This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
The First session in the Epidemiology Lecture Series
Defining Epidemiology. Keywords in the definition. Aims of Epidemiology, Epidemiological Approach & Reasoning
The First session in the Epidemiology Lecture Series
Defining Epidemiology. Keywords in the definition. Aims of Epidemiology, Epidemiological Approach & Reasoning
Epidemiology slides by Kuya Kabalo.pptxKUYA KABALO
this presentation gives an overview of epidemiology , concepts ,definition , types of epidemiological studies , uses of epidemiology , scope and application of epidemiology
advantages and disadvantages of each epidemiological study
aims of epidemiology is also covered in this presentation
1
Methods and Statistical Analysis
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United State University
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The Evaluative Criteria
The process of analyzing a healthcare plan to see if it meets its goals takes some time. Because it promotes an evidence-based approach, assessment is crucial in practice consignment. Evaluation can be used to assess the effectiveness of the research. It helps determine what changes could be recommended to improve service delivery and the study's persuasiveness. An impact evaluation analyzes the intervention's direct and indirect, positive and negative, planned and unplanned consequences. If an evaluation fails to deliver fresh recognition regularly, it may result in inaccurate results and conclusions. A healthcare practitioner can utilize the indicators or variables to evaluate programs and determine whether they are legal or not (Dash et al., 2019). The variables are also used to assess if the mediation is on track to meet its objectives and obligations. Participation rates, prevalence, and individual behaviors are among the measures to be addressed.
Individual behaviors are actions taken by individuals to improve their health. People have been denied the assistance and resources they seek because of ethics and plans. In addition, different people have varied perspectives about pressure ulcers treatment. Relevance refers to how the study may contribute to a worthwhile cause (Li et al., 2019). Quality variables give statistics on the precariously rising service consignment while also attempting to provide information on the part of the care that may be changed. The participation rate refers to the total number of people participating in the study.
On the other hand, individuals may be unable to engage in the study due to a lack of cultural knowledge and ineffective consent processes. The overall number of persons in a population who have a health disease at a given time is referred to as prevalence (Li et al., 2019). Although prevalence shows the rate at which new facts arrive, it aids in determining the suitable, complete outcome-positive prestige of people.
Research Approaches
The word "research approaches" refers to techniques and procedures to draw general conclusions concerning data collection, analysis, and explanation methods. In my research, I'll employ both quantitative and qualitative methods. A qualitative research technique will reveal deterrents and hindrances to practicing change by rationalizing the reasons behind specific demeanors (Li et al., 2019). Qualitative research will collect and evaluate non-numerical data to comprehend perspectives or opinions. It will also be utilized to learn everything there is to know about a subject or to develop new research ideologies.
The quantitative method focuses on goal data and statistical or numerical analysis of data collected through a questionnaire. In the healthcare field, quantitative research may develop and execute new or enhanced work meas ...
Social research is the systematic analysis of research questions by using empirical methods (example: of asking, observing, analyzing data). Its aim is to make empirically grounded statements that can be generalized or to test such statements. Various aims can be pursued, ranging from an exact description of a phenomenon to its explanation or to the evaluation of an intervention or institution.
Read here a SAGE Whitepaper on Social Research and how this methodology can help in shaping your research into an erudite work.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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3. a. Asking Questions
Epidemiology has been defined as a means of
learning or asking questions.. and getting answers that
lead to further questions.
The key information can be approached through a
series of questions.
Related to health events
What are the actual and potential health problems, its
manifestations and characteristics?
Who are affected with reference to age, sex, social class..?
Where did it occurs in terms of place?
Which populations are increased at risk?
4. Related to health events….
When does it happen in terms of day, month,
season etc..?
Why does it happen in terms of contributing or
causative factors?
Which problems have declined?
Which problems are increasing or have the risk to
increase?
5. Related to health action
What can be done to reduce the problem and its
consequences?
How can it be prevented in the future?
What action should be taken by the community/
by the health services/ other sectors to prevent
and manage the problem?
6. Related to health action…
Where and for whom these activities carried
out?
What resources are required in future? How are
the activities to be organized?
What difficulties may arise, and how it has to be
overcome?
7. This approach is to make comparisons and draw
inferences.
Comparison may be made :
Between different population at a given time
eg. Rural with urban population
Between sub group of population
eg. Male with female population
Between various periods of observation
eg. Different seasons
b. Making Comparisons
10. Methods of Epidemiology
Epidemiological study requires systematic collection
of health data, its analysis, description of health needs
and health problems, identification of factors
associated with the problems and stating the
hypothesis.
11.
12. Observational studies
Observational studies are those in which people are
observed in their natural state. The researchers simply
"observe" a group of people without actually "doing"
anything to the study group. People may be monitored
overtime and significant details recorded, but no
intervention is introduced.
Methods of Epidemiology
13. Experimental studies
Experimental studies, commonly referred to as
clinical trials, are studies in which a treatment (or
procedure) is intentionally introduced by the researcher/
epidemiologist and a result (or outcome) is observed.
The aim of these types of studies is to evaluate the
effectiveness of a new treatment/ intervention in
comparison with the current standard of care.
Methods of Epidemiology
