. It has resulted in forests covering only 21% of the Earth's land surface today, down from four-fifths of their original area. Deforestation occurs through conversion of forest land to agricultural uses and cash crops, commercial logging, and cutting trees for firewood. It has significant consequences like disrupting the carbon and water cycles and increasing CO2 emissions, potentially altering the global climate. It also contributes to issues like soil erosion, species extinction, and desertification.
Deforestation is the permanent destruction of indigenous forests and woodlands for purposes like agriculture, cattle ranching, and logging. It has resulted in forests covering only 21% of the Earth's land surface today, down from four-fifths of their original area. Deforestation occurs through conversion of forest land to agricultural uses and cash crops, commercial logging, and felling trees for firewood. It has significant consequences like disrupting the carbon and water cycles and increasing CO2 emissions, potentially leading to climate change effects like warmer temperatures and drier conditions in some regions. It also contributes to problems like soil erosion, species extinction, and desertification.
Environmental science Module 1 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Natural resources are classified as renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources like forests can replenish themselves and provide important economic and ecological benefits. However, overexploitation and deforestation are reducing forest cover and negatively impacting the environment, economy, and livelihoods. Preventive measures are needed like replanting cut trees, discouraging fuelwood use, and controlling pests, fires, and overgrazing to promote sustainable forest management and conservation.
This document discusses methods for conserving natural resources like soil. It begins by describing soil as a mixture of weathered rock and decomposed organic material. It then explains how human activities can lead to erosion of the earth's surface. Finally, it outlines several methods that can be used to conserve soil resources, including contour plowing, terracing, no-till farming, using cover crops, and practicing crop rotation.
Unit 6 ch 14 s3 land management & conservationwja10255
This document discusses different types of land used for resources and their management. It describes farmland, rangeland, and forest land, and the threats of urban development, overgrazing, and deforestation. It also discusses national parks, wilderness areas, and the benefits of conservation efforts like farmland protection programs and reforestation to preserve ecosystems, wildlife habitats, and resources for the future.
This ppt is related to the deforestation, which hampers our environment and ecosystem, leading to some bad consequences of global warming in our world and it is a cause of concern in current scenario.
The document provides an overview of deforestation presented by Shivangi Patel. It discusses the causes of deforestation including agriculture, logging, mining, population increase, urbanization, and infrastructure development. The environmental effects include increased carbon emissions, changes to hydrological cycles, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity. Rates of deforestation have accelerated globally since the 1850s. India has seen significant deforestation that threatens its forest cover and ecology. Potential controls discussed include reducing emissions from deforestation, payments for forest conservation, and strengthening land rights.
Unit 9, Lesson 2 - The Lithosphere
Lesson Outline:
1. The Lithosphere
2. Rocks
3. Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks
4. Minerals
5. Properties of Minerals
6. The Soil
This document provides an overview of waves, including different types of waves and their characteristics. It begins by introducing waves using examples of slinky toys and rope waves. It defines a wave as a disturbance that transfers energy through a medium. The document then covers two types of waves based on direction of movement: transverse waves where particles move perpendicular to wave movement, and longitudinal waves where particle movement is parallel. It also distinguishes mechanical waves that need matter to transmit energy from electromagnetic waves that can transmit through a vacuum. Key wave characteristics like amplitude, frequency, wavelength are explained. Sound waves and light waves are discussed in more detail, noting they are longitudinal and transverse waves respectively.
Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motionjudan1970
Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motion
Lesson Outline:
1. Law of Inertia
2. Law of Acceleration
3. Law of Interaction
4. Momentum and Impulse: An Overview
Pressure is defined as force per unit area. It is a scalar quantity that depends on both the magnitude of the applied force and the area over which that force is distributed. Liquids and gases exert pressure equally in all directions, with pressure increasing at greater depths or elevations due to increased force from the weight of the material above. High pressure can damage structures with small contact areas, while low pressure at high altitudes requires pressurized vessels to prevent health issues in humans.
Unit 6, Lesson 1 - Force
Lesson Outline:
1. Force
2. Kinds of Forces
3. Contact Forces (Ex. Friction)
4. Non-contact Forces
A. Gravity, Weight, Law of Universal Gravitation
B. Magnetic Force
C. Electrical Force
D. Magnetism and Electricity
E. Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces
F. Resultant Force
The document summarizes the parts of a flower and the process of sexual reproduction in flowering plants. It describes the key parts of a flower including the pistil (female) containing the stigma, style, and ovary, and the stamen (male) containing the filament and anther. It explains that the ovary houses the ovules containing egg cells, and the anther produces pollen. The document also summarizes the processes of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis that produce the egg in the ovule, and microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis that produce pollen grains in the anther. Fertilization occurs when pollen lands on the stigma and a pollen tube delivers
Unit 4, Lesson 4.1 - Asexual Reproductionjudan1970
This document provides information about asexual reproduction. It defines reproduction as the creation of new individuals from existing individuals. Asexual reproduction does not involve sex cells and the offspring are genetically identical clones of the parent. Some common forms of asexual reproduction described include budding, fission, fragmentation, spore formation, and vegetative propagation. The document also outlines a laboratory task involving groups choosing to create an educational brochure or performance about asexual reproduction.
The document discusses the history and development of the cell theory, beginning with Hooke and Leeuwenhoek's early observations of cells in the 1600s and culminating in the three main points of the modern cell theory - that all living things are made of cells, cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic unit of life. It also outlines the key contributions of scientists like Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow that led to the modern understanding that cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms.
This document provides an overview of the periodic table. It discusses that the periodic table arranges the chemical elements based on their atomic number. Elements in the same group and period have similar properties. The document defines groups as the vertical columns and periods as the horizontal rows. It provides examples of elements found in specific groups like halogens in group VIIA. The document was developed by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev and contains 115 total elements, with 92 occurring naturally.
Unit 2, Lesson 2.6 - Elements and Compoundsjudan1970
Unit 2, Lesson 2.6 - Elements and Compounds
Lesson Outline:
1. Matter: An Overview
2. Pure Substance
3. Element vs. Compound
4. Metals, Metalloids, Nonmetals
5. Law of Definite Composition
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
7. 3. Terracing
Prevents water from
running directly down
the hill
Used on the sides of
hills
Flat areas are dug in
the hillside
Terrace in Guanxi, China
8. 4. Contour farming
Rows are plowed across
(perpendicular to) the
slopes, following the
contour of the land
Rows (contour) ⊥ slope
Used on uneven
landscapes
Flat areas are dug in the
hillside
9. 5. Windbreaks
Usually consists of
rows of tress (serves
as a wall)
Used to prevent wind
erosions
Poplar tress usually
used
10. 6. Dams
Major means of water
conservation
Supplies water for drinking,
irrigation, laundry, etc.
Can be used for generating
electricity (hydroelectric)
Often built in eroded areas
to slow down running of
water and prevent/reduce
further erosion
11. 7. Crop rotation
Growing different crops in
succeeding years
Since plants have diff.
mineral requirements,
planting diff. crops
prevents mineral
reduction
Legumes, such as
clovers, are rotated along
w/ other crops to restore
nitrates to the soil. Four-year crop rotation system
12. 8. Fertilizers
Used to replace essential
soil materials removed by
crops
Two kinds: natural and
artificial
13. Conserving Forests
Forests are a renewable natural resource. However, replacement
of soil is slow and poor cutting causes permanent damage.
14. Uses of Forests
Trees aids in production of
paper, charcoal, turpentine,
and rayon
Forest soils hold large
quantities of water
Roots prevent soil erosion
16. 1. Sustained-yield tree farming
Involves cutting down
trees only in certain areas
of a forest, leaving
surrounding areas
untouched
Three types: block cutting,
strip cutting, selective
harvesting
18. Strip cutting
Strip of trees are cut
between strips of
untouched trees
Usually done on the side
of a mountain
Reseeding takes place
naturally by the
surrounding trees
19. Selective harvesting
Certain trees are marked
and cut, leaving others
undisturbed
Reseeding takes place
naturally by the
surrounding trees
20. 2. Reforestation programs
Cut areas are planted with
seeds or seedlings, of a
particular type
These are generally fast-
growing, disease-resistant
varieties of trees that
replace undesirable trees