The document discusses Newton's three laws of motion:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, and inversely proportional to the object's mass.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.
A powerpoint i used for a STEM Presetation on using Dukane products with STEM( Science , Technology, Engineering and Math).
Bill McIntosh
SchoolVision Inc ( my consulting company)
Authorized Dukane/Convey Consultant
Phone :843-442-8888
Email :WKMcIntosh@Comcast.net
Twitter : @OtisTMcIntosh
SchoolVision Website on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/WKMIII
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A powerpoint i used for a STEM Presetation on using Dukane products with STEM( Science , Technology, Engineering and Math).
Bill McIntosh
SchoolVision Inc ( my consulting company)
Authorized Dukane/Convey Consultant
Phone :843-442-8888
Email :WKMcIntosh@Comcast.net
Twitter : @OtisTMcIntosh
SchoolVision Website on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/WKMIII
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. Newton’s Laws of Motion
• 1st Law of inertia– An object at rest will stay at rest, and
an object in motion will stay in motion at constant velocity,
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
• 2nd Law of acceleration– Force equals mass times
acceleration. (F=ma)
• 3rd Law of interaction– For every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction.
3. 1st Law of Motion
(Law of Inertia)
An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object
in motion will stay in motion at constant
velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced
force.
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
- Sir Isaac Newton
4. 1st Law of Motion
(Law of Inertia)
Inertia is the tendency
of an object to resist
changes in its velocity:
whether in motion or
motionless.
The tennis ball will not move unless
acted on by an unbalance force
5. If we put an box on a ground it is at rest, that box is going to stay at rest.
Unless you push it, if you don’t apply the force that box is going to stay where it
is. However if you apply a force and the force is strong enough the box will
began to side across that surface and if you want to cause an object to move it
requires an action of a force. Force is the push or pull on an object with mass
causes it to change its velocity.
1st Law of Motion
(Law of Inertia)
6. 1st Law of Motion
(Law of Inertia)
The ball in rest is remain in rest unless it is kick. The rolling ball will remain in motion when
there is no friction or force stopping it. The property that resist the change in an object is called
inertia- inertia is an inherit property of an object to resist change. It is independent from
external force and it is mass dependent
Massive object = greater Inertia.
Smaller object = lesser inertia
7. 2nd Law of Motion
(law of acceleration)
• The net force of an object is equal to the product of its
mass and acceleration, or F=ma.
• When mass is in kilograms and acceleration is in m/s/s,
the unit of force is in newtons (N).
• One newton is equal to the force required to accelerate
one kilogram of mass at one meter/second/second.
8. On module
It defines the relationship between acceleration, force, and mass.
The acceleration produced by a particular force acting on a body is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the force and inversely proportional to
the mass of the body.
∑ F = ma or N
where: Force (F)=N or kg m/s²
Mass (m)= kg
Acceleration (a)= m/s²
The sigma symbol to the left of the force indicates that it is the net force, or the sum
of all the forces. As vector quantities, the direction of the net force will also be in the
same direction as the acceleration.
9. Example:
How much force is needed to accelerate a 1400 kilogram car 2 meters
per second/per second?
1. Write the formula
F = m x a
2. Fill in given numbers and units
F = 1400 kg x 2 meters per second/second
3. Solve for the unknown
2800 kg-meters/second/second or 2800 N
2nd Law of Motion
how to solve (F = m x a)
10. Newton’s 2nd Law proves that different masses
accelerate to the earth at the same rate, but with
different forces.
• We know that objects with
different masses accelerate
to the ground at the same
rate.
• However, because of the 2nd
Law we know that they
don’t hit the ground with
the same force.
11. Lets do it!
1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg
object? A 6 kg object?
2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s2.
Determine the mass.
3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/sec/sec?
4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8
m/sec/sec?
12. ANSWER!
1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg object? A 6
kg object?
12 N = 3 kg x 4 m/s/s
2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s2. Determine the
mass.
16 N = 3.2 kg x 5 m/s/s
3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/sec/sec?
66 kg-m/sec/sec or 66 N
4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 m/sec/sec?
9800 kg-m/sec/sec or 9800 N
13. 3rd Law of Motion
(Law of Interaction)
states that any time a force acts from one object to
another, there is an equal force acting back on the
original object.
For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
14. 3rd Law of Motion
(Law of Interaction)
According to Newton, whenever
objects A and B interact with each
other, they exert forces upon each
other. When you sit in your chair,
your body exerts a downward
force on the chair and the chair
exerts an upward force on your
body.
15. 3rd Law of Motion
(Law of Interaction)
There are two forces resulting
from this interaction - a force on
the chair and a force on your
body. These two forces are called
action and reaction forces.
16. Newton’s 3rd Law in Nature
Consider the propulsion of a fish through the
water. A fish uses its fins to push water
backwards. In turn, the water reacts by
pushing the fish forwards, propelling the fish
through the water.
The size of the force on the water equals the
size of the force on the fish; the direction of
the force on the water (backwards) is
opposite the direction of the force on the fish
(forwards).
17. Newton’s 3rd Law in Nature
Flying gracefully through the air,
birds depend on Newton’s third
law of motion. As the birds push
down on the air with their wings,
the air pushes their wings up and
gives them lift.
18. Newton’s 3rd Law in Nature
Consider the flying motion of birds. A
bird flies by use of its wings. The wings
of a bird push air downwards. In turn,
the air reacts by pushing the bird
upwards.
The size of the force on the air equals
the size of the force on the bird; the
direction of the force on the air
(downwards) is opposite the direction
of the force on the bird (upwards).
Action-reaction force pairs make it
possible for birds to fly
19. Other examples of Newton’s Third
Law
Consider the motion of a
car on the way to school. A
car is equipped with wheels
which spin backwards. As
the wheels spin backwards,
they grip the road and push
the road backwards.
20. Other examples of Newton’s Third
Law
The reaction of a rocket is an
application of the third law of
motion. Various fuels are burned in
the engine, producing hot gases.
The hot gases push against the
inside tube of the rocket and escape
out the bottom of the tube. As the
gases move downward, the rocket
moves in the opposite direction.
