Rate measures the occurrence of some particular event in a population during a given period of time. It indicates the change in some event that take place in a population over a period of time like death rate or birth rate.A ratio is a relationship between two numbers indicating how many times the first number contains the second.

1. DEMOGRAPHIC RATES AND
RATIOS
VITAL STATISTICS
by
Ms. Preeti
SMVDCoN

2. RATE
It measures the occurrence of some
particular event in a population
during a given period of time. It
indicates the change in some event
that take place in a population over a
period of time like death rate or birth
rate.

3. CATEGORIES OF RATE
• CRUDE RATE • SPECIFIC RATES • STANDARDIZED
RATE

4. CRUDE BIRTH RATE
It is the number of live births per 1000 estimated
midyear population, in a given year.
Total no. of live births in a given year
CBR: ---------------------------------------------- X1000
Estimated midyear population

5. • Sample Equation
• For example, in 2007, there were 3,250 births
in a city with population of 223,000.
Therefore: CBR = (3,250 ÷ 223,000) X 1,000
or CBR = 14.57. So, there were 14.57 births
for every 1,000 people in the city.

6. DEATH RATE
The simplest measure of mortality is the crude death
rate. It is defined as the number of deaths per 1000
estimated midyear population in one year in a given
place.
No. of deaths during the year in an area
CDR= --------------------------------------------------X 1000
Mid-year population during the same
Year in the same area

7. • 3. Examples:
• 15,231 total deaths in India during calendar
year 2006.
• 2,010,787 = estimated 2006 mid-year population
for’ India
• .(15,231 / 2,010,787) x 100,000 = 757.5 resident
deaths per 100,000 population in 2006 in New

8. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
It represents the average number of
children a woman would have if she is to
pass through her reproductive years
bearing children at the same rates as the
woman now in age group. It is computed
by summing the age specific fertility rates
for all ages if 5 years age groups are used
the sum of the rates is multiplied by 5.
This measure gives the magnitude of
complete family size.

10. • The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is a standard demographic
indicator used internationally to estimate the average number
of children that a woman would have over her childbearing
years (i.e. age 15-49), based on current birth trends.
It is calculated by adding up the average number of births per
woman across five-year age groups (i.e. age-specific fertility
rates, or ASFR). The specific formula to calculate TFR is:
• What this means is that there are only two key components
that affect TFR:
• The number of births for each age group of women (in the
numerator), and
• The number of women in each age group (in the
denominator).

11. GENERAL FERTILITY RATE
• It is the number of births per 1000 women of
reproductive ages (15-49 years)
• It uses the number of women of child bearing age in a
population as base for the calculation of birth rate
rather than total population.
• It is obtained by expressing the live births as a rate per
1000 of women of child bearing age taken as either 15-
44 years/ 15-49 years.

12. GENERAL FERTILITY RATE
No. of live births in an area during the year
GFR: ----------------------------------------------------------
-----X1000
Midyear females population age (15-44) in the
Same Area in the same year

13. GENERAL MARITAL FERTILITY
RATE
It is the number of births per 1000 women
married in reproductive age group (15-49
year) in a given year.
No. of live births in a given year
GMFR:-------------------------------------X1000
Midyear married female population
In age group (15-49 years)

14. AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE
As more precise measure of fertility in age specific
fertility rate, defined as the number of live births in
a year to 1000 women in a specified “age group”. It
throws light on fertility pattern.
No. of live births born to a woman in a
particular age group
ASFR: --------------------------------------------------------
---X1000
Midyear female population of same age group

15. AGE SPECIFIC MARITAL FERTILITY
RATE
It is the number of births per 1000 women
married in any specified age group in a year.
No. of live births in a particular
age group
ASMFR:---------------------------------------------
---X1000
Midyear married female population of
same age group

16. TOTAL MARITAL FERTILITY RATE
Average number of children that would be
born to a married woman if she
experiences the current fertility pattern
throughout the reproductive span.

17. GROSS REPRODUCTIVE RATE
It is restricted to the number of female
children. It shows how many girl babies
potential future mothers would be born to
1000 women passing through their
childbearing years, if the age specific fertility
birth rates of a given year remained constant
and if no women entering the child bearing
period died before reaching menopause.

18. NET REPRODUCTIVE RATE
It is defined as the number of daughters or newborn
girl will bear during her life time assuming fixed age
specific and mortality rate. But this method of finding
out rate believes that both fertility and mortality are
stable and will not change. But that in practice not so.
This is very serious defect.

19. PREGNANCY RATE
It is ratio of number of pregnancies
including all pregnancies, whether these
had terminated as live births, still births or
abortions or had not yet terminated.

20. ABORTION RATE
The number of all types of abortions usually
per 1000 women of child bearing age.
No. of all types of abortions in a year
AR: --------------------------------------------------
-- X 1000
Women of child bearing age (15-44)

21. MARRIAGE RATE
It is the number of marriages in the year per
thousand population. Demographers
consider this as a very unsatisfactory rate
because the denominator is comprised
primarily of population that is not eligible to
marry.
No. of marriages within one year
GMR: -----------------------------------------------
---X1000
No. of unmarried persons (15-49 years)

23. INFANT MORTALITY RATE
The annual number of deaths of children less
than one year old per 1000 live births in that
area.
No. of deaths of children less than
1 year of age in a year
IMR = -----------------------------------------------
--X 1000
No. of live births in the same year

25. CHILD MORTALITY RATE OR
UNDER -5 MORTALITY RATE
It is defines as an “annual no. of deaths of
children age under 5 years, expressed as a rate
per 1000 live births”.
No. of deaths of children less than 5 year
Of age in a given year
CMR= ------------------------------------------------ X
1000
No. of live births in the same year

26. UNDER 5 PROPORTIONATE
MORTALITY RATE
It is the proportion of total deaths occurring in the under
5 age group to number of live births & it is expressed as
no. of under five deaths per 1000 live births. This rate
can be used to reflect both infant and child mortality
rates
No. of deaths under five years of Age
in the given year
Under 5 PMR = --------------------------------------------------
X 1000
Total no. of live births in the same year

27. MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE
A Maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant
or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the
duration or site of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated
by the pregnancy or its management but not from incidental or
accidental causes.
Total no. of female deaths due to complications
of pregnancy, childbirth or within 42 days of
delivery From “Puerperal causes” in an area
during a given year
MMR=--------------------------------------------------------X 100,000
No. of live births in a same area and Year

28. DISEASE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY
RATE
It is defined as number of deaths due to any specific
disease in a given year, per thousand populations at the
midpoint of the year concerned.
No. of deaths from a specific
disease in the given year
Disease-Specific MR=-------------------------------X 1000
Mid-year population

31. GROWTH RATE
It is the average annual
percent change in the
population, resulting from a
surplus of births over deaths
and the balance of migrants
or in simple words it is the
measure of how in an area
the population is increasing.

32. RATIO
It expresses the relation in size between two
random quantities. A ratio is a relationship
between two numbers indicating how
many times the first number contains the
second. It expresses in the form of x:y.
For example, if a bowl of fruit contains
eight oranges and six lemons, then
the ratio of oranges to lemons is eight to
six ( that is, 8:6, which is equivalent to
the ratio 4:3).

33. SEX RATIO
It is defined as the number of females per 1000 males.
One of the basic demographic characteristics of the
population is the sex composition. In any study of
population analysis of the sex composition plays a vital
role. The sex ratio in India has been generally adverse to
women i.e. the number of women per 1000 has been less
than 1000.

34. DEPENDENCY RATIO
The person above 65 years of age and children below 15 years of age
are considered to be dependent upon the economically productive age
group 15-65 years. The ratio of the combined age group 0-14 years plus
65 years and above to the 15-65 years age group is referred to as the
total. It can be subdivided as:
• Young Dependency Ratio (0-14 years)
• Old Dependency Ratio (65 years and above)

35. ABORTION RATIO
This is calculated by
dividing the number of
abortions performed
during the particular time
period.

36. • Abortion ratio = number
of all type of abortion/no.
Of live births
• World abortion ratio=
32:100 live births-this
means for every 100 live
births in the world there
are 32 abortion.

37. CHILD- WOMAN RATIO
It is the number of children 0-4 years of age
per 1000 women of child bearing age usually
defined as 15-44/ 15-49 years of age. This is
not an accurate measure of fertility, it is
more like a measure of population structure.

38. Child/women ratio = living
children aged 0-4 years/
women of child bearing age
(15-44 years)

39. IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC
RATES AND RATIOS
Political
Economic
Planning
Social
Advantage to administrators
Essential for checking regional imbalances