India has huge burden of Health problems .In India health problems are discussed under six major headings as commonly seen in the country.
1.Communicable Disease Problem
2. Non-Communicable disease problem
3.Nutritional problem
4.Environmental sanitation problem
5.Medical care problem
6.Population problem
The orderly process defining national Health problems, identifying the unmeet needs, surveying the resources to meet them, and establishing the priority goals to accomplish the purpose of proposed Programme.
Unit:-2. Health and welfare committeesSMVDCoN ,J&K
Various committees of experts have been appointed by the government from time to time to render advice about different health problems. The reports of these committees have formed an important basis of health planning in India. The goal of National Health Planning in India is to attain Health for all by the year 2000.
Minimum Need's Programme, Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid Haroon Rashid
Subject - Community Health Nursing II, Topic - Minimum Need's Programme, Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid, Basic B.Sc Nursing 4th year in Florence College Of Nursing
meaning of small family norms: Small family norm connotes control over the number of children.
The rate of reproduction and the level of acceptance of family control methods are to a large extent influenced by what people consider as the ideal family size.
Adoption of small family norms is today not only desirable but It has become difficult to survive with a large family particularly because of rising cost of living, growing needs and necessities.
It is a fact that a small family is a happy family.
Lesser number of children is a boon not only to their parents but also to the country.
They have better chances of food, clothing and education.
almost a necessity
nature of small family norms
benefits of small family norms
barriers of small family norms
The orderly process defining national Health problems, identifying the unmeet needs, surveying the resources to meet them, and establishing the priority goals to accomplish the purpose of proposed Programme.
Unit:-2. Health and welfare committeesSMVDCoN ,J&K
Various committees of experts have been appointed by the government from time to time to render advice about different health problems. The reports of these committees have formed an important basis of health planning in India. The goal of National Health Planning in India is to attain Health for all by the year 2000.
Minimum Need's Programme, Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid Haroon Rashid
Subject - Community Health Nursing II, Topic - Minimum Need's Programme, Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid, Basic B.Sc Nursing 4th year in Florence College Of Nursing
meaning of small family norms: Small family norm connotes control over the number of children.
The rate of reproduction and the level of acceptance of family control methods are to a large extent influenced by what people consider as the ideal family size.
Adoption of small family norms is today not only desirable but It has become difficult to survive with a large family particularly because of rising cost of living, growing needs and necessities.
It is a fact that a small family is a happy family.
Lesser number of children is a boon not only to their parents but also to the country.
They have better chances of food, clothing and education.
almost a necessity
nature of small family norms
benefits of small family norms
barriers of small family norms
Presentation on HIV/AIDS, public health concern- include cause, symptoms, prevention and appropriate interventions. Also it include the Epidemiological Triangle link between agent, host and environment, Status of the disease in Nepal and in world.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.
CURRENT PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ORPHAN DISEASES IN CHILDRENindexPub
The review provides current data on the definition and number of orphan diseases in general, around the world, and in individual countries. World data and a small amount of experience from our own research are presented, indicating that rare diseases are complex, chronic diseases that require an interdisciplinary approach, and create many problems for patients, families, clinicians, as well as society and governments.
Elimination is the expulsion of waste products from the body through the skin ,lungs, kidneys and rectum Urinary elimination is the removal of waste products from the body through the urinary system(urine)
Every woman, man, youth and child has the human right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, without discrimination of any kind. Enjoyment of the human right to health is vital to all aspects of a person's life and well-being, and is crucial to the realization of many other fundamental human rights and freedoms.
Sociologists define social control as the way that the norms, rules, laws, and structures of society regulate human behavior. It is a necessary part of social order, for societies could not exist without controlling their populations
Physical activity and Successful agingSMVDCoN ,J&K
The single most effective means by which older adults can influence their own health and functional abilities and therefore, maintain a high quality in the old age.
Principles & philosophies of Education SMVDCoN ,J&K
Nursing education is a professional education which is consciously & systematically planned & implemented through instruction & discipline & aims the harmonious development of the physical, intellectual, social, emotional, spiritual & aesthetic powers or abilities of the students in order to tender professional nursing care to people of all ages, in all phases of health & illness, in a variety of setting, in the best or highest possible manner.
Chhaya is an oral contraceptive pill which does not contain any hormone. It is available in the market in some places as 'Saheli' tablet. It has been introduced in the public health system in the name of 'Chhaya' to benefit more women at no cost. It is a safe spacing option for both breast feeding and non-breast feeding women and needs to be taken only twice a week for the first 3 months and then once a Week.
Health education is a vital part of community health nursing, because the promotion, maintenance, and restoration of health require that patients understand health care requirements. Health education is an integral part of all health services and all health personnel's who are responsible for providing health care.
Clinical teaching in its focus on the relationship between theory and practical , can assist students to not only apply theory ,but also to search the ways that nursing theory can emerge from the rich texture of clinical practice
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg attaches itself in a place other than inside the uterus.
Fibroids, also known as uterine myomas, leiomyomas, or fibromas, are firm, compact tumors that are made of smooth muscle cells and fibrous connective tissue that develop in the uterus.
It is the benign kind of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) while the cancerous kind is Invasive mole, Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, Choriocarcinoma and Placental Site Tumor. H. Mole could lead to Invasive moles or Choriocarcinoma if not treated immediately with prophylactic chemotherapy.
“Family planning is a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily upon the basis of knowledge, attitude and responsible decision by individuals and couples in order to promote the health and welfare of the family group and this contribute effectively to the social development of a country. “WHO (1971)
Guidance is a process of dynamic and interpersonal relationship designed to influences the attitudes and subsequent behavior of a person.
Counseling is the helping relationship, that include: some one seeking help, someone wiling to give help who is capable or trained to help, in a setting that permits help to given and received.
Duties and responsibilities of various category of nursing personnelSMVDCoN ,J&K
In a field as varied as nursing, there is no typical answer. Responsibilities can range from making acute treatment decisions to providing inoculations in schools. The key unifying characteristic in every role is the skill and drive that it takes to be a nurse. Through long-term monitoring of patients’ behavior and knowledge-based expertise, nurses are best placed to take an all-encompassing view of a patient’s wellbeing.
It is the process of transferring the research knowledge into practice, thus facilitating an innovative change in practice of protocols. Research utilization is the use of the findings from a disciplined study or a set of studies in a practical application that is unrelated to the original research.
Unit: 6 Demographic Rates and Ratios vital statistics SMVDCoN ,J&K
Rate measures the occurrence of some particular event in a population during a given period of time. It indicates the change in some event that take place in a population over a period of time like death rate or birth rate.A ratio is a relationship between two numbers indicating how many times the first number contains the second.
Special consideration advance directives,EuthanasiaSMVDCoN ,J&K
Euthanasia: The practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering. The word "euthanasia" comes straight out of the Greek -- "eu", goodly or well + "thanatos", death = the good death.
An autopsy (post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause, mode and manner of death or to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes.
An antidote is a substance that can counteract a form of poisoning.Antidotes for anticoagulants are sometimes referred to as reversal agents.Antidote a medicine or other remedy for counteracting the effects of poison, disease, etc
Death occurring in the course of nature and from natural causes (as age or disease) as opposed to accident or violence.Death is the permanent cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include aging, predation, malnutrition, disease, suicide, homicide, starvation, dehydration, and accidents or major trauma resulting in terminal injury. In most cases, bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death
Immunosuppressants are drugs or medicines that lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ. Another term for these drugs is anti-rejection drugs. There are 2 types of immunosuppressants:
Induction drugs: Powerful antirejection medicine used at the time of transplant
Maintenance drugs: Antirejection medications used for the long term.
Eugenics is the science which deals with all influences that improve inborn qualities of a race, also with those that develop them to almost advantage.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Introduction
India is an incredibly diverse and
culturally rich country. Despite gigantic
and beautiful monuments, delicious food, a
booming business sector, and Bollywood,
it still has some major health issues that
many other countries have minimized far
more successfully. These health issues
affect absolutely everyone, from the
poorest people to the richest ones and from
those who live there to tourists who only
come for a short stay
3. Definition
:- Acc. to WHO health is a
state of complete physical, mental,
social and spiritual well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.
HEALTH PROBLEM :- it is a state in
which we are unable to function
n o r m a l l y ( s t a t e o f i l l h e a l t h ,
unhealthiness)
6. Definition
I n d i a h a s h u g e b u r d e n o f
H e a l t h p r o b l e m s . I n I n d i a
health problems are discussed
under six major headings as
c o m m o n a l y s e e n i n t h e
country.They are as follow:-
8. COMMUNICABLE
DISEASE
From Ancient days ,Communicable
disease served as the major cause of
morbidity and mortality profile of the
country.The Introduction of vaccine
against communicable disease brought
down the mortality rates largely. but
still, the disease couse public health
burden.
9.
10.
11. Malaria
A disease caused by a plasmodium parasite, transmitted
by the bite of infected mosquitoes.
The severity of malaria varies based on the species of
plasmodium.
Symptoms are chills, fever and sweating, usually
occurring a few weeks after being bitten.
People travelling to areas where malaria is common
typically take protective drugs before, during and after
their trip. Treatment includes antimalarial drugs.
12. Malaria
Malaria continues to be a health problem in India.
Although total malaria cases have declined compared
to previous years, the proportion of P. falciparum has
increased.
Malaria cases have increased in North-East states,
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa,
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra etc.
During 2013 there were 0.8 million cases of malaria
(which included 0.44 million cases of Pf malaria) and
379 deaths
13.
14. Tuberculosis
A potentially serious infectious bacterial disease that
mainly affects the lungs.
The bacteria that cause TB are spread when an infected
person coughs or sneezes.
Most people infected with the bacteria that cause
tuberculosis don't have symptoms. When symptoms do
occur, they usually include a cough (sometimes blood-
tinged), weight loss, night sweats and fever.
Treatment isn't always required for those without
symptoms. Patients with active symptoms will require a
long course of treatment involving multiple antibiotics.
15. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis remains a public health problem, with
India accounting for one-fifth of the world incidence.
Every year about 2.6 million persons develop
tuberculosis of which about 0.62 million are new smear
positive highly infectious cases and about 0.24 million
people die of TB every year.
The emergence of HIV-TB co-infection and multidrug
resistant TB has increased the severity and magnitude of
the disease. In March 2006 RNTCP has achieved
nation-wide coverage.
16.
17. Diarrhoeal Diseases
Loose, watery stools that occur more frequently than
usual.
Diarrhoea is usually caused by a virus, or sometimes,
contaminated food. Less frequently, it can be a sign of
another disorder, such as inflammatory bowel disease
or irritable bowel syndrome.
Symptoms include frequent, loose, watery stools and
stomach pain.
Most cases clear on their own. Some infections may
need antibiotics. Severe cases can cause enough
dehydration to require intravenous fluids.
18. Diarrhoeal Diseases
Diarrhoeal diseases constitute one of the major
causes of morbidity and mortality, especially in
children below 5 years of age.
They are responsible for about 10.76 million cases
of diarrhoea each year.
Outbreaks of diarrhoeal diseases (including
cholera) continue to occur in India due to poor
environmental conditions.
19.
20. Acute respiratory infection is an infection
that may interfere with normal breathing. It
can affect just your upper respiratory system,
which starts at your sinuses and ends at your
vocal chords, or just your lower respiratory
system, which starts at your vocal chords and
ends at your lungs.
21. Acute respiratory diseases are one of
the major censes of mortality and
morbidity in children below 5 years of
age.
During 2013, 31.7 million episodes Of
ARI were reported with 3,278 deaths.
22.
23. Filaria
Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused
by an infection with roundworms of the
Filarioidea type. These are spread by
blood-feeding insects such as black flies
and mosquitoes. They belong to the
group of diseases called helminthiases.
24. Filaria
The problem of filaria remains endemic in about
250 districts in 20 States and UTs. The population
at risk is over 600 million. To achieve elimination
of LF, the Govt. of India has launched nationwide
Annual Drug Administration (MDA) with annual
single recommended dose of diethylcarbamazine
citrate tablets in addition to scaling up home
based foot care and hydrocele operations.
In 2012, 250 endemic districts implemented MDA
targeting a population of about 554 million with a
coverage rate of 87 per cent.
25.
26. Leprosy
A chronic, curable infectious disease mainly causing
skin lesions and nerve damage.
Leprosy is caused by infection with the bacterium
Mycobacterium leprae. It mainly affects the skin, eyes,
nose and peripheral nerves.
Symptoms include light-coloured or red skin patches
with reduced sensation, numbness and weakness in
hands and feet.
Leprosy can be cured with 6-12 months of multi-drug
therapy. Early treatment avoids disability.
27. Leprosy
Leprosy is another important public health problem in
India.
During the year 2013—2014, total of 1.27 lakh new cases
were detected, out of which child cases were 9.49% and
deformity grade II and above was 4.14% percent of cases
are estimated to be multibacillary. All the States and Union
Territories report cases of leprosy. However, there are
considerable variations not only between one State and
another, but also between one district and another.
With the prevalence rate of about 0.68 per 10,000
population, India has achieved the goal of leprosy
elimination at national level.
28.
29. AIDS
HIV causes AIDS and interferes with the body's ability to fight
infections.
The virus can be transmitted through contact with infected
blood, semen or vaginal fluids.
Within a few weeks of HIV infection, flu-like symptoms such as
fever, sore throat and fatigue can occur. Then the disease is
usually asymptomatic until it progresses to AIDS. AIDS
symptoms include weight loss, fever or night sweats, fatigue
and recurrent infections.
No cure exists for AIDS, but strict adherence to antiretroviral
regimens (ARVs) can dramatically slow the disease's progress
as well as prevent secondary infections and complications.
30. AIDS
So far there is no treatment for curing HIV infections .India has
the third largest HIV epidemic in the world. In 2017, HIV
prevalence among adults (aged 15-49) was an estimated 0.2%.
This figure is small compared to most other middle-income
countries but because of India's huge population (1.3 billion
people) this equates to 2.1 million people living with HIV.1 2
Overall, India’s HIV epidemic is slowing down. Between 2010
and 2017 new infections declined by 27% and AIDS-related
deaths more than halved, falling by 56%.The problem of AIDS
is stable. It is estimated that by the end of year 2012 there were
about 2.08 million HIV positive cases in the country
31.
32. 1. Kala-azar
2. Meningitis
3. Viral hepatitis
4. Japanese encephalitis
5. Dengue fever
6. Enteric fever
7. Helminthic infestations - are among the
other important communicable disease
problems in India
33. The tragedy is that most of these diseases
can be either easily prevented or treated
with minimum input of resources.
In fact, most of the developed countries of
the world have overcome many of these
p r o b l e m s b y s u c h m e a s u r e s a s
manipulation of environment, practice of
preventive medicine and, improvement of
standards of living.
34.
35.
36.
37. India is experiencing a rapid epidemiological
transition with a large and rising burden of
chronic diseases, which were estimated to
account for 53 per cent of all deaths and 44
percent of disability adjusted life years lost in
2005.
NCD’s especially diabetes mellitus, CVDs,
cancer, stroke, and chronic lung diseases have
emerged as major public health problems due
to an ageing population and environmentally-
driven changes in behavior.
38.
39. A disease in which abnormal cells divide
uncontrollably and destroy body tissue.
MOST COMMON TYPES
q Breast cancer
A cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts.
o Prostate cancer
A cancer in a man's prostate, a small walnut-sized
gland that produces seminal fluid.
o Basal cell cancer
A type of skin cancer that begins in the basal cells.
Skin cancer (melanoma) .The most serious type of
skin cancer.
40. o Colon cancer
A cancer of the colon or rectum, located at the
digestive tract's lower end.
o Lung cancer
A cancer that begins in the lungs and most often
occurs in people who smoke.
o Leukemia
A cancer of blood-forming tissues, hindering the
body's ability to fight infection.
o Lymphoma
A cancer of the lymphatic system.
41. Cancer has become an important public health
problem in India with an estimated 7 to 9 lakh cases
occurring every year. At any point of time, it is
estimated that there are nearly 25 lakh cases in the
country.
In India, tobacco related cancers account for about
half the total cancers among men and 20% among
women. About one million tobacco related deaths
occur each year, making tobacco related health
issues a major public health concern.
42.
43. Clouding of the normally clear lens of the
eye.
Most cataracts develop slowly over the
course of years.
The main symptom is blurry vision. Having
cataracts can be like looking through a
cloudy window.
When a cataract interferes with someone's
usual activities, the cloudy lens can be
replaced with a clear, artificial lens. This is
generally a safe, outpatient procedure.
44. In India, more than 12 million people are
blind. Cataract (62.6 per cent) is the main
cause of blindness followed by Refractive
Error (19.70 per cent).
There has been a significant increase in
proportion of cataract surgeries with Intra
Ocular Lens (IOL) implantation from <5 per
cent in 1994 to 95 per cent in 2011—12.
45.
46. Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping one's mouth
clean and free of disease and other problems by
regular brushing of the teeth and cleaning between
the teeth. It is important that oral hygiene be
carried out on a regular basis to enable prevention
of dental disease and bad breath
47. Oral Health Care has not been given sufficient
importance in our country.
Most of the district hospitals have a post of dental
surgeon but they lack equipment, machinery, and
material.
Even where the equipment exists, the maintenance
is poor, hence service delivery is affected.
54. From the nutritional point of view,
the Indian society is a dual society,
consisting of a small group of well fed
a n d a v e r y l a r g e g r o u p o f
undernourished. The high-income
groups are showing diseases of
a ff l u e n c e w h i c h o n e f i n d s i n
developed countries.
55. Nutritional disease, any of the nutrient-
related diseases and conditions that cause
illness in humans. They may include
deficiencies or excesses in the diet, obesity
and eating disorders, and chronic diseases
s u c h a s c a r d i o v a s c u l a r d i s e a s e ,
hypertension, cancer, and diabetes mellitus.
56.
57. Protein-energy Malnutrition
Insufficiency of food — the so-called "food gap"—
appears to be the chief cause of PEM, which is a major
health problem particularly in the first years of life.
The great majority of cases of PEM, nearly 80 per cent
are mild and moderate cases.
The incidence of severe cases is 1 to 2 per cent in
preschool age children.
The problem exists in all the States and the nutritional
marasmus is more frequent than kwashiorkor
58.
59.
60.
61. Nutritional Anemia
India has probably the highest prevalence of nutritional anemia
in women and children.
About one-half of non-pregnant women and young children are
estimated to suffer from anemia i.e., 60 to 80 per cent of
pregnant women are anemic, 19 per cent of maternal deaths are
attributed to anemia.
According to NFHS-3, about 57.9 per cent women are anemic
of which 54.6 per cent are in urban areas and 59 per cent in
rural areas.
The survey also shows that the incidence of anemia in children
aged 6-35 months is 79.2 per cent with 72.7 per cent in urban
areas and 81.2 per cent in rural areas. By far the most frequent
cause of anemia is iron deficiency, and less frequently folate
and vitamin B12 deficiency
62.
63. Low birth weight
A term used to describe an infant born
weighing 5.5 pounds (2500 grams) or less. A
low birth weight may occur when an infant is
born too early (premature). These infants may
have an increased risk of serious health
problems.
64. Low birth weight
A term used to describe an infant born
weighing 5.5 pounds (2500 grams) or less. A
low birth weight may occur when an infant is
born too early (premature). These infants may
have an increased risk of serious health
problems.
This is a major public health problem in many
developing countries.
About 28 percent of babies born are of low
birth weight (less than 2.5 kg), as compared
to about 4 percent in some developed
65.
66.
67. Nutritional Blindness
Nutritional blindness is loss of useful
vision resulting from vitamin deficiency.
A malnutrition Xerophthalmia means all
the ocular manifestations of inadequate
metabolism of vitamin A, nutritional
blindness being the end result of the
most severe cases.
68. Xerophthalmia
(Nutritional blindness)
About 0.04 per cent of total blindness in India
is attributed to nutritional deficiency of
vitamin A.
Keratomalacia has been the major cause of
nutritional blindness in children usually
between 1—3 years of age.
Subclinical deficiency of vitamin A is also
widespread and is associated with increased
morbidity and mortality from respiratory and
gastro-intestinal infections
69.
70. Iodine Deficiency Disorders
Population effects of severe iodine deficiency,
termed iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs),
include endemic goiter, hypothyroidism,
cretinism, decreased fertility rate, increased
infant mortality, and mental retardation
71. Iodine Deficiency Disorders
Goiter and other iodine deficiency disorders(IDD) have
been known to be highly endemic in sub-Himalayan regions.
Reassessment of the magnitude of the problem by the
Indian Council of Medical Research showed that the
problem I not restricted to the “goiter belt” as was thought
earlier but is extremely prevalent in other parts of India as
well.
It has been found that out of 324 districts surveyed in 29
states and all Uts, 263 districts are endemic i.e. where the
prevalence of IDD is more than 10 per cent.
It is also estimated that more than 71 million people are
suffering from goiter and other IDD.
72.
73. OTHERS
Other nutritional problems of
importance are lathyrism and endemic
fluorosis in certain parts of the country.
To these must be added the widespread
adulteration of foodstuffs.
74.
75. The population problem is one of the biggest
problems the country with its inevitable
consequences on all aspects of development
especially
Ø Employment,
Ø Education,
Ø Housing,
Ø Health care,
Ø Sanitation and Environment.
76. Besides these, there has been a growing concern about
the impact of "new" problems resulting from population
explosion, urbanization and industrialization leading to
hazards to human health in the air, in water and in the
food chain.
As of year, 2012 safe water is available to 96 per cent
of the urban and 87 per cent of the rural population; and
adequate facilities for waste disposal to 64 percent of
the urban and 21 percent of the rural population. The
problem is gigantic.
77. The population problem is one of the biggest problems facing
the country, with its inevitable consequences on all aspects of
development, especially employment, education, housing,
health care, sanitation and environment.
The country's population has already reached one billion
marks by the turn of the century.
The Government has set a goal of 1 per cent population growth
rate by the year 2000 (which was not attained); currently, the
country-s growth rate is 1.8 per cent. This calls for the "two
child family norm".
The population size and structure represent the most important
single factor in health and manpower planning in India today
where the law of diminishing returns, among other factors,
plays an important role in the economic development of the
country
78.
79.
80. The financial resources are considered
inadequate to furnish the costs of running
such a service.
The existing hospital-based, disease-
oriented health care model has provided
health benefits mainly to the urban elite.
81.
82. Ø Inadequate financial sources.
Ø Health benefits to the urban
population.
Ø Uneven distribution
Ø Migration to the urban, health
problem have been.
Ø Aggravated like overcrowding in
hospital, inadequate staffing.
Ø Scarcity of certain drugs and
medicine.
83.
84. Approximately 80 per cent of health facilities
are concentrated in urban areas.
Even in urban areas, there is an uneven
distribution of doctors.
With large migrations occurring from rural to
urban areas, urban health problems have been
aggravated and include overcrowding in
hospitals, inadequate staffing and scarcity of
certain essential drugs and medicines.
85. The rural areas where nearly 72 per cent of the
population live, do not enjoy the benefits of the
modern curative and preventive health services.
Many villages rely on indigenous systems of
medicine. Thus, the major medical care problem in
India is in equable distribution of available health
resources between urban and rural areas, and lack of
penetration of health services to the social periphery.
The HFA/2000 movement and the primary health
care approach which lays stress on equity,
intersectoral coordination and community
participation seek to redress these imbalances.
86. Assessment of health status and health
problems is the first require for any planned
effort develop to health care services.
• The data required for the analysis of health
situation and health problems comprise of
mortality , morbidity , demographic condition,
socioeconomic factors etc