The document discusses various topics related to death including types of death, causes of death, stages of dying, the dying process, and signs of impending death. It notes that death can be classified as clinical/systemic death or biological/molecular death. Causes of death include natural causes like aging or disease, as well as unnatural causes such as homicide, accidents, and suicide. The dying process occurs in stages that may involve denial, anger, bargaining, and acceptance. Signs of impending death include loss of appetite, labored breathing, and mottling of the skin. A death certificate is an official document that records information about the deceased individual like their name, cause of death, and certifying official.

1. DEATH AND SIGNS OFDEATH
By
Ms. Preeti
SMVDCoN

2. CONTENT
2
▪ Introduction
▪ Types of death
▪ Causes ofdeath
▪ Stages ofdeath
▪ Process ofdeath
▪ Signs of death
▪ Death certificate

3. INT R OD UCT ION
3
is the
of all
▪ Death
termination
biological functions
that sustain a living
organism
▪ 150,000 people die
around the world each
day

4. INTRODUCTION
4
▪ In modern times, death has been thought to
occur when the vital functions cease—
breathing and circulation (as evidenced by the
beating of the heart). This view has been
challenged,
have made it
and cardiac
however, as medical advances
possible to sustain respiration
functioning through mechanical
means. Thus, more recently, the concept of
brain death has gained acceptance. In this
view, the irreversible loss of brain activity is
the sign that death has occurred

5. INTRODUCTION
5
▪ Even the concept of brain death
has been challenged in recent
years, because a person can lose
all capacity for higher mental
functioning while lower-brain
functions, such as spontaneous
respiration, continue.
▪ The sign of death, according to
this view, is the
absence of activity
higher
of the
in the
centres
brain.

6. TYPES OFDEATH
6
▪ CLINICAL/SYSTEMIC/
SOMATIC
DEATH
▪BIOLOGICAL/
MOLECULAR
DEATH

7. CAUSES OFDEATH
7
Causesof
Death
Natural
Biological
ageing
Unnatural
Homicide
Accidental
death
Suicide

8. Death occurring in the course of nature and from
natural causes (as age or disease) as opposed to
accident or violence.
If a death occurs unexpectedly or in unusual
circumstances, the coroner is usually required to hold
an inquest to determine the cause and manner of
death. Once the cause and manner of death are
determined, the coroner will decide if the death
occurred as a result of natural or unnatural causes.
NATURAL
DEATH

9. Biological aging
Ageing is the process during which structural and
functional changes accumulate in an organism as a
result of the passage of time. The changes manifest as
a decline from the organism's peak fertility and
physiological functions until death.

10. UNNATURAL
DEATHS
Unnatural deaths. All deaths that can't be described as
death by natural causes are categorised as unnatural
deaths. This includes accidents, homicide, suicide,
violent death, falls, poisoning or overdoses (intentional
and unintentional) and drowning.

11. Homicide
Homicide is the act of one human killing another.[1] A homicide
requires only a volitional act by another person that results in
death, and thus a homicide may result from accidental,
reckless, or negligent acts even if there is no intent to cause
harm.
Homicides can be divided into many overlapping legal
categories, including murder, manslaughter, justifiable
homicide, killing in war (either following the laws of war or as a
war crime), euthanasia, and capital punishment, depending on
the circumstances of the death. These different types of
homicides are often treated very differently in human societies;
some are considered crimes, while others are permitted or
even ordered by the legal system.

12. Accidental death
An accidental death is an unnatural death that is caused
by an accident such as a slip and fall, traffic collision,
or accidental poisoning. Accidental death sare
distinguished from death by natural causes (disease)
and from intentional homicides and suicide.

13. Suicide
Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own
death. Some suicides are impulsive acts due to stress,
such as from financial difficulties, troubles with
relationships, or bullying. Those who have previously
attempted suicide are at a higher risk for future
attempts.

14. In law, medicine, and statistics, cause of death is
an official determination of conditions resulting
in a human's death, which may be recorded on
a death certificate. A cause of death is
determined by a medical examiner. The cause
of death is a specific disease or injury, in
contrast to the manner of death which is a
small number of categories like "natural",
"accident", and "homicide", which have different
legal implications.

15. AGE
Health departments discourage listing old age as the cause
of death because doing so does not benefit public health
or medical research.[4] Old age is not a scientifically
recognized cause of death; there is alwaysa more direct
cause, although it may be unknown in certain cases and
could be one of a number of aging-associated diseases. As
an indirect or non-determinative factor, biological aging is
the biggest contributor to deaths worldwide. It is estimated
that of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day
across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—dieof
age-related causes.[5] In industrialized nations the
proportion is much higher, reaching 90%

16. About 56 million people died in 2001. Of these, 10.6
million were children, 99% of whom lived in low-and-
middle-income countries. More than half of child
deaths in 2001 were attributable to acute respiratory
infections, measles, diarrhea, malaria, and HIV/AIDS.

18. SIGNS OF
IMPENDINGDEATH
18
)

19. LLOoSsSsOoFfAaPpEpTeItTitEe

20. EEXxCceEsSsSiIvVeEfaFAtiTgIuGeUaEnAdNsDleSeLpEEP

21. INCREASED PHYSICALWEAKNESS

22. MENTAL CONFUSION OR DISORIENTATION

23. LABORED BREATHING

24. SSOoCcIiAaLlwWiItThHdDraRwAWalAL

25. CCHhaAnNgGesEiSnIuNrinUaRtiIoNnAhTaIbOitNHABIT

26. SSwweelllliinnggiinnththeefefeeteatnadnadnkalneskles

27. CCOoOoLlnNeEsSsSiInNtThHeEtiTpIsPSofOtFhTeHfEinFgINerGsERS
A
a
N
n
D
d
T
to
O
e
E
s
S

28. MMoottttlleeddvveeininss
Mottling is blotchy, red-purplish
marbling of the skin. Mottling most
frequently occurs first on the feet,
then travels up the legs. Mottling
occurs when the heart is no
longer able to pump
blood
blood
pressureeffectively. The
slowly drops and blood flow
throughout the body slows, causing
one's extremities to begin to feel cold
to the touch. Mottled skin before
death presents as a red or purple
marbled appearance.

29. DEATH ASAPROCESS
29
▪ Thanatologists (those who study the
surroundings and inner experiences of persons
near death) have identified several stages
through which dying persons go:
1. Denial and isolation (No, not me!);
2. Anger (Why me?);
3. Bargaining (If I am good, then can I live?);
4. Depression (What's the use?); and
5. Acceptance.

30. 30
LIFE
▪ For normal functioning, all cells of the body
require oxygen. If oxygen is not provided, death
may appear with in 4-5 minutes (insult to
cerebral tissue)
BRAIN
▪ This is the most susceptible tissue to anoxia
(absence of oxygen)
DEATHASAPROCESS(cont’d)

31. DEATHAS APROCESS(cont’d)
Eventually all cell willdie if deprived of oxygen . The
brain and heart are most sensitive
Time is critical :
0-1 min: Cardiac irritability
0-4 min: brain damaged not likely
4-6 min: brain damage possible
6-10 min : brain damage very likely
>10 min: irreversible brain damage

32. 32
The TerminalStates
▪ These are the boundary lines between life and
death.
▪ The stages include
a) Pre-agony
b) Agony
c) Clinical death (reversible injury)
d) Biological death (irreversible injury)
DEATHASAPROCESS(cont’d)

33. 33
▪ Pre agony – falling of arterial pressure,
loss of consciousness, decrease of
metabolism
▪ Agony – further fall in the blood pressure,
cessation of breathing and a sudden return
to life, reduction of all vital functions .
▪ Clinical – reversible cessation of vital
functions of the brain, heart and lungs.
DEATHASAPROCESS(cont’d)

34. ▪ Biological – this is the death of the
tissues
signifies
and cells individually. It
the loss of life in the
component parts of the body
DEATHASAPROCESS(cont’d)
34

35. SIGNS OFDEATH
35
Immediate
Loss of vital
functions ofthe
brain
Permanent
cessation of
circulation
Permanent
cessation of
respiration
Late
Changes inskin
Changesin
muscles
Ocularchanges

36. SIGNS OFDEATH(cont’d)
36
IMMEDIATE
➢ Loss of vital functions of the brain (cerebral
cortex & brain stem)
 Flat Electroencephalography (EEG)
 Cessation of circulation through the retina
 Lack of responsiveness to internal and external
environment
generalized No muscular movement with
flaccidity
 Absence of all brainstem reflexes

37. SIGNS OFDEATH(cont’d)
37
➢ CESSATION OF CIRCULATION
 If heart sounds are not heard for a continuous
period of 5 min, cessation of circulation is
diagnosed
 Absence of radial or carotid arteries pulsations
 Flat Electrocardiography
➢ CESSATION OF RESPIRATION
 It must be complete and continuous to constitute a
proof for death.
 Absence of air-entry may be demonstrated by
auscultation for 5 min

38. DEATHCERTIFICATE
38
▪ This is a document issued by a medical
practitioner certifying the deceased state of a
person or popularly to a document issued by a
person such as a registrar of vital statistics that
declares the date, location and cause of a
person’s death as later entered in an official
register of deaths.
▪ A death certificate is issued to serve as proof of
registration of death

39. DEATH CERTIFICATE
39

40. DEATHCERTIFICATE
40
▪ NATURE OFACERTIFICATE
➢ Bio data of Deceased
➢ Name of person reporting death
➢ Date & Time of death
➢ Cause of death (primary & secondary causes)
➢ Date of registration
➢ Name of certifier
➢ Signature of Registrar

41. DEATHCERTIFICATE