Skip to main content
UploadLanguage (EN)Support
BusinessMobileSocial MediaMarketingTechnologyArt & PhotosCareerDesignEducationPresentations & Public SpeakingGovernment & NonprofitHealthcareInternetLawLeadership & ManagementAutomotiveEngineeringSoftwareRecruiting & HRRetailSalesServicesScienceSmall Business & EntrepreneurshipFoodEnvironmentEconomy & FinanceData & AnalyticsInvestor RelationsSportsSpiritualNews & PoliticsTravelSelf ImprovementReal EstateEntertainment & HumorHealth & MedicineDevices & HardwareLifestyle
Nagamani Manjunath, profile picture
Uploaded byNagamani Manjunath
PPTX, PDF16,433 views

Demography - Methods of collection of demographic data

Demography is the statistical study of human populations and their changes over time due to births, deaths, migration and aging. There are two main methods for collecting demographic data - direct collection from official records like censuses, and indirect collection through surveys. India collects demographic data through various methods like the census every 10 years, civil registration of births and deaths, sample registration system, national family health surveys, and disease notification records. This data helps understand population size, growth and characteristics.

Healthcare◦
Prof Nagamani.T
 Demography is the statistical study of human population. It encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of these populations, and spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging and death.
 “Demography is the study of the size, territorial distribution, and composition of population, changes therein, and the components of such changes, which may be identified as natality, mortality, territorial movement (migration), and social mobility (change of status).” (Duncan & Hauser 1972)
Collection of demographic data can be broadly categorized into two methods:  Direct demographic data Collection  Indirect demographic data Collection Direct demographic data collection is the process of collecting data straight from statistics registries which are responsible for tracking all birth and death records and also records pertaining to marital status and migration. Perhaps the most common and popular methods of direct collection of demographic data is the census.
The indirect method of demographic data collection may involve only certain people or informants in trying to get data for the entire population.  For instance, one of the indirect demographic data methods is the sister method.  In this method, a researchers only asks all the women on the number of their sisters who have died or have had children who have died at what age they died.  From the collected data, the researchers will draw their analysis and conclusions based on indirect estimates on birth and death rates and then apply some mathematical formula
 There are various methods of collection of demographic data as given below; 1. Census 2. Civil Registration System (CRS) 3. Sample Registration System (SRS) 4. Official Statistics 5. Sample Surveys: a. National Family Health survey (NFHS)-1 b. NFHS-2 c.NFHS-3 d.NFHS-4 e.NFHS-5 6. Hospital records 7. Records of Health service facilities 8.Notification of diseases 9.Record linkage 10. Surveillance data 11. Other methods
 "The total process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analysing, and publishing or otherwise disseminating demographic, economic and social data pertaining to all persons in a country or in a welldelineated part of a country at a specified time.” (United Nations 2008)  It provides a portrait as of a given time of a population constantly changing under the influence of the events of births, deaths and marriage as well as migration that occur in it.  A census is designed to produce population statistics.
 A census is a process whereby information is collected relating to age, sex, marital status, occupation, education etc. from people residing in a country.  Every country is legally bound to undertake a census after an interval of 10 years and people are bound to cooperate and provide the required information.  The first Census data was collected in India in the year 1881. There after once in every 10 years Census is getting conducted.  A census is a process whereby information is collected relating to age, sex, marital status, occupation, education etc. from people residing in a country.
 A census is usually conducted after an interval of 10 years.  The census covers the entire country or a part of it.  The census operations are completed within specified dates.  It is organized and conducted by the Government through the Census Commission of the country.  A household or family is treated as a unit. However in large census operations, migrant individuals and homeless persons are also enumerated at night at their places of rest or sleep.
 Implementation of the Registration of Births and Death Act (RBD Act).  In India, the Civil Registration System (CRS) is a single mechanism for documenting vital incidents (births, deaths, stillbirths) as well as their parameters in a continual, permanent, mandatory, and universal manner.  The Directorate of Census Operations is a subsidiary office of the Office of the Registrar General of India that is accountable for managing the implementation of the Act in their respective State/UT. The Act requires that all states use the same birth and death recording forms and certificates.
 This births and deaths should be reported within 14 and 7 days of their occurrence respectively.  For births, the following information is recorded;  Place of birth  Order of birth  Sex of the child  Age of mother  Literacy, occupation and religion of parents  Type of medical attention at birth
 In case of deaths, the following information is recorded;  Place of death  Sex of the deceased  Age of the deceased  Marital status of the deceased  Religion of the deceased  Occupation of the deceased  Cause of death  Whether it is medically certified  Type of medical attention received
 The Sample Registration System (SRS) is a large- scale demographic survey for providing reliable annual estimates of Infant mortality rate, birth rate, death rate and other fertility & mortality indicators at the national and sub national levels, it became fully operational during 1969-70.  Information about the changes happening in various types of demographic data every year is being obtained through Sample Registration System itself. Main objective of SRS is to provide reliable estimates of birth rate, death rate and infant mortality rate at the natural division level for the rural areas and at the state level for the urban areas.
 The field investigation under Sample Registration System consists of continuous enumeration of birth and death events in a sample of villages/segmented villages and urban blocks by a resident part-time enumerator and an independent six monthly retrospective survey by a full-time supervisor.  The data obtained through these two sources are matched. The un-matched and partially matched events are re-verified in the field to get an unduplicated count of births and deaths. In that way it is a self-evaluating technique based on a dual record system.
 official statistics are sets of numerical data collected by the government and associated government agencies. They are often gathered on a large scale and are a major source of secondary quantitative data.  Data from official statistics is used to identify trends and patterns and to make decisions concerning the whole population or a particular subsection.
 For eg., • No.of acceptors of different family planning methods. • No.of children immunized with BCG, DPT, Measles and polio • No. of pregnant woman given T.Tinjection and IFA tablets.
 The Demographic Sample Survey is another method of data collection for population studies. In a sample survey, information is collected only from a sample of the population, which is representative of the whole and from which conclusions are drawn by the use of scientific methods.  The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India.
 The First National Family Health Survey (NFHS -1) was conducted in 1992-93. The survey collected extensive information on population, health, and nutrition, with an emphasis on women and young children. Eighteen Population Research Centres (PRCs), located in universities and institutes of national repute, assisted IIPS in all stages of conducting NFHS-1.
 The Second National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2) was conducted in 1998-99 in all 26 states of India with added features on the quality of health and family planning services, domestic violence, reproductive health, anemia, the nutrition of women, and the status of women.
 The Third National Family Health Survey (NFHS -3) was carried out in 2005- 2006. Eighteen Research Organizations including five Population Research Centres carried out the survey in 29 states of India. The funding for NFHS-3 is provided by USAID, DFID, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, UNICEF, UNFPA, and MOHFW, GOI, ICF (USA), is providing technical assistance for NFHS-3, and the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) and the National AIDS Research Institute (NARI) are providing technical assistance for the HIV component.
 In 2014-2015, India will implement the fourth National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4).  NFHS-4 will be conducted under the stewardship of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, coordinated by the International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, and implemented by a group of survey organizations and Population Research Centres, following a rigorous selection procedure.  In addition to the 29 states, NFHS-4 will also include all six union territories for the first time and will also provide estimates of most indicators at the district level for all 640 districts in the country as per the 2011 census.
 2019-21, 5th NHFS was conducted.
 Information that you help collect during the registration process on patient demographic data such as: age, gender, race and ethnicity; becomes a part of the patient’s medical record. This information helps the care team communicate effectively with patients, as well as understand a patient’s culture, which may affect their health. By knowing more about the patients that we serve, our hospital will be better able to deliver services.
 Health service records maintained in health centres, hospital out patient deoartments, sub centres and other clinic facilities i.e, poly clinics, MCH centres provide information about birth weight, height, other anthropometric measures, immunization etc.  Records maintained in the hospital and health centres are permanent records for followup.
 Disease notification involves the official and timely reporting of the occurrence of specific diseases and conditions to designated public health authorities by clinicians and other health personnel for action using designated reporting tools.  Disease notification is an important source of data collection for an effective and efficient disease surveillance system.  It is crucial to note that disease outbreak do not give notice before its occurrence neither do they respect the borders of nations. When they eventually occur, they are likely to spread like wildfire and often resulting in high morbidity and case fatality rate with consequent economic impact.
 Disease notification is a practice of reporting the occurrence of a specific disease or health- related condition to the appropriate and designated authority. 2. A notifiable disease is any disease that is required by law to be reported to government authorities. 3. Effective notification allows the authorities to monitor the disease, and provides early warning of possible outbreaks 4. A notifiable disease is one for which regular and timely information regarding individual cases is considered necessary for the prevention and control of the disease.
5. Reasons for Declaring a Disease as Notifiable may be: a. It is of interest to national or international regulations or control programs b. Its national/ State/ District incidence c. Its severity (potential for rapid mortality) d. Its communicability/ Its potential to cause outbreaks e. Significant risk of international spread f. The socio-economic costs of its cases g. Its preventability h. Evidence that its pattern is changing i. In other words, diseases which are considered to be serious menaces to public health are included in the list of notifiable diseases 6. Hence the list of notifiable diseases vary from a. Country to country and (notifiable diseases in India) b. Within the same country i. Between the States and ii. Between urban and rural areas
 Disease surveillance is the continuous scrutiny of occurrence of diseases and health-related events to enable prompt intervention for the control of diseases.  It involves the ongoing systematic collection, collation, analysis and interpretation of data on disease occurrence and public health related events and dissemination of the information obtained from such data for prompt public health action.  An effective and efficient disease surveillance and notification system allows early detection of disease outbreaks that will prompt intervention for the reduction of morbidity and mortality that may result from the epidemics of these infectious diseases
 Record linkage is an important tool in creating data required for examining the health of the public and of the health care system itself. It can be used to improve data holdings, data collection, quality assessment, and the dissemination of information.
 Other methods of collection of demographic data include;  Media reports  World Health Reports  Weekly epidemiological reports  Annual statistical reports  Annual reports published by the Directorate General Heath Services(DGHS)  Health information of India published by CBHI
Thank You