This document discusses various CAD standards including: 1. Graphical standards like GKS and OpenGL that define graphics primitives and device independence. 2. Data exchange standards like IGES and STEP that define neutral formats for transferring geometric and non-geometric CAD data between systems. 3. Communication standards like LAN and WAN that define how CAD data is transferred over networks between systems. The goals of CAD standards are to enable interoperability and portability of CAD data across different software and hardware platforms. They aim to support the complete transfer of product description data.

1. UNIT -III
CAD STANDARDS

2. Content
• Standards for computer graphics
• Graphical Kernel System (GKS)
• Standards for exchange image
• Open Graphics Library (open GL)
• Data exchange standards
• IGES, STEP, CALS, etc
• Communication standards

3. Purpose of CAD standard
• The transfer of data between dissimilar CAD/CAM system must
embrace the complete description of a product stored in its
database.
• Four types of modeling data make up this description
Shape data – consists of geometrical and topological data
Non-shape data – include shaded image and measuring units of data
base
Design data – FEM/FEA, engineering analysis
Manufacturing data – include tolerencing and bill of materials

4. Types of translators
i) Direct Translators
It entails translating the modeling
data directly from one native
format to another. It require a
knowledge of both native
formats
Direct translator convert data
directly in one step.

5. Types of translators
i) Indirect Translators
It converts the modeling
data directly from one native format
to neutral format that all CAD/Cam
system can interpret and
understand.
Each translation system has
its own pair of translator to translate
data to and from the neutral format

7. Organization of a typical CAD/CAM
structure with graphics standards

8. DATABASE MANAGEMENT
• Database is a collection of data at a single location to be used by
various people for different applications.

9. OBJECTIVES OF DATABASE
• It provides security
• It shares the data among users
• It incorporates the changes quickly and effectively
• It improves accuracy and integrity of data
• It reduces the cost of storage and retrieval of data
• It reduces or eliminates the redundant data

12. STANDARDS FOR COMPUTER
GRAPHICS
• Need for graphic standards
• There is a need for portability of the geometric model among different
hardware platforms.
• Where there is a situation to exchange drawing database among software
packages.
• There is a need for exchanging graphic data between different computer
systems.
• There is a need for the requirement of graphic data exchange formats and their
details such as IGES, DXF and STEP.

13. CLASSIFICATION OF CAD
STANDARDS
• Graphic and computing standards
• Data exchange standards
• Communication standards

14. GRAPHIC AND COMPUTING
STANDARDS
• Aim for graphics standardisation
• To allow the transfer of graphic data between two or more different companies
which may have completely different CAD systems.
• To control all types of graphic devices such as plotters and display devices in a
consistent manner.
• To provide the complete range of graphical facilities in 2D including the
interactive capabilities.
• To be small enough for a variety of programs.

17. Types of Graphics standards
• GKS-GRAPHICS KERNEL SYSTEM
• PHIGS-Programmers Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Standard
• CORE
• GKS-3D
• IGES- Initial Graphics Exchange Specification

19. GKS (GRAPHICS KERNEL SYSTEM)
• Series of commands used for graphical operations.
• Number of elements that may be drawn in an image is known as
graphical primitives.

21. Representation of levels in graphics standards
CAD entities
Graphics
primitives
Image bitmap
CAD data exchange
standards – IGES,
STEP
Device independent
picture description –
Metafile, e.g, CGM
Bitmap standards –
e.g, GIF, TIFF
CAD representation Level Equivalent standards

22. Features of GKS
• It is an independent device. So it can work with all types of input and
output devices.
• All text and annotation can be prepared and stored natural languages.
• Graphic functions are defined for both 2D and 3D.
• It includes all types of display elements.
• GKS supports picture data into two routines.
• GKS defines an international coordinate system called normalized
device coordinates.

27. STANDARDS FOR EXCHANGE
IMAGES
• The purpose of GKS and other similar standards is to allow graphics
to be drawn on a display device by an application program.
• The model is converted by the series of graphics primitives, and these
are then displayed on the screen using the graphics procedures,
typically by setting the values of the pixels in a rectangular raster
array.
• The raster array is represented by a region of computer memory is
known as bitmap.

30. PHIGS - Programmers Hierarchical
Interactive Graphics Standard
• PHIGS is an improved version of GKS. It offers the extended set of
primitives for graphical elements from which models may be
generated.
• It is mainly used in high functional systems.

31. Features of PHIGS
• It has very high interactivity
• It has a real time modification of graphical data
• Data input is in hierarchical structure
• It supports geometric animation

33. OPEN GRAPHICS LIBRARY
• OpenGL (Open Graphics Library) is a cross-language, multi-
platform application programming interface (application program
interface-API) for rendering2D and 3D vector graphics.
• The API is typically used to interact with a graphics processing
unit (GPU), to achieve hardware-accelerated rendering.
• Silicon Graphics Inc.,(SGI) started developing OpenGL in 1991.

34. • Open GL does not require high performance display hardware to
be present, but it require a frame buffer memory that stores the
raster display bitmap.
• Open GL draws directly in to the frame buffer but also allows the
use of multiple buffer where for e.g., one buffer is displayed while
second is being updated.
• It is extensively used in the fields of CAD, virtual reality, scientific
visualization, information visualization, flight simulation and
video games.

35. Features of OpenGL
• Based on IRIS GL (Integrated raster imaging system graphics
library)
• Low level
• Fine grained control
• Modal
• Frame Buffer
• Not programmable
• Geometry and images

37. Advantages of OpenGL
• Industry standard
• Stable
• Reliable and portable
• Evolving
• Scalable
• Easy to use

38. Data exchange standards
• CAD data exchange involves a number of software technologies and
methods to translate data from one Computer-aided design system to
another CAD file format.
• The recent decades, the data transfer of data between the system has
been made possible by the neutral format of data exchange.

40. The following reasons for exchanging the data are that
• All use the same cad package
• Special translator applications are used to change the data from one
format to another format needed.
• A neutral format is used for data exchange.

42. Requirements of data exchange
• Shape data
• Non shape data
• Design data
• Manufacturing data

43. Methods for data exchange
• Direct CAD system export/import
• Direct translation software
• Neutral data exchange format

47. Development of Data Exchange Format
• The significant work in data exchange was started in 1979 of an Initial
Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) which was supported by US
national Bureau of standards.
• Boeing and GE were chosen due to their prior experience in
developing data exchange formats – Boeing with its CIIN (CAD
Integrated Information Network)
• IGES owned very good support among the CAD users and vendors.

49. IGES has three types of entity:
• Geometric – it defines the product shape and include curves, surface
and solids
• Annotation – it included various types of dimensions (linear, angular,
ordinate), centre line , notes, general labels, symbols and cross
hatching
• Structure – it includes views, drawing , attributes( such as line and text
fonts, colors and layers), properties (mass), subfigures and external
cross reference entities (for surface and assemblies)

55. Error handling
• While importing IGES file, error handling is very important
• There are two major error sources when processing IGES files
Program errors in the processors
Misinterpretation of the IGES standard itself.
• The way an IGES processor report error is – the processor should
report the entity type, number of unprocessed entries, reason for un-
processing and other relevant database information of these
unprocessed entities.
• IGES should also report any invalid or missing data encountered in
reading IGES files especially those that were edited.

56. STEP
• STEP ( standard for Exchange of Product Data) is an exchange for
product data in support of industrial automation

59. CALS
• Continuous Acquisition and Life cycle support is CALS.
• CALS was originally called Computer Aided Acquisition and Logistics
Support.

60. COMMUNICATION STANDARDS
• Data exchange depends not only on the compatibility of the
applications data formats between the communicating systems.
• LAN (Local area networks)
• WAN (Wide area networks)

61. LAN

62. WAN