Unit 2. earth's physical characteristics
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This document provides information about the Earth's physical characteristics and relief. It discusses the structure of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, and core. It also describes tectonic plates and continental drift. Various forms of surface relief are defined, such as plains, plateaus, mountains, depressions, and valleys. Undersea landforms like oceanic ridges, trenches, and abyssal plains are also explained. Finally, different coastal relief features are defined, like beaches, capes, gulfs, estuaries, fjords, peninsulas, deltas, and cliffs. Activities at the end instruct students to match terms to their definitions from the content that was covered.
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Plate Movements Ppt
The document discusses the four spheres of the Earth - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It then describes the layers that make up Earth's interior - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The rest of the document discusses plate tectonic theory, the three types of plate boundaries and movements (divergent, convergent, transform), associated volcanic and earthquake activity, and the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes.
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Divergent plate boundary PPT
Divergent plate boundaries occur when two tectonic plates move away from each other. As the plates separate, new crust is formed in between through volcanic activity and magma solidifying. This results in the creation of geological features such as mid-ocean ridges under the ocean or rift valleys on land. Over millions of years, continued separation at divergent boundaries can lead to the formation of new oceans as the crust spreads out.
Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement,
a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
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Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
The earth is a dynamic planet, continuously changing both externally and internally. The earth’s surface is constantly being changed by endo-genetic processes resulting in volcanism and tectonism, and exogenetic processes such as erosion and deposition. These processes have been active throughout geological history. The processes that change the surface feature are normally very slow (erosion and deposition) except some catastrophic changes that occur instantaneously as in the case of volcanism or earthquakes. The interior of the earth is also in motion. Deeper inside the earth, the liquid core probably flows at a geologically rapid rate of a few tenths of mm/s. Several hypotheses attempted to explain the dynamism of the earth.
+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
Seafloor Spreading
The first evidence that the lithospheric plates did move came with the discovery of variable magnetic field direction in rocks of differing ages.
Fault
A fault is a break or fracture between two blocks of rocks in response to stress.
One block has moved relative to the other block.
The surface along which the blocks move is called a fault plane.
Faulting produced the earthquakes.
Thus earthquakes may occur because:
a) Rocks are initially broken to produce a fault.
b) Movement or re-activation of an already existing fault.
Hotspots
Three key points about hotspots:
1) Hotspots are volcanic regions thought to be fed by anomalously hot mantle material rising independently of tectonic plate boundaries. Well-known examples include Hawaii, Iceland, and Yellowstone.
2) There are two hypotheses for the origin of hotspots - one involving mantle plumes rising from the core-mantle boundary, the other involving passive rising of melt from shallow depths.
3) Hotspot tracks provide evidence for the plate tectonics model, as volcanic chains like the Hawaiian Islands can be explained by plates migrating over fixed mantle plumes.
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Sea Floor Spreading
New evidence supported the theory of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics. Mapping of the seafloor using sonar revealed a mid-ocean ridge running through the Atlantic Ocean. Rocks near the ridge are younger, becoming progressively older further from the ridge, showing new crust is generated at the ridge through sea floor spreading. While new crust is created at ridges, older oceanic crust is recycled back into the Earth through subduction at plate boundaries, keeping the size of the Earth stable over time. This evidence of sea floor spreading supported Wegener's theory of continental drift.
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a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
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Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
The earth is a dynamic planet, continuously changing both externally and internally. The earth’s surface is constantly being changed by endo-genetic processes resulting in volcanism and tectonism, and exogenetic processes such as erosion and deposition. These processes have been active throughout geological history. The processes that change the surface feature are normally very slow (erosion and deposition) except some catastrophic changes that occur instantaneously as in the case of volcanism or earthquakes. The interior of the earth is also in motion. Deeper inside the earth, the liquid core probably flows at a geologically rapid rate of a few tenths of mm/s. Several hypotheses attempted to explain the dynamism of the earth.
+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
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The first evidence that the lithospheric plates did move came with the discovery of variable magnetic field direction in rocks of differing ages.
Fault
A fault is a break or fracture between two blocks of rocks in response to stress.
One block has moved relative to the other block.
The surface along which the blocks move is called a fault plane.
Faulting produced the earthquakes.
Thus earthquakes may occur because:
a) Rocks are initially broken to produce a fault.
b) Movement or re-activation of an already existing fault.
Hotspots
Three key points about hotspots:
1) Hotspots are volcanic regions thought to be fed by anomalously hot mantle material rising independently of tectonic plate boundaries. Well-known examples include Hawaii, Iceland, and Yellowstone.
2) There are two hypotheses for the origin of hotspots - one involving mantle plumes rising from the core-mantle boundary, the other involving passive rising of melt from shallow depths.
3) Hotspot tracks provide evidence for the plate tectonics model, as volcanic chains like the Hawaiian Islands can be explained by plates migrating over fixed mantle plumes.
Convection currents t notes
The document discusses convection currents in the Earth's mantle. It first defines heat transfer and the three types: radiation, conduction, and convection. Convection involves the movement of heated fluids and depends on differences in density caused by heating and cooling. Convection currents in the mantle are driven by heat rising from the Earth's core and mantle itself into the asthenosphere.
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New evidence supported the theory of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics. Mapping of the seafloor using sonar revealed a mid-ocean ridge running through the Atlantic Ocean. Rocks near the ridge are younger, becoming progressively older further from the ridge, showing new crust is generated at the ridge through sea floor spreading. While new crust is created at ridges, older oceanic crust is recycled back into the Earth through subduction at plate boundaries, keeping the size of the Earth stable over time. This evidence of sea floor spreading supported Wegener's theory of continental drift.
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Grade 10_science1stquartermodule1.pptx
Plate tectonics is the theory that the Earth's outermost shell is divided into plates that constantly move and interact with one another. Earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain ranges occur primarily at plate boundaries. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates move together, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. Each boundary type results in different geological effects depending on whether oceanic or continental crust is involved in the plate interaction.
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This document provides information about the internal structure of the Earth and relief formation. It discusses how the Earth is divided into layers including the crust, mantle, and core. It describes plate tectonics including how the lithosphere is made of plates that move via processes like collision and separation. It also outlines the different types of continental, coastal, and ocean relief and provides examples of each.
Unit1 Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the structure of the Earth. It describes how seismic waves can reveal layers inside the Earth like the crust, mantle, and core. It explains continental drift and how the theory of plate tectonics developed. Plates move at boundaries where they can spread apart, collide, or slide past each other, causing earthquakes and building landforms.
2022.23 - Unit 7.pdf
The document summarizes the structure and composition of Earth. It describes that Earth has a solid inner core, a liquid outer core, and a solid mantle and crust. The crust and upper mantle make up the lithosphere, and water makes up the hydrosphere. The document outlines the formation of tectonic plates and how their movements created the continents and ocean floors. It then provides brief descriptions of the individual continents and oceans. Finally, it discusses various landforms, bodies of water, geological hazards, and issues related to water resources.
Geosphere
This document provides an overview of the internal structure of the Earth and types of relief on its surface. It discusses how the lithosphere is made up of tectonic plates that move via processes like collision and separation. It also describes three main types of relief: continental, coastal, and ocean. Continental relief includes landforms like plateaus, plains, valleys, and mountains that result from internal geological forces and external erosion. Coastal relief is shaped by interaction with the sea, containing features such as peninsulas and bays. Ocean relief includes underwater landforms like continental shelves, ocean basins, and ocean ridges.
COT PLATE TECTONIC.pptx
Plate tectonics involves the large rigid plates that make up the Earth's crust and upper mantle. These plates constantly move and interact with each other at their boundaries. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart and new crust is formed, convergent where plates collide and oceanic plates are subducted, and transform where plates slide past each other causing earthquakes. The movement of tectonic plates leads to volcanic activity and mountain building at convergent boundaries, and the formation of new seafloor at divergent boundaries.
Unit2.the earth'srelief(updated)
The document discusses the internal and external forces that shape the Earth's relief. Internally, tectonic plates move slowly over time, pushing the crust upwards to form folds or causing it to crack and form faults. Externally, agents like water, wind, temperature changes, and living things modify relief through erosion, transportation, and deposition of materials. Water plays a particularly important role in shaping landscapes through processes like river flow. Relief is constantly changing due to these combined internal and external forces.
Distribution of oceans and continents
The document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics. It discusses how early scientists like Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift and Pangaea. Later evidence from mapping ocean floors and magnetic stripes on ocean crust supported sea floor spreading and plate tectonics. The theory states the earth's outer layer is divided into plates that constantly move via three types of boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they push together, and transform where they slide past each other. The movement of plates like India colliding with Asia helped form features like the Himalayas.
Ch7_Plate_Tectonics_students
This document summarizes plate tectonic theory and evidence that supports it. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1915 and how technology after WWII like echo sounders and deep sea drilling projects in the 1960s-70s found evidence of sea floor spreading. This led Harry Hess to hypothesize in 1962 that new crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and pulled into the mantle at subduction zones, showing that tectonic plates move independently. The document outlines the three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates spread apart, convergent where they collide, and transform where they slide past each other. It provides examples and characteristics of each boundary type.
Plate Boundaries, Tectonic Plates & Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the different types of plate boundaries. It explains that tectonic plates are giant pieces of the Earth's crust that are constantly moving. There are three main types of plate boundaries: constructive boundaries where plates move apart and new crust is formed, destructive boundaries where one plate moves under another, and conservative boundaries such as transform faults that offset movement at plate margins. The document also includes quiz questions to test understanding of these concepts.
Geosphere
The document summarizes key topics related to Earth's structure and relief formation. It describes the internal layers of the Earth including the crust, mantle, and core. It discusses plate tectonics and how the movement of tectonic plates leads to collisions and separations that form mountains and ocean ridges. It also outlines three main types of relief - continental, coastal, and ocean - and provides examples of associated landforms like mountains, valleys, beaches, and ocean trenches.
The Crust [11EES - Dynamic Earth]
The document summarizes key aspects of plate tectonics theory. There are 12 major tectonic plates and several minor plates that make up the Earth's surface. The plates move over time via processes like convection currents in the mantle. Plate boundaries are marked by tectonic activity and different types of crust exist, with oceanic crust being thinner and younger than continental crust.
The dynamic crust
The document discusses evidence of crustal movement on Earth including deformed rock structures and fossil evidence. It then introduces plate tectonics, describing the four main layers of Earth's structure and how the lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move due to convection currents in the upper mantle. Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and faults as the plates interact and move.
Unit 2. Geosphere
This document discusses the internal structure and composition of the Earth. It describes how the Earth is divided into layers including the crust, mantle, and core. It also explains plate tectonics including how the lithosphere is made up of tectonic plates that move via processes like collision and separation. This movement results in landform changes through volcanism, mountain building, and ridge formation. The document also summarizes different types of global relief features including continental, coastal, and ocean relief landforms.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 5
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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- 1. UNIT 2: THE EARTH'S PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
- 2. WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW ABOUT...? ●HowtheEarth'sreliefisformed? ●Accordingtorelief,whatkindofreliefMadridhas? ●Couldyouname3formsofreliefinthecoast? ●WhydidtakeplaceanearthquakeinMexicolastSeptember? Mexico's Earthquake
- 3. STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH VOCABULARY: CRUST – CORTEZA MANTLE – MANTO OUTER CORE – NÚCLEO EXTERNO INNER CORE – NÚCLEO INTERNO EARTH'S STRUCTURE EARTH'S STRUCTURE
- 6. TECTONIC PLATES IN TOTAL THERE ARE 12 TECTONIC PLATES
- 8. DRIFT OF CONTINENTS 200 millions years ago, continents were joined forming one continent, known as: Pangaea. This continent fragmented in continental plates that, very slow, were moved from the movements of the mantle This theory is known as: Continental drift, first studied by Alfred Wegener
- 10. CONTINENTS – SEA- ISLANDS ●Whatdoyouthinkislarger...? –Earth'ssurfaceabovesealevel(continents) –Earth'ssurfacebellowsealevel(oceansandseas) (THINK ABOUT) Under what condition the surface bellow sea level can increase?
- 11. TYPES OF TERRAIN
- 12. SURFACE RELIEF. PLAINS PLAINS: extensive flat areas or gently ondulating land at a low altutide (less than 200 m.)
- 13. SURFACE RELIEF: PLATEAUS PLATEAU: Elevated plains. Located at altitudes of more than 200 m.
- 14. SURFACE RELIEF. MOUNTAINS Mountains: Very high areas of relief, with steep slopes and an altitud of more than 600 m. Some are old (old massifs) with rounded forms. Others are young mountains and have pointed forms. Mountains are grouped in large groups called : Range or Sierras. F. ex: Central Range Which one is each one?
- 15. SURFACE RELIEF. DEPRESSIONS Depressions - Valleys: Sunken areas occured when a block of the Earth's core sinks. They often are traversed by rivers.
- 17. LANDFORMS BELOW SEA LEVEL TRY TO MATCH THE TERMS WITH ITS FORM OF RELIEF ABYSSAL PLAINS CONTINENTAL SHELF OCEANIC TRENCHES OCEANIC RIDGES CONTINENTAL SLOPE
- 18. COASTAL RELIEF Beaches: Flat surfaces found along the sea shore.
- 19. COASTAL RELIEF CAPE: Portion of land extended into a body of water.
- 20. COASTAL RELIEF Gulf: Area where the sea is partially enclosed by the land. Depending on their shape we can name them bays (smaller)
- 22. COASTAL RELIEF Fjord: Glacial Valleys that have been flooded by the sea. They are typical from Norway
- 23. COASTAL RELIEF PENINSULA: Extensions of land sorrounded by water on all sides except one. The section of land that links a peninsula with the continent is called: ISTHMUS
- 25. COASTAL RELIEF CLIFFS: are vertical rock exposures in the coast.
- 26. MARIANAS TRENCHE
- 28. RELIEF COMPETITION ● 1 ● 2 ● 3 ● 4 ● 5 ● 6 ● 7 ● 8 ● 9 ● 10
- 29. ACTIVIDAD: 1
- 30. 2
- 31. 3
- 32. 4
- 33. 5
- 34. 6
- 35. 7
- 36. 8
- 37. 9
- 38. 10