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2. RATIO is called a proportion is the
quotient of two numbers.
Example is number of deaths per
population
RATE is a ratio involving a time
period.
The count or measurement is
observed over a period and then
divided by its base or population of
observation.

3. Incidence Rate
-Measure the frequency of
occurrence of the phenomenon
during a given period of time. Deals
only with NEW cases.
Prevalence rate
-Measures the proportion of the
population which exhibits a
particular disease at a particular
time. This can only be determined
following a survey of the population
concerned. Deals with total (old
and new) number of cases

4. Concepts of
Incidence and Prevalence
• Also known as attack rate, case,
sickness rate morbidity rate
• It refers to newly discovered cases of a
particular disease
• It answers the question “how frequent
do cases of a particular disease occur
during a given period of time”
• Used when dealing with a cute
conditions and accidents

5.
• It refers to the newly discovered and
old cases of a particular disease
over a population
• Used when dealing with chronic
conditions and disabilities
• It answers the question “what
proportion of the group or
population is actually ill with a
particular disease at a point in time.
• Usually determined by means of
survey

6. CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)
• This is rough of the fertility of the
population
• The rate is called crude for the following
reasons
• Only live births are counted
• The denominator is the total population
which includes children, old people and
males
• The rate is expressed in population unit
of 1000 to make the figures meaningful

7. Crude Birth rate= number of live births x 1000
Midyear population

8. CRUDES DEATH RATE (CDR)
• This is a measure of the risk of
dying from all causes in a
population
Crude Death rate= number of deaths x 1000
Midyear population

9. The Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude
Death Rate (CBR) are statistical values
that can be utilized to measure the
growth or decline of a population.
The Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death
Rate are both measured by the rate of
births or deaths respectively among a
population of 1000. The CBR and CDR
are determined by taking the total
number of births or deaths in a
population and dividing both values by
a number to obtain the rate per 10000.

10. For example, if a country has a population
of one million and 15,000 babies were
born last year in that country, we divide
both the 15,000 and 1,000,000 by 1000 to
obtain the rate per 1000. Thus the Crude
Birth Rate is 15 per 1000.
The Crude Birth Rate is called "crude"
because it does not take into account age
or sex differences among the population.
In our hypothetical country, the rate is 15
births for every 1000 people but the
likelihood is that around 500 of those
1000 people are men and of the 500 who
are women, only a certain percentage are
capable of giving birth in a given year.

11. Crude Birth Rates of more than 30 per 1000
are considered high and rates of less than
18 per 1000 are considered low. The
global Crude Birth Rate in 2005 is 20.15
per 1000.
In 2005, Crude Birth Rates ranged from
8.33 per 1000 in Germany to 51.33 in
Niger. The CBR in the United States in
2005 was 14.14 per 1000. Many African
countries have very high Crude Birth
Rates and women in those countries have
a high Total Fertility Rate, meaning they
give births to many children in their

12. MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE
(MMR)
• Measure the risk of dying due to the
process of pregnancy, childbirth and
puerperium.
• It also measures the adequacy of
maternal health services
Maternal Mortality rate= number of deaths due to pregnancy x
1000
Number of live births

13. INFANT MORATALITY RATE (IMR)
• Measures the risk of dying due to
infancy (under 1 year of age)
• deaths under 1 year of age/
number of live births x 1000
Infant Mortality Rate= deaths under one year of age x1000
Number of live
births

14. NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE
• Measures the risk of dying in the first
four weeks of life of the infant
(newborn)
• The number of children dying under
28 days of age divided by the number
of live births that year
• ( Number of infant death / number of
life birth ) X 1000

15. FETAL DEATH RATE
• Measures the risk of dying before
birth
PERI-NATAL MORTALITY
RATE
• The word means around the period of
birth ( a month or more before births
and one month after birth)
• Measures the loss of life in later

16. FORMULAS:
Common Vital Statistical Indicators
Fertility Rates
Crude Birth rate= number of live births x 1000
Midyear population
General Fertility Rate= Number of live births
x1000
Midyear population of women
15-44 years of age

17. Mortality Rate
Crude Death rate= number of deaths x 1000
Midyear population
Specific Mortality rate= number of death in a specified group x 1000
Midyear population of the
same specified group
Cause-of-Death Rate= number of deaths from a specified cause x 1000
Midyear population

18. Infant Mortality Rate= deaths under one year of age x 1000
Number of live births
Maternal Mortality rate= number of deaths due to pregnancy x 1000
Number of live births
Proportionate Mortality rate= number of deaths from a particular cause x 100
Total Deaths
Swaroop’s Index= Number of deaths among those 50 years and over X100
Total Deaths
Case Fatality rate= number of Deaths from a specified cause x 100
Number of Cases of the same disease

19. Morbidity Rates
Incidence Rate= number of new cases of disease
developing from a period of time X 100
Population at risk of developing the disease
Prevalence Rate= number of Old and new cases of a disease X 100
Population examined

20. Sample problem 1:
1. The crude birth rate is equal to the number of
live births (B) in a year divided by the total
midyear population (P). This number is then
usually multiplied by 1000 to arrive at the actual
crude birth rate.
2.Therefore the formula for crude birth rate is
CBR= (B/P)* 1000
3. Example: in 2007, there were 3,250 births in the
city with population of 223,000. Therefore:
CBR=( 3,250/223,000)*1000
CBR= 14.57
So there were 14.57 births every 1000 people in
the city.

21. Sample Problem 2:
Town A has a total population of
50,000 as of July 1, 1998 (midyear) as
per calendar year 1998 (Jan. to Dec.)
600 died. Which formula below
should be used to compute crude
death?
Answer: 600 x 1000
50,000

22. Situation :
Barangay A has the following data in
year 2006
1. July 1 population: 254,316
2. Live birth: 2,289
3. Death from maternal cause: 15
4. Death from CVD: 3,029
5. Death under 1 year of age: 23
6. Fetal death: 8
7. Death under 28 days: 8
8. Death due to rabies: 45
9. Registered cases of rabies 45
10. People with pneumonia: 79
11. People exposed with pneumonia: 2,593
12. Total number of deaths from all causes: 10,898

23. The following questions refer to the
data above
1. What is the Crude birth rate of Barangay A?
2.What is the cause specific death rate from
cardiovascular disease?
3.What is the Maternal Mortality rate of this
barangay?
4.What is the fetal death rate?
5.What is the attack rate of pneumonia?
6.Determine the case fatality rate of rabies in
this barangay?

24. The following questions refer to the
data above
1. What is the Crude birth rate of Barangay A?
Ans. 9/1000
1. What is the cause specific death rate from
cardiovascular disease?
Ans. 1191/100000
1. What is the Maternal Mortality rate of this
barangay?
Ans. 6.55/1000 or 7/1000
1. What is the fetal death rate?
Ans. 3.49/1000 or 3/1000
1. What is the attack rate of pneumonia?
Ans. 3.04/100 or 3/100
1. Determine the case fatality ratio of rabies in this
barangay?
Ans. 100% or 1:1

25. Table 2. Cases and Deaths of Cholera in
Lanao del Sur and Zamboanga del Norte, 2002
Lanao del Sur Zamboanga del Norte
Age
Group Cases Deaths CFR Cases Deaths CFR
under 10
years 107 54 55 12
10-24 years 156 30 39 3
25 years &
over 667 304 97 11
Total 930 388 191 28

26. Table 2. Cases and Deaths of Cholera in
Lanao del Sur and Zamboanga del Norte,
2002
Zamboanga del
Lanao del Sur Norte
Case Death Case Death
Age Group s s CFR s s CFR
under 10
years 107 54 50.5 55 12 21.8
10-24 years 156 30 19.2 39 3 7.6
25 years &
over 667 304 45.6 97 11 11.3
Total 930 388 41.7 191 28 14.6