Tectonic processes
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This Powerpoint Presentaion is used for my 11th Grade Earth Science Reporting as a major requirement for our sujbect. It talks about the tectonic processes and Plate boundaries with its theories..
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Relative & Absolute Dating
This document discusses two conceptions of Earth's history: catastrophism and uniformitarianism. Catastrophism assumes Earth's history was dominated by violent events while uniformitarianism assumes Earth's history can be understood through present-day geological processes and events. The document advocates for uniformitarianism, noting present processes provide keys to understanding the past. It also discusses concepts like relative and absolute dating, fossilization processes, rates of geological change, and radiometric dating techniques like carbon-14 dating that can determine absolute ages.
II.A Minerals and Rocks
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
PLATE TECTONICS
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over time. It explains that plate tectonics built upon Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. There are nine major tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries which create mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries which cause subduction and mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide the driving force for plate movements.
10. Earth's Interior Heat Notes
Earth's interior heat comes from two main sources: residual heat left over from the planet's formation and ongoing radioactive decay within Earth's core and mantle. This heat keeps the outer core liquid through convection of iron and nickel, generating the Earth's magnetic field, and drives thermal convection in the mantle which powers plate tectonics at the surface. Heat is eventually released through volcanic and tectonic activity that forms and cools new crust.
Continental drift theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1910, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided three lines of evidence to support his theory: the matching shapes of continental coastlines, matching fossil distributions across continents, and evidence that past climates did not match current continental positions. While his theory was initially rejected due to the lack of a mechanism, it was later supported by the discovery of seafloor spreading in the 1960s, which provided a process to explain how and why continents move over Earth's surface.
Transform Plate Boundaries
This document discusses tectonic plates and transform plate boundaries. It notes that tectonic plates are large pieces of rock that make up Earth's crust, and there are two main types - oceanic and continental plates. At transform boundaries, the plates move horizontally past one another, driven by convection currents in the underlying mantle. When the plates rub together at these boundaries, it causes huge stress that results in earthquakes, faults, and tsunamis.
What is the evidence for Plate Tectonics?
Geological, biological, and climate evidence support the theory of plate tectonics and that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Geological evidence includes the matching continental edges of South America and Africa and volcanic and earthquake activity. Biological evidence includes the fossil of Mesosauraus found in similar rock formations in both South America and Africa. Climate evidence includes matching deposits of limestone along the coasts of continents that were once joined.
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Relative & Absolute Dating
This document discusses two conceptions of Earth's history: catastrophism and uniformitarianism. Catastrophism assumes Earth's history was dominated by violent events while uniformitarianism assumes Earth's history can be understood through present-day geological processes and events. The document advocates for uniformitarianism, noting present processes provide keys to understanding the past. It also discusses concepts like relative and absolute dating, fossilization processes, rates of geological change, and radiometric dating techniques like carbon-14 dating that can determine absolute ages.
II.A Minerals and Rocks
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
PLATE TECTONICS
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over time. It explains that plate tectonics built upon Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. There are nine major tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries which create mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries which cause subduction and mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide the driving force for plate movements.
10. Earth's Interior Heat Notes
Earth's interior heat comes from two main sources: residual heat left over from the planet's formation and ongoing radioactive decay within Earth's core and mantle. This heat keeps the outer core liquid through convection of iron and nickel, generating the Earth's magnetic field, and drives thermal convection in the mantle which powers plate tectonics at the surface. Heat is eventually released through volcanic and tectonic activity that forms and cools new crust.
Continental drift theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1910, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided three lines of evidence to support his theory: the matching shapes of continental coastlines, matching fossil distributions across continents, and evidence that past climates did not match current continental positions. While his theory was initially rejected due to the lack of a mechanism, it was later supported by the discovery of seafloor spreading in the 1960s, which provided a process to explain how and why continents move over Earth's surface.
Transform Plate Boundaries
This document discusses tectonic plates and transform plate boundaries. It notes that tectonic plates are large pieces of rock that make up Earth's crust, and there are two main types - oceanic and continental plates. At transform boundaries, the plates move horizontally past one another, driven by convection currents in the underlying mantle. When the plates rub together at these boundaries, it causes huge stress that results in earthquakes, faults, and tsunamis.
What is the evidence for Plate Tectonics?
Geological, biological, and climate evidence support the theory of plate tectonics and that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Geological evidence includes the matching continental edges of South America and Africa and volcanic and earthquake activity. Biological evidence includes the fossil of Mesosauraus found in similar rock formations in both South America and Africa. Climate evidence includes matching deposits of limestone along the coasts of continents that were once joined.
Plate Boundaries
The document describes the four main types of plate boundaries:
1) Divergent boundaries occur at spreading centers where new crust is created and plates move apart, such as at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
2) Convergent boundaries exist where plates collide and one is subducted under the other, forming deep ocean trenches.
3) Transform boundaries result from two plates sliding past each other horizontally, such as along the San Andreas Fault.
4) Continent-continent collisions buckle and uplift massive mountain ranges, as when India collided with Asia to form the Himalayas.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY EVIDENCES ppt
The document discusses evidence that supports the continental drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener. It describes an activity where students reconstruct the supercontinent Pangaea by fitting together continent landmass cutouts. The activity aims to showcase two key evidence: 1) the apparent fit of continents and 2) fossil correlations found across different continents. It also discusses two additional evidence put forth by Wegener: 3) past climate data like glacial striations found in present-day equatorial regions, and 4) correlations between mountain ranges and rock formations between separated continents.
3 main categories of rocks
The three main types, or classes, of rock are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous and the differences among them have to do with how they are formed. Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are called sediment.
Earth and Life Science: Minerals (SHS)
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and that exhibits a crystalline structure.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. A mineral is Naturally-Occurring
A mineral should be naturally-occurring with respect to its formation.
It should be made by natural processes without the aid of any organism.
In the case of laboratory studies, any material that is formed in laboratories or artificial conditions is not considered a mineral.
2. A mineral is Inorganic
It is formed by inorganic processes and does not contain any organic compound.
The process to produce a mineral by natural means is extended further by making sure that no organic material ( or what was once part of an organism) be considered a mineral.
This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and other hard parts of an organism are not minerals.
3. A mineral is a homogeneous Solid
We should be able to see something that is uniform in appearance and is in the solid state of matter.
This property of minerals is very important especially when dealing with materials in other states such as liquids and gases.
A mineral should exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only be attained if it is solid.
4. A mineral has a definite Chemical Composition
Most minerals are chemical compounds and can therefore be represented using a fixed or variable chemical formula.
Example:
A mineral with a fixed chemical formula is quartz (SiO2). This indicates that the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms.
5. A mineral has an ordered internal/crystalline structure
Minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive.
Atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern.
NOTE: Knowing whether a material is crystalline or not would require sophisticated methods such as involving the use of X-rays (XRD).
Mineraloids
Any material which passes most of the criteria (but not all) we have set can be considered a mineraloid.
Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids with definite chemical compositions but with no ordered internal structure.
Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass and opal.
Plate Tectonics
Wegener first proposed continental drift in the early 20th century, suggesting that continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. While evidence like matching coastlines and fossil distributions supported drift, Wegener could not explain the forces driving plate motions. In the 1960s, the new theory of plate tectonics emerged, proposing that Earth's outer layer is broken into rigid plates that move over the mantle. At plate boundaries, plates diverge, converge, or slide past each other, creating geological features like mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones. Paleomagnetic and seafloor spreading evidence confirmed plate tectonics, and mantle convection is now understood to be the primary driver of
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Exogenous processes involve the breakdown and movement of earth's surface materials by external forces like weathering, erosion, and mass wasting. Weathering breaks down rocks through physical and chemical processes. Erosion wears away earth's surface by wind, water, or ice. Mass wasting involves large masses of materials moving down slopes due to gravity, such as debris flows, mudflows, and slumps. Sedimentation is the accumulation of eroded materials. Endogenous processes occur inside Earth and involve magmatism, volcanism, and metamorphism which change the composition of rocks.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the structure and dynamics of the Earth's interior. It describes how the crust is broken into plates that move atop the mantle due to convection currents, and the three types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. It provides examples of associated geological features like mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, volcanoes, and earthquakes.
Unit 8: The Earth's internal energy
The document discusses the Earth's internal energy and how it causes tectonic plate movement and related geological phenomena. The main points are:
1) The Earth has internal heat from radioactive elements and impacts that causes plate tectonics and results in volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building.
2) Alfred Wegener proposed continental drift in 1912 to explain how the continents were once joined together before drifting apart, as evidenced by matching continental shelves.
3) The Earth's solid crust is made up of tectonic plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle, resulting in earthquakes and volcanic activity at plate boundaries.
Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics is the geological theory that the Earth's outermost layer, the lithosphere, is broken into tectonic plates that move across the mantle. The theory was developed in the 1960s-1970s from evidence of seafloor spreading, paleomagnetism, and the distribution of fossils, earthquakes, and volcanoes. The Earth's interior is divided into layers - the crust, mantle, and core. The crust consists of continental and oceanic plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle, causing phenomena like subduction and seafloor spreading.
Seafloor Spreading
Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes: Deformation of the Crust
The learners shall be able to:
1) explain how the seafloor spreads (S11/12ESId-23);
2) describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11/12ES-Id-24); and
3) explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory;
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents;
4. Identify major physiographic features of ocean basins
5. Describe the process of seafloor spreading
10 Geologic Processes and Hazards.pptx
This document discusses various geological hazards caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. It identifies the Philippines as highly prone to these hazards due to its location in the Ring of Fire. Specific hazards of each event are outlined such as ground shaking from earthquakes, pyroclastic flows from volcanic eruptions, and human activities that can trigger landslides like deforestation. The document also lists the most at-risk provinces in the Philippines for each hazard and provides safety precautions to follow during hazardous geological events.
L3 EARTH'S INTERNAL HEAT.pptx
Earth's internal heat comes from three main sources:
1) The accretion of dust and gas particles during the Earth's formation released gravitational potential energy and caused internal heating.
2) Radioactive decay of elements in the Earth's core and mantle, such as uranium and potassium, continues to generate heat.
3) Frictional heating from convection currents in the mantle also contributes to the Earth's internal heat. Seismic waves have allowed scientists to indirectly learn about the Earth's layered structure despite only drilling about 7 miles deep.
Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 20th century. He noticed that the continents appeared to fit together and were once attached in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided evidence from matching coastlines, fossil and rock formations, and paleoclimatic data to support his theory. However, he was unable to explain the mechanism of continental drift. Most geologists at the time rejected his theory due to the lack of a clear explanation for how and why the continents would move. It was not until the 1950s when the theory of plate tectonics was developed that Wegener's concept of continental drift became widely accepted.
Endogenic processes(Michelle Domingo)
This document discusses several endogenic (internal) geologic processes that occur within the Earth, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, folding, faulting, and magmatism. These processes are driven by pressure deep within the lithosphere (Earth's crust and upper mantle) and the movement of tectonic plates, which can cause the surface to buckle, bend, or split apart. Magmatism and volcanism play key roles in mountain formation through the emplacement and eruption of magma at the surface. Various types of stress, such as compression, tension, and shear, influence these endogenic geologic processes.
Earth Materials and Processes
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances that have a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. They are the building blocks that make up rocks. There are several key physical properties used to identify minerals, including luster, hardness, crystal form, and color. Luster describes how light reflects off a mineral's surface, either with a metallic or non-metallic appearance. Hardness is a mineral's resistance to scratching, measured using the Mohs hardness scale. Crystal form refers to a mineral's characteristic crystal shape or habit. Color is also an identifying property but is not always diagnostic on its own.
Classification of Rocks
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Topic: Classification of Rocks / Types of Rocks
Senior High School | Earth and Life Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11/12ES-Ib-10)
Senior High School | Earth Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11ES-Ic-6)
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Weathering of Rocks
Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical or chemical means. Mechanical weathering physically breaks rocks down without changing their chemical composition, through processes like freezing and thawing, abrasion, and exfoliation. Chemical weathering changes the minerals in rocks through reactions with oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to form acids, resulting in processes like oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis. Examples of mechanical weathering include abrasion and freezing and thawing, while examples of chemical weathering include oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis.
Rocks and Minerals
This document discusses minerals and their properties. It defines minerals as naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystal structures. Minerals are the basic building blocks of rocks and are identified based on physical properties like hardness, color, streak, luster, cleavage, and fracture. The Philippines is very mineral-rich due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and ranks 5th globally in mineral deposits. Major metallic minerals found in the Philippines include gold, copper, iron, nickel, and cobalt, while non-metallic minerals include limestone, marble, and clay.
The earth system complete ppp
The document defines a system as having synergy, where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, and emergent properties that arise from interactions between components. It provides examples of how Earth's living and non-living parts, like the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere interact as a system. Each component works together in important ways to form the Earth system.
Plate Boundaries, Tectonic Plates & Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the different types of plate boundaries. It explains that tectonic plates are giant pieces of the Earth's crust that are constantly moving. There are three main types of plate boundaries: constructive boundaries where plates move apart and new crust is formed, destructive boundaries where one plate moves under another, and conservative boundaries such as transform faults that offset movement at plate margins. The document also includes quiz questions to test understanding of these concepts.
3. plate boundaries
This document discusses the three main types of tectonic plate boundaries: convergent, divergent, and conservative. It provides information and diagrams of each boundary type, including examples. The learning objectives are to be able to draw and annotate cross-section diagrams of each plate boundary, labeling the key processes involved. Homework involves describing the multi-step processes shown in example diagrams of each boundary type.
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The document describes the four main types of plate boundaries:
1) Divergent boundaries occur at spreading centers where new crust is created and plates move apart, such as at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
2) Convergent boundaries exist where plates collide and one is subducted under the other, forming deep ocean trenches.
3) Transform boundaries result from two plates sliding past each other horizontally, such as along the San Andreas Fault.
4) Continent-continent collisions buckle and uplift massive mountain ranges, as when India collided with Asia to form the Himalayas.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY EVIDENCES ppt
The document discusses evidence that supports the continental drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener. It describes an activity where students reconstruct the supercontinent Pangaea by fitting together continent landmass cutouts. The activity aims to showcase two key evidence: 1) the apparent fit of continents and 2) fossil correlations found across different continents. It also discusses two additional evidence put forth by Wegener: 3) past climate data like glacial striations found in present-day equatorial regions, and 4) correlations between mountain ranges and rock formations between separated continents.
3 main categories of rocks
The three main types, or classes, of rock are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous and the differences among them have to do with how they are formed. Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are called sediment.
Earth and Life Science: Minerals (SHS)
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and that exhibits a crystalline structure.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. A mineral is Naturally-Occurring
A mineral should be naturally-occurring with respect to its formation.
It should be made by natural processes without the aid of any organism.
In the case of laboratory studies, any material that is formed in laboratories or artificial conditions is not considered a mineral.
2. A mineral is Inorganic
It is formed by inorganic processes and does not contain any organic compound.
The process to produce a mineral by natural means is extended further by making sure that no organic material ( or what was once part of an organism) be considered a mineral.
This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and other hard parts of an organism are not minerals.
3. A mineral is a homogeneous Solid
We should be able to see something that is uniform in appearance and is in the solid state of matter.
This property of minerals is very important especially when dealing with materials in other states such as liquids and gases.
A mineral should exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only be attained if it is solid.
4. A mineral has a definite Chemical Composition
Most minerals are chemical compounds and can therefore be represented using a fixed or variable chemical formula.
Example:
A mineral with a fixed chemical formula is quartz (SiO2). This indicates that the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms.
5. A mineral has an ordered internal/crystalline structure
Minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive.
Atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern.
NOTE: Knowing whether a material is crystalline or not would require sophisticated methods such as involving the use of X-rays (XRD).
Mineraloids
Any material which passes most of the criteria (but not all) we have set can be considered a mineraloid.
Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids with definite chemical compositions but with no ordered internal structure.
Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass and opal.
Plate Tectonics
Wegener first proposed continental drift in the early 20th century, suggesting that continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. While evidence like matching coastlines and fossil distributions supported drift, Wegener could not explain the forces driving plate motions. In the 1960s, the new theory of plate tectonics emerged, proposing that Earth's outer layer is broken into rigid plates that move over the mantle. At plate boundaries, plates diverge, converge, or slide past each other, creating geological features like mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones. Paleomagnetic and seafloor spreading evidence confirmed plate tectonics, and mantle convection is now understood to be the primary driver of
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES ON EARTH
Exogenous processes involve the breakdown and movement of earth's surface materials by external forces like weathering, erosion, and mass wasting. Weathering breaks down rocks through physical and chemical processes. Erosion wears away earth's surface by wind, water, or ice. Mass wasting involves large masses of materials moving down slopes due to gravity, such as debris flows, mudflows, and slumps. Sedimentation is the accumulation of eroded materials. Endogenous processes occur inside Earth and involve magmatism, volcanism, and metamorphism which change the composition of rocks.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the structure and dynamics of the Earth's interior. It describes how the crust is broken into plates that move atop the mantle due to convection currents, and the three types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. It provides examples of associated geological features like mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, volcanoes, and earthquakes.
Unit 8: The Earth's internal energy
The document discusses the Earth's internal energy and how it causes tectonic plate movement and related geological phenomena. The main points are:
1) The Earth has internal heat from radioactive elements and impacts that causes plate tectonics and results in volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building.
2) Alfred Wegener proposed continental drift in 1912 to explain how the continents were once joined together before drifting apart, as evidenced by matching continental shelves.
3) The Earth's solid crust is made up of tectonic plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle, resulting in earthquakes and volcanic activity at plate boundaries.
Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics is the geological theory that the Earth's outermost layer, the lithosphere, is broken into tectonic plates that move across the mantle. The theory was developed in the 1960s-1970s from evidence of seafloor spreading, paleomagnetism, and the distribution of fossils, earthquakes, and volcanoes. The Earth's interior is divided into layers - the crust, mantle, and core. The crust consists of continental and oceanic plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle, causing phenomena like subduction and seafloor spreading.
Seafloor Spreading
Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes: Deformation of the Crust
The learners shall be able to:
1) explain how the seafloor spreads (S11/12ESId-23);
2) describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11/12ES-Id-24); and
3) explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory;
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents;
4. Identify major physiographic features of ocean basins
5. Describe the process of seafloor spreading
10 Geologic Processes and Hazards.pptx
This document discusses various geological hazards caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. It identifies the Philippines as highly prone to these hazards due to its location in the Ring of Fire. Specific hazards of each event are outlined such as ground shaking from earthquakes, pyroclastic flows from volcanic eruptions, and human activities that can trigger landslides like deforestation. The document also lists the most at-risk provinces in the Philippines for each hazard and provides safety precautions to follow during hazardous geological events.
L3 EARTH'S INTERNAL HEAT.pptx
Earth's internal heat comes from three main sources:
1) The accretion of dust and gas particles during the Earth's formation released gravitational potential energy and caused internal heating.
2) Radioactive decay of elements in the Earth's core and mantle, such as uranium and potassium, continues to generate heat.
3) Frictional heating from convection currents in the mantle also contributes to the Earth's internal heat. Seismic waves have allowed scientists to indirectly learn about the Earth's layered structure despite only drilling about 7 miles deep.
Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 20th century. He noticed that the continents appeared to fit together and were once attached in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided evidence from matching coastlines, fossil and rock formations, and paleoclimatic data to support his theory. However, he was unable to explain the mechanism of continental drift. Most geologists at the time rejected his theory due to the lack of a clear explanation for how and why the continents would move. It was not until the 1950s when the theory of plate tectonics was developed that Wegener's concept of continental drift became widely accepted.
Endogenic processes(Michelle Domingo)
This document discusses several endogenic (internal) geologic processes that occur within the Earth, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, folding, faulting, and magmatism. These processes are driven by pressure deep within the lithosphere (Earth's crust and upper mantle) and the movement of tectonic plates, which can cause the surface to buckle, bend, or split apart. Magmatism and volcanism play key roles in mountain formation through the emplacement and eruption of magma at the surface. Various types of stress, such as compression, tension, and shear, influence these endogenic geologic processes.
Earth Materials and Processes
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances that have a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. They are the building blocks that make up rocks. There are several key physical properties used to identify minerals, including luster, hardness, crystal form, and color. Luster describes how light reflects off a mineral's surface, either with a metallic or non-metallic appearance. Hardness is a mineral's resistance to scratching, measured using the Mohs hardness scale. Crystal form refers to a mineral's characteristic crystal shape or habit. Color is also an identifying property but is not always diagnostic on its own.
Classification of Rocks
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Topic: Classification of Rocks / Types of Rocks
Senior High School | Earth and Life Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11/12ES-Ib-10)
Senior High School | Earth Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11ES-Ic-6)
Please LIKE / FOLLOW and SHARE my other social media accounts.
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Slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieMahinay
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Blogger:
https://simpleabbiec.blogspot.com/?m=1
Weathering of Rocks
Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical or chemical means. Mechanical weathering physically breaks rocks down without changing their chemical composition, through processes like freezing and thawing, abrasion, and exfoliation. Chemical weathering changes the minerals in rocks through reactions with oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to form acids, resulting in processes like oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis. Examples of mechanical weathering include abrasion and freezing and thawing, while examples of chemical weathering include oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis.
Rocks and Minerals
This document discusses minerals and their properties. It defines minerals as naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystal structures. Minerals are the basic building blocks of rocks and are identified based on physical properties like hardness, color, streak, luster, cleavage, and fracture. The Philippines is very mineral-rich due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and ranks 5th globally in mineral deposits. Major metallic minerals found in the Philippines include gold, copper, iron, nickel, and cobalt, while non-metallic minerals include limestone, marble, and clay.
The earth system complete ppp
The document defines a system as having synergy, where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, and emergent properties that arise from interactions between components. It provides examples of how Earth's living and non-living parts, like the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere interact as a system. Each component works together in important ways to form the Earth system.
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The document discusses plate tectonics and the different types of plate boundaries. It explains that tectonic plates are giant pieces of the Earth's crust that are constantly moving. There are three main types of plate boundaries: constructive boundaries where plates move apart and new crust is formed, destructive boundaries where one plate moves under another, and conservative boundaries such as transform faults that offset movement at plate margins. The document also includes quiz questions to test understanding of these concepts.
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This document discusses the three main types of tectonic plate boundaries: convergent, divergent, and conservative. It provides information and diagrams of each boundary type, including examples. The learning objectives are to be able to draw and annotate cross-section diagrams of each plate boundary, labeling the key processes involved. Homework involves describing the multi-step processes shown in example diagrams of each boundary type.
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The document discusses three types of plate boundaries:
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Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift in 1910, hypothesizing that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener suggested that Earth's centrifugal force caused Pangaea to break apart and drift towards the equator. However, Wegener was unable to adequately explain the forces driving continental drift, and his theory was dismissed by the scientific community who believed the Earth was solid. In the 1960s, Harry Hess proposed seafloor spreading as the mechanism driving continental drift, based on patterns of magnetic rocks on the seafloor.
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There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates pull apart and new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates push together resulting in subduction and volcanic activity, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another along transform faults. Each boundary has distinct features like mid-ocean ridges, deep trenches, and fracture zones. Plate tectonics can be seen in examples around the world from the Himalayas to the Aleutian Islands.
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Plate Tectonics
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics, including what plates are made of, how they move at boundaries, and the evidence that supports plate tectonics. The lithosphere comprises the crust and rigid upper mantle, floating on the asthenosphere. Plates move at boundaries in three types - divergent, convergent, and transform - which are associated with volcanoes, earthquakes, and other surface phenomena. Evidence like matching continents, widespread fossil distributions, and matching rock formations support plate tectonics and the past connection of continents.
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Plate Boundaries, Tectonic Plates & Plate Tectonics
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Similar to Tectonic processes
Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement,
a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
WHAT IS A PLATE?
Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
The earth is a dynamic planet, continuously changing both externally and internally. The earth’s surface is constantly being changed by endo-genetic processes resulting in volcanism and tectonism, and exogenetic processes such as erosion and deposition. These processes have been active throughout geological history. The processes that change the surface feature are normally very slow (erosion and deposition) except some catastrophic changes that occur instantaneously as in the case of volcanism or earthquakes. The interior of the earth is also in motion. Deeper inside the earth, the liquid core probably flows at a geologically rapid rate of a few tenths of mm/s. Several hypotheses attempted to explain the dynamism of the earth.
+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
Seafloor Spreading
The first evidence that the lithospheric plates did move came with the discovery of variable magnetic field direction in rocks of differing ages.
Continental drift
1) Early scientists like Bacon and Snider-Pellegrini noticed similarities between continents like Africa and South America, but it was Wegener who first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915.
2) Evidence for continental drift includes matching coastlines, similarities in fossils found on different continents, matching rock types along coastlines, and geological features lining up across continents.
3) In the mid-20th century, discoveries of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics provided the mechanism of plate tectonics to explain continental drift, with ocean floors being created at mid-ocean ridges and spreading outward over time.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT HYPOTHESIS
This document discusses evidence that supports continental drift and plate tectonics theories. It describes how the Earth's crust is divided into plates that move over time, occasionally colliding or splitting apart. Fossil, rock formation, and climate data from separated continents provided early evidence that landmasses have drifted over hundreds of millions of years. Studies of the ocean floor revealed patterns of magnetic polarity reversals and symmetrical magnetic strips that supported the hypothesis of sea floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, with new crust forming and pushing older crust farther outward over time. Together this evidence established plate tectonics as the mechanism explaining continental movement and geological phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.
Plate tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence supporting continental drift. It describes how Wegener first proposed the hypothesis of continental drift in 1912 based on observations that the continents seemed to fit together. The document outlines several pieces of evidence that supported Wegener's hypothesis, including matching coastlines, shared fossil distributions, and geological and climatic similarities between separated continents. It then describes how the theory of seafloor spreading provided further evidence when studies in the 1940s and 1950s showed the ocean floor was younger than the continents and spreading occurred at mid-ocean ridges. Paleomagnetic data from the seafloor also supported seafloor spreading and continental drift. Today the theory of plate tectonics unifies
Chapter 3 Plate Tectonics
This document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912 and how the theory was rejected until the 1950s. The discovery of mid-ocean ridges provided evidence that the ocean floors were spreading and pushing the continents apart. Rocks and fossils found on separated continents matched and indicated they were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. The theory of plate tectonics emerged, linking continental drift and seafloor spreading to explain how the Earth's crust has evolved over time.
Chapter 3 Plate Tectonics
This document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912 and how the theory was rejected until the 1950s. The discovery of mid-ocean ridges provided evidence that the ocean floors were spreading and pushing the continents apart. Rocks and fossils found on separated continents matched and indicated they were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. The theory of plate tectonics emerged, linking continental drift and seafloor spreading to explain how the Earth's crust has evolved over time through the movement of tectonic plates.
Chapter 3 Plate Tectonics
This document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912 and how the theory was rejected until the 1950s. The discovery of mid-ocean ridges provided evidence that the ocean floors were spreading and pushing the continents apart. Rocks and fossils found on separated continents matched and indicated they were once joined as the supercontinent Pangaea. Plate tectonics emerged as a unified theory to explain these observations.
Chapter 3 Plate Tectonics
This document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912 and how the theory was rejected until the 1950s. The discovery of mid-ocean ridges provided evidence that the ocean floors were spreading and pushing the continents apart. Rock and fossil evidence also indicated that continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. The theory of plate tectonics emerged, linking ideas of continental drift and seafloor spreading to explain how tectonic plates move and cause geological features across the Earth.
Plate tectonics
Early evidence that led to the idea of continental drift included the matching coastlines of continents on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Alfred Wegener later proposed the hypothesis of continental drift, suggesting the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided additional evidence from rock and fossil distributions, but his hypothesis was rejected by most scientists at the time due to the lack of a proposed mechanism for continental movement. The development of technologies like sonar and magnetometers in the 1940s-50s revealed the structures of ocean ridges and trenches on the seafloor. Analysis of seafloor sediments and magnetic patterns from basalt flows provided evidence that the ocean floor spreads outward from mid-ocean ridges. This
Prema
plate tectonic theory,how seafloor spread and how mountain are build,polar wandering, Hot spot, kober's geosynclinal orogen hypothesis
2012 updated plate tectonics new one use this one backup
Plate tectonics theory proposes that Earth's outermost layer is broken into rigid tectonic plates that constantly move atop the asthenosphere in response to convection currents in the mantle, interacting along plate boundaries through divergent, convergent, and transform motion that creates geologic features like mid-ocean ridges, trenches, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Mapping of the seafloor revealed evidence like magnetic stripes and the ages of rocks that supported seafloor spreading and subduction, leading scientists in the 1960s to combine these ideas with continental drift into the unified theory of plate tectonics.
Natural Disasters Topic 3 (Plate Tectonics)
This document provides an overview of plate tectonic theory and the evidence that supports it. It discusses early ideas including continental drift theory and how the development of seafloor spreading theory addressed continental drift's lack of a driving mechanism. It then summarizes key evidence for seafloor spreading including the global system of mid-ocean ridges, patterns of magnetic reversals in ocean crust, and the age progression of ocean floors. This led to the modern theory of plate tectonics unifying continental drift and seafloor spreading.
Dynamic Earth Chapter 3 Plate Tectonics 1
This document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912, but it was not widely accepted until the 1950s with the discovery of mid-ocean ridges and evidence of seafloor spreading. The theory of plate tectonics links continental drift and seafloor spreading and explains how the Earth's crust has evolved over time as the lithospheric plates have moved and collided.
Contenental drift theory by Anurag Yadav
The theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 attempted to explain how continents shift positions over geologic time. It suggested that continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. Wegener's theory was rejected by scientists at the time due to lack of evidence for what forces could move continents. It was not widely accepted until the 1960s when seafloor spreading was discovered, providing a mechanism to explain continental drift through plate tectonics.
Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonic
I am a student of SUST and my subject is "Geography & Environment". Topic of this presentation is " Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonic ".
Plate Tectonic Theory.ppt
According to the theory of plate tectonics:
- The Earth's crust is broken into plates that slowly move over time;
- Plates interact at boundaries where they can collide, pull apart, or slide past one another;
- These interactions are responsible for geologic events like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.
Plate Tectonics I
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and the key individuals and discoveries that led to the development of the theory. It discusses Alfred Wegener's idea of continental drift in the early 20th century, which was initially rejected. It then covers the discoveries of the mid-ocean ridge system and magnetic striping of the ocean floor in the 1950s-60s, which provided evidence that the continents are moving and new crust is generated at ocean ridges through seafloor spreading. This led to the acceptance of plate tectonics as a scientific theory to explain geological phenomena.
Plate tectonics theory
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912, stating that continents were once joined together. Several lines of evidence supported this idea. Later, discoveries found seafloor spreading at ocean ridges. Harry Hess proposed plate tectonics theory in the 1960s, stating the outer Earth is broken into plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle. Plates interact at divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries, causing volcanic activity and earthquakes.
Diastrophism 111006063856-phpapp02 (1)
Diastrophism is the movement and deformation of the Earth's crust. Forces acting on the crust can cause it to fold, fault, or fracture. Folding occurs when crust crumples upward or downward into anticlines and synclines. Faulting happens when unequal forces cause crust to break along normal, reverse, or strike-slip faults. The movement of tectonic plates explains diastrophism, with convergent boundaries generating compression and uplift, divergent producing tension and rifting, and transform causing shear. Plate tectonics theory developed in the 1960s and explains phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.
Diastrophism 111006063856-phpapp02
Diastrophism is the movement and deformation of the Earth's crust. Forces acting on the crust can cause it to fold, fault, or fracture. Folding occurs when crust crumples and bends, forming anticlines and synclines. Faulting happens when unequal forces cause crust to break along fault lines, such as normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults. Plate tectonics theory explains how the Earth's plates slowly move and interact at boundaries, which can result in earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building, through divergent, convergent, and transform motion.
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Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement,
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Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
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Tectonic processes
- 1. Tectonic Processes: Theories and Plate Boundaries
- 2. Continental Drift Theory • In 1921 Alfred Lothar Wegener proposed the existence of supercontinent called Pangaea. Suggested that the continents were all originally part of huge landmass and had been spilt apart. • He noticed the close correlation of the coastline shapes of eastern South America and Western Africa.
- 3. Evidences Supporting the Theory • Distribution of Ancient Fossils • Geological Formations • Ice • Drifting of Continents (Plate Tectonics)
- 4. Distribution of Ancient Fossils • They found out that the deposits fossil remains of a certain plant species in Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, Antarctica, India and Australia follow in the same succession. • He noted that the mesosaurus a small reptile was both found in South Africa and Brazil. • The Identification of Lystrosaurus reptile skull in a sandstone layer in the Alexandria mountain range of Antarctica.
- 5. Geological Formations Wegener said that all continents are moving apart. He noticed that Africa and South America fit together almost like pieces in a giant jigsaw puzzle. He thought that all the continents might fit together. Rock formations from Africa and South America are of the same age and type.
- 6. Ice and Plate Tectonics • Three hundred million years ago, ice sheets covered many parts of South America Evidence has shown, that glaciers moved from the South America. • Plate tectonics can explain the phenomena of continental drift. Plates may either be carry a continental or an oceanic crust or both. Convection currents generated by heat from the center of the earth move these plates. This movement deep underground is transferred to the earths dramatic effect. • One of the objections to the continental drift theory is its inability to provide a mechanism that explains the movement of the continents across the globe.
- 7. Plate Tectonic Theory supported by the following evidences: • Paleomagnetism or fossil magnetism – refers to fossil (especially rocks) formed million years ago contain record of the magnetic poles at the time of their formation. A study of rock magnetism. • Distribution of Earthquakes – Earthquakes often occur along faults. Faults are breaks in a rock mass where plate movement has occurred , associated with plate boundaries.
- 8. Plate Boundaries Is a fracture separating one plate from another , the region where plates meet. All major interactions among the individual plates occur along their boundaries. There are three distinct types of boundaries based on the type of movement.. These are: •Convergent Boundary •Divergent Boundary •Transform Boundary
- 9. Convergent Boundary • Occurs when two plates move toward each other. Convergent boundaries are also subduction zone. I. Oceanic-continental convergence- forms trenches, destructive earthquakes, uplift of mountain ranges, and building of volcanic arc. II. Oceanic-oceanic convergence – forms trenches(Marianas Trench) and volcanic arc III.Continental-continental convergence – forms mountain ranges like Himalayan trench.
- 11. Divergent Boundary • Occurs when two plates move away. Most divergent boundaries occur along the crest of oceanic ridges. Divergent can also occur within a continent forming a rift.
- 12. Transform Fault Boundary • Occurs when plates slide horizontally past one another. Most within the ocean basin , but there are a few that can be found in continental plates.
- 14. Ocean Basin: Evolution and Characteristics • Continental Shelf – is a relatively shallow gently sloping part of the continental crust that borders the continent. (average depth of 130 m with a maximum width about 1300 km • Continental slope – after continental shelf, leads to deep water. (presence of submarine canyons) • Continental break – boundary between continental shelf and slope • Continental rise – more gradual incline , links the deep ocean basin floor to the continental slope
Editor's Notes
- This movement deep underground is transferred to the earths dramatic effect.