Plate tectonics is the theory that the Earth's outermost shell is divided into plates that constantly move and interact with one another. At plate boundaries, where the plates meet, seismic activity like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. The three main types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries, where plates move apart; convergent boundaries, where plates collide; and transform boundaries, where plates slide past one another. Each boundary type results in different geological features and phenomena.

1. PLATE
TECTONICS
By:
Daryl F. Cadanilla

2. Learning Competency( S10ES-
Ia-j-36.1)
 Describe the distribution of
active volcanoes, earthquake
epicenters and major
mountain belts

3. PLATE
TECTONICS

4.  a theory in geology: the
lithosphere of the earth is divided
into a small number
of plates which float on and travel
independently over the mantle
and much of the earth's seismic
activity occurs at the boundaries
of these plates

5. RECALL

6. LITHOSPHERE

7.  Entire lithosphere of the Earth is broken
into numerous segments called lithospheric
plates.
 The slow but constant moving of these
plates is called tectonics, thus moving
lithospheric plates is called plate tectonics.
 One of the consequences of these plate
movements is EARTHQUAKE.

10. Objective: Locate the epicenter
of an earthquake using
triangulation method
What data are needed?
1.At least three(3) recording stations
2.Time difference in the arrival of P-wave and S-
wave in each station
3. Distance of epicenter from each station using
the formula

11. ACTIVITY SHEET
https://www.slideshare.net/DarylCadanilla/finding-the-epicenter-activity-sheet

13. ANSWER

14. Q1.Where is the epicenter of this hypothetical earthquake?Use
triangulation method.
- CEBU
Q2.What difficulty will you encounter if you only have data
from two recording stations?
Two recording stations would result to two epicenters.
Q3.What is the distance of the epicenter from the seismic station? -
9000 km.
Q4.What do you think is the importance of determining
the epicenter of an earthquake?
It will help in assessing the damage zone where death and
destruction will be maximum.Thus, helps in planning
post-earthquake rehabilitation and relief measures, in
forewarning of tsunami-related hazard and in assuring
of minimum loss to life and property if it is the deserted
or inhabited region

15.  Let’s see how early geologists used the
plotted positions of earthquake epicenters
throughout the world in conceptualizing
crustal movements.

16. EARTHQUAKE DISTRIBUTION
Where are the earthquake epicenters located?
Where are there no earthquakes?

17. ACTIVE VOLCANOES DISTRIBUTION
Where are the volcanoes located?
Compare the location of majority of
earthquake epicenters with the location of
volcanoes

18. MOUNTAIN RANGES DISTRIBUTION
How will you relate the distribution of
mountain ranges with the distribution of
earthquake epicenters and volcanoes?

19. What do you think is the
basis of scientists in
dividing Earth’s lithosphere
into several plates?
 The places on Earth where most of the
earthquakes originated or some mountains
and volcanoes were formed mark the
boundaries of each lithospheric plate.

20. PLATE BOUNDARIES

21. NEW
LESSON

22. LC: (S10ES-Ia-j-36.2)
(S10ES-Ia-j-36.3)
Describe the different types of plate boundaries
Explain the different processes that occur along
the plate boundaries

23. PLATE BOUNDARIES (RECALL)
Determining location of earthquake epicenters
plays a vital role in laying the foundation of
plate tectonics.
The places on Earth where most of the
earthquakes originated or some of the
mountains and volcanoes were formed
marked the boundaries of each lithospheric
plates

25. 3 TYPESOF PLATE BOUNDARIES
 DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY
 2 lithospheric plates move away from
each other
 CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY
 2 lithospheric plates move toward
each other
 TRANSFORM FAULT
2 lithospheric plates slide past each other

26. DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
Objectives:
--Explain the processes that
occur along divergent
boundaries.
--Determine the results of
plates that are moving apart

27. Analyze the
photographs of rift
valleys and oceanic
ridges and answer
the questions that
follow.

32. Questions:
 1. What are common in four
pictures?
 2.Million of years ago, landmasses
in each picture were once connected
.What do you think is happening to
the Earth’s crust in those pictures?
 3. If this event continues for million
of years, what do you think will be
the effect on the crust?

33. Short video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfHwAe
VNrzA

34. Types of divergent plate boundary
 1. continental divergence
-As the two plates pull apart, normal faults develop on
both sides of the rift, and the central blocks slide
downwards
Early in the rift-forming process, streams and rivers
will flow into the sinking rift valley to form a long
linear lake.
As the rift grows deeper it might drop below sea level,
allowing ocean waters to flow in.This will produce a
narrow, shallow sea within the rift.
This rift can then grow deeper and wider. If rifting
continues, a new ocean basin could be produced.

37. Example
 The East Africa RiftValley is a classic example of
this type of plate boundary.The East Africa Rift is
in a very early stage of development.The plate
has not been completely rifted, and the rift valley
is still above sea level but occupied by lakes at
several locations.The Red Sea is an example of a
more completely developed rift.There the plates
have fully separated, and the central rift valley
has dropped below sea level.

38. GEOLOGICAL EFFECTS
 a rift valley sometimes occupied by long
linear lakes or a shallow arm of the
ocean; numerous normal faults
bounding a central rift valley;
 shallow earthquake activity along the
normal faults.
 Volcanic activity sometimes occurs
within the rift.

39. 2. Oceanic Divergence
 When a divergent boundary occurs beneath
oceanic lithosphere, the rising convection
current below lifts the lithosphere, producing a
mid-ocean ridge.
 Extensional forces stretch the lithosphere and
produce a deep fissure. When the fissure opens,
pressure is reduced on the super-heated mantle
material below.
 It responds by melting, and the new magma
flows into the fissure.The magma then solidifies
and the process repeats itself.

42. example
 The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a classic example of
this type of plate boundary.The Ridge is a
high area compared to the surrounding
seafloor because of the lift from the
convection current below.

43. GEOLOGICAL EFFECTS
 a submarine mountain range such as the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge;
 volcanic activity in the form of fissure
eruptions;
 shallow earthquake activity;
 creation of new seafloor and a widening
ocean basin.

45.  …..is divergent boundary also known as
constructive plate boundary?

46. ASSESSMENT
 Which of the following is NOT an example
of a divergent plate boundary?
a.The boundary between the Nazca Plate and
the South American Plate
b.The boundary between the North American
Plate and the Eurasian Plate
c.The East African Rift
d.The plate boundary that passes over Iceland

47. Which of the following describes a divergent
boundary?
a. When two plates collide with each other
b. When two plates interact in any way
c.When two plates move apart from each other
d.When two plates slide alongside each other

48. What feature forms near divergent
boundaries between two pieces of oceanic
crust?
a. Mid-ocean ridge
b. Non-volcanic mountain
c. Continental rift valley
d.Trench

49. What feature forms near divergent
boundaries between two pieces of
continental crust?
a.continental rift valley
b. non-volcanic mountain
c. mid-ocean ridge
d. canyon

50. NEW
LESSON

51. CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
Objectives:
--Explain the processes that
occur along convergent
boundaries.
--Determine the results of
plates that are moving
toward each other

52. CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY
 occur where the Earth’s tectonic plates collide
or move toward one another.
 As the plates converge, the denser, thinner
tectonic plate subducts or dives beneath the
lighter, thicker, more buoyant tectonic plate.

53. 3 TYPES
 1. Continental convergence
 2. Oceanic Convergence
 3.Continental -Oceanic Convergence

54. 1. CONTINENTAL-CONTINENTAL
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7ZUAi0B7DA

55. Remember
 Continental plates are thicker
 but less dense than
 oceanic plates.
 Continental crust is too light to be carried
downward into a trench. At continental-
continental convergent margins neither plate
subducts.The two plates converge,
buckle, fold, and fault.

56. Example
 Himalayas when the Indian-Australian plate
collided with the Eurasian plate.
-Alps,( collision between African and Eurasian
plate)
- Appalachians(Mountain range in the eastern
United States and Canada)
- Atlas (series of mountain ranges in
northwestern Africa)

57. GEOLOGICAL EFFECTS
intense folding and faulting;
a broad folded mountain range;
shallow earthquake activity;
shortening and thickening of the plates
within the collision zone.

58.  Mount Everest, the tallest mountain in the
world, grows about 2.5 inches each year?

59. 2. OCEANIC - OCEANIC
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2XixysJgPs

60. Remember
 Older oceanic plates are
 denser than younger ones;
 denser plates subduct.
 An oceanic-oceanic collision is when two
tectonic oceanic plates collide.This
convergence creates a subduction zone, which is
where one plate is submerged below the other.

61. What happens after the
subduction?
 As the ocean floor crust (oceanic plate) loaded with
sediments subducts into the softer asthenosphere,
the rocks in the subduction zone
become metamorphosed (alteration of the
composition or structure of a rock) under high
pressure and temperature.
 After reaching a depth of about 100 km, the plates
melt. Magma (metamorphosed sediments and the
melted part of the subducting plate) has lower
density and is at high pressure.
 It rises upwards due to the buoyant force offered by
surrounding denser medium.

62.  The magma flows out to the surface. A
continuous upward movement of magma
creates constant volcanic eruptions at the
ocean floor.
 Constant volcanism above the subduction zone
creates layers of rocks. As this process
continues for millions of years, a volcanic
landform is created which in some cases rises
above the ocean waters.
 Such volcanic landforms all along the boundary
form a chain of volcanic islands which are
collectively called as Island Arcs

63. Example
 Formation of the Philippine Island Arc System
Philippine Island Arc system is formed due to subduction of Philippine
Sea plate under the Sunda Plate (major continental shelf of the Eurasian
plate).The trench formed here is called PhilippineTrench
 Formation of the Indonesian Archipelago
In the case of Indonesian Archipelago, the Indo-Australian plate is
subducting below Sunda Plate (part of Eurasian Plate).The trench
formed here is called Sunda trench (JavaTrench is a major section of
Sunda trench).
 Formation of the Caribbean Islands
The Caribbean Plate is moving to the east while the North American Plate
is moving to the west.
 The MarianaTrench or MarianasTrench, the deepest trench, is located in
the western Pacific Ocean.
The MarianaTrench is formed due to the subduction of the Pacific
Plate below the Mariana Plate.

64. GEOLOGICAL EFFECTS
a zone of progressively deeper earthquakes;
an oceanic trench;
a chain of volcanic islands;
the destruction of oceanic lithosphere.

65.  ….. oceanic convergence can
cause tsunami?

66. 3. CONTINENTAL-OCEANIC
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CL-tN_Ziobc

67. Remember
 Oceanic plates are thinner
 but denser than
 continental plates.
 When continental and oceanic plates collide, the
thinner and more dense oceanic plate is
overridden by the thicker and less dense
continental plate.The oceanic plate is forced
down into the mantle in a process known as
"subduction."

68. What happens after the
subduction?
 As the ocean floor crust (oceanic plate) loaded with
sediments subducts into the softer asthenosphere,
the rocks in the subduction zone
become metamorphosed (alteration of the
composition or structure of a rock) under high
pressure and temperature.
 After reaching a depth of about 100 km, the plates
melt. Magma (metamorphosed sediments and the
melted part of the subducting plate) has lower
density and is at high pressure.
 It rises upwards due to the buoyant force offered by
surrounding denser medium.

69.  The magma flows out to the surface.
 Constant volcanism above the subduction
zone creates layers of rocks. As this
process continues for millions of years, a
volcanic landform is created
 Such volcanic landforms all along the
boundary form a chain of volcano which
are collectively called as continental
volcanic arcs

70. EXAMPLES
 the Cascade volcanoes along the
Washington-Oregon coast of North
America(Juan de Fuca oceanic plate is subducting
beneath the westward-moving North American
continental plate)
 The Andes Mountain Range of western South
America (Nazca Plate is subducting beneath the South
American plate.)
 Mount Mayon (between Eurasian plate and
Philippineplate

71. GEOLOGICAL EFFECTS
a zone of earthquake activity that is shallow
along the continent margin but deepens
beneath the continent;
an oceanic trench;
a chain of continental volcanic arc;
the destruction of oceanic lithosphere.

72.  ….. convergent boundary is
also known as destructive
boundary?

73. NEW
LESSON

74. TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARY
Objectives:
--Explain the processes that
occur along transform fault
boundaries.
--Determine the results of
plates that are moving slide
past each other

75. TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARY
- Transform boundaries are areas where
the Earth's plates move past each other,
rubbing along the edges.
--As the plates slide across from each other,
they neither create land nor destroy it.
Because of this, they are sometimes
referred to as conservative boundaries or
margins.

77. EXAMPLES
 The San Andreas fault of California;
 Queen Charlotte Islands fault off western
Canada
 Magellanes-Fagnano fault system of South
America.

78. GEOLOGICAL EFFECTS
 strike-slip faults can create deep, shallow
earthquakes.
 The 2012 Sumatran quake was particularly
powerful; its 8.6 magnitude was the largest
ever recorded for a strike-slip fault.

79. Question:
 If "The Big One" happens on the San
Andreas Fault, do we expect a large
tsunami? Do we expect California to
"fall into the ocean”?
 No! Earthquakes at transform
boundaries, like the San Andreas fault,
involve hardly any vertical motion. For an
earthquake to generate a tsunami you
need vertical disturbance.

80. Let’s check your understanding on
different types of plate boundary.
 Identify the following geological effects to as
what type of plate boundary they were
formed/created. Answer all that apply.
 CHOICES
-Oceanic divergence
-Continental Divergence
-Oceanic Convergence
-Continental Convergence
-Continental-Oceanic Convergence
-Transform fault

81. 1. RiftValleys
2. Mountain ranges,no subduction
3. IslandVolcanic Arc
4. Oceanic Ridges
5. No geological formation
6. No subduction
7. Tsunami
8. ContinentalVolcanic Arcs
9. Trench
10. Earthquakes

82. Label the diagram
5. What type of plate boundary is this?
6. Which lithospheric plate will subduct?

83. NEW
LESSON

84. HOT SPOT
Objective:
Relate hot spot
with plate tectonics

85.  Although many volcanoes form underwater
in subduction zones or at divergent plate
boundaries, some form on land. Areas
where volcanoes that form on land away
from tectonic plate boundaries are known as
hotspots.

87. Watch and learn…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QO2OO1r_tFg

88. Let’s check your understanding.
1. In what layer of Earth does a hotspot
volcano start?
a.The core
b.The surface
c. The mantle
d.The crust

89. Let’s check your understanding.
2. How does magma get to the Earth's crust
to create a hotspot volcano?
a. Magma travels to Earth's surface through an
upward tunnel from deep within Earth.
b. Magma is created from asteroids hitting
Earth's surface.
c. Magma is created from meteors hitting
Earth's surface.
d. Magma comes from the sky and drops to the
Earth.

90. Let’s check your understanding.
3. In a hot spot,Volcano A is on top of the
mantle plume,Volcano B is 10 km farther from
A whileVolcano C is the farthest.What can
you infer about the ages of the volcanoes?
 a.Volcano A is older than C
 b.VolcanoB is the oldest
 c.Volcano B is the youngest
 d.Volcano B is younger than C

91.  By: DARYL F. CADANILLA
End of module 1
First quarter
Grade 10 science