The document discusses the Middle Ages and the transition to the Modern Age across Europe from the 15th to 18th centuries. It covers several key events and developments, including the Protestant Reformation led by figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin; the Age of Discovery including Columbus' voyage to the Americas in 1492; the rise of strong monarchies and nation-states; and economic and social changes associated with the decline of feudalism and growth of trade and capitalism. The Ottoman Empire's control of the Mediterranean is cited as a factor driving European exploration of new trade routes.

1. REVIEWING THE MIDDLE AGES
THE MIDDLE AGES DRAW MY LIFE TIMELINE
LA EDAD MEDIA DRAW MY LIFE SPANISH

2. THE MIDDLE AGES
POLITICS SOCIETY ECONOMY CULTURE

3. Do you remember
many things about
the Middle Ages??? I passed the exams last year
But no idea about all of thesw...
Plase...No more history....
(YES/NO).
Yes. Perfect. You will know how is not going to be
the lifestyle in the following ages... (THE MODERN
AGES
No, it doesn't really matter... because most aspects
of society, economy, politics, even religion will
change...

4. THE START OF THE MODERN AGE. THE 15TH
AND 16TH CENTURIES

5. THE MODERN AGE
15th 18th
Discovery of América 1492
Capture of Constantinople by
the Turks 1453
French
Revolution:
1789
Geographical discoveries:
Portuguese → Africa
Spanish → America
Reason: To reach Asia.
Impossibility to cross the
Mediterranean sea under
the control of the Ottoman
empire
The split of Christianism
“Protestant Reformation”
“Wars of religion” Humanism and Renaissance: The
reborn of the classic culture, focus
on the Human Being instead of the
Religion.
Crisis in the
feudal system.
- Empowerment of
Monarchy.
-Ascent of the
bourgeoisie.
-Economy based on
possession.
Beginning of proto
capitalism.
Renaissance Baroque Enlightenment

6. Since the Middle Ages when some trade routes were developed: silk route, Marco Polo
route, the Species Route..The trade between Europe and Asia was indispensable for the
Economy, what makes the discovery of new territories. Europeans mainly bought
species
But... why some portuguese and spanish explorers discovered these territories?
How to reach India instead???

7. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IS THE REASON..
After the collapse of Constantinople under the Turks, they took control over the
Mediterranean Sea, the connection between Europe and Asia. Therefore, the trade
routes.
Western Europe was ruled by Christian kings, in war with the unfaithful world
(Ottomans). Therefore, Ottomans didn't allow to europeans to cross their territories
to reach Asia and the valued species.
They had no choice, so they started to think in new ways to arrive to India and
China...

8. Portuguese expeditions: They reached India bordering Africam.
Discovering the subsharian lanids.
Vasco de Gama was the first explorer
to reach India by sailing along the
african coast (1498)

9. Christopher Colombus was convinced that the world was round, his aim was to sail
westwards across the Atlantic to reach India. He set sail from Palos de la Frontera (Huelva),
stopped at the Canary Islands, and he landed on the Caribbean island of Guanahani, which
was renamed San Salvador on 12 ocobre 1492, discovering a new continent.
However, spanish people and himself believed that these lands were Asia (Cipango-Japan).
It wasn't until some decades later that they realised a new continent had been discoverd.
Colombus died withouth realising his achievement. However, he proved that the Earth was
round.

10. THE MODERN AGE
FROM THE FEUDAL SYSTEM TO THE MODERN
WORLD
● In political terms, MONARCHS ruled over nobility and city
goverments.
● Commerce became the main economic activity, more
important than agriculture (the base of the feudalism and the
feudal relations).
● The bourgeoisie made considerable fortunes due to the
commerce. Therefore, they increased their social status.
● It's the ending of the theocentrism (the belief that God is the
central aspect to our existence) replaced by the
anthropocentrism (The Human Being is the most significant
entity of the universe)

11. FEUDAL STATE → MODERN STATE
FEUDAL MONARCHY → AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHY
The King is a “primus
inter pares”. Nobles
had the economic and
social power.
Kings has major power in all terms,
they control commerce , the state
power, and authority in Parliament.
There is a huge difference between
nobles and kings.

12. IDEOLOGICAL CHANGES
THEOCENTRISM → ANTHROPOCENTRISM

13. THE BIRTH OF THE MODERN STATE

14. PUT YOURSELF IN THEIR
SHOES….
Imagine that you are a monarch in the 15th
century...What could you do to reinforce your
power..???? Any idea???????
Please,
do not be like me
at all.
Everybody hates Joffrey
Kill them all..??

15. Niccolò Machiavelli
Machiaveli quotes
He was a fiorentine diplomat and
philosopher, consider as the
father of the political science
Machiavelli Theory --> Machiavellism
He wrote “The Prince” a book of
instructions for rulers.
“The goal of government is to
attain and maintain power, and
that national or state interest
should have priority over te
rights and interests of
individuals”
“The end
Justifies
The means”

16. HOW DID AUTHORITARIAN
MONARCHS REINFORCED
THEIR POWER????
Controling others’ power by…
- Appointing high public posts (position of authority)
-Summoining (convocando) the Parliment (Cortes) as little as possible.
-Limiting the authority of the cities by sending “corregidores” to preside the
Meetings of the City councils.
Unifying and extending
Their territories by
Marriage or wars.
Impossing regular taxes
(providing kings with a
Regular income)
Establishing a diplomatic system
Repressentatives
(AMBASSADORS)
send to different courts to
defend the interest of their
countries in international politics
Proffesional permanent
ARMY, paid by the king, so
They obeyed his decissions.
Nobles weren’t allowed to
have private armies anymore
Establishing the
Court in one city
(the capital)
ACTIVITY: Give a heading to each instrument of royal power:
TERRITORIAL UNIFICATION / CONTROL OF THE STATE’S POWERS /
IMPROVED ADMINISTRATION / CREATION OF A PERMANENT ARMY /
ORGANISATION OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS)

17. DO YOU FIND ANY DIFFERENCE WITH THE CURRENT POLITICAL EUROPEAN MAP?????
ACTIVITY 5 PAGE 17.

21. - ATLANTIC OCEAN TRADE ROUTE: Really significant. It provided new products from
America to Europe, such us: Tobacoo, wood, coffee.
- THE SPICE ROUTE: controlled by the Portuguese (bordering the African coast to India
and Japan)
-GOLD AND SILVER ROUTE: controlled by the Castilians From Peru and Mexico to
Seville (the main spanish port during the Modern Age)
-PACIFIC ROUTE: linked Mexico with the Philippines (Manila)

25. SOCIAL PYRAMID IN THE MODERN AGE
KING
They gained authoritarian power over nobility and
clergy
HIGH
NOBILITY
LOW NOBILITY
“HIDALGOS”
LOW
CLERGY
HIGH
CLERGY
Bishops, cardinals, dukes, counts and marquis.
They accepted the increased power of the
monarch, they had economic power
(landowners), they didn't pay taxes.
Hidalgos, priests or monks, They
belonged to the priviliged group, but in
most cases they were poorer than the
bourgeoisie.
BOURGEOISIE:
Rich traders, merchants,
bakners
Grew wealthier with the
transoceanic trade, business
dealings and banking. They were
at the top of the 3rd estate
PEASANTRY
(Farmers, labourers, minor artisinas).
● In Western Europe they were no longer serfs
● In Eastern Europe they were tied to the land
(serfs)
They had to pay taxes to
the monarch, the
landowners and the
Church (Tithe)
PRIVILEGEDGROUP
1STESTATE
2ND
ESTATE
3RDESTATE
NON PRIVILEGED GROUP

29. REFORMATION AND COUNTER-
REFORMATION

30. CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION
● THE ABUSES OF THE CHURCH
- NEPOTISM: Favouritism by the
high-ranking clergy towards
members of their own family
when allocating ecclesiastic
positions.
-NICOLAISM: marriage of priests
-SIMONY: the sale of
ecclesiastical posts.
And the one that caused a major
impact on Marthin Luther
● THE INDULGENCES “pardon
for sins”
Adocument sold by bishops or
cardinals to forgive the sins to
whoever bought it.
-Luxury life of high clergy
-Little formal training and non-moral
behaivour of low clergy. Lacked
education, they didn't preach.
● DISDAIN FOR THE PAPACY AND
CLERGY

32. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
Marthin Luther posting his 95 thesis
in the Wittemberg's cathedral.
● 1515: The pope Leon X encouraged the sale of
indulgences with the aim of financing the
building of St. Peters 's Basilica (Vatican city)
● 1517: Luther displayed his 95 thesis agains
the sale of indulgences and other aspects of
catholicism.
● 1521: Luther was excommunicated
(excomulgado), in fact, suspended as a
membership of the religious community.
THE LUTHERAN DOGMA
- Salvation can be achieved by faith not
acts.Confession pardon sins.
- Everyone can interpet The Bible (free
interpretation)
- Only two sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist
- They didn't accept the cult of the Virgin and Saints.
- Priests could get married

33. CALVINISM
The calvinism doctrine was preached by John Calvin
from 1536 in Geneva (Switzerland).
The main point of his doctrine is that the salvation is
achieved through predestination. People are destined
by God to be saved or condemned, no matter how they
acts
John Calvin
The calvinisits in France
were called Hugonotes,
which began a cruel civil
war against the catholics
over 30 years.

34. HENRY VIII - THE SIMPSONS
HENRY VIII TUDOR – A VERY
CONTROVERSIAL MONARCH
Watch the following videos and answer
the questions...
● Why did Henry VIII decide to abandon
the Catholicism?
● What was the new doctrine appeared
instead?
● Who was the leadership of the
Anglican Church?
● What were some of their
consequences?
1. Catherine of Aragon (marriage annulled)
2. Anne Boleyn (marriage annulled, then
beheaded)
3. Jane Seymour (died twelve days after
giving birth to Edward VI)
4. Anne of Cleves (marriage annulled)
5. Catherine Howard (beheaded)
6. Catherine Parr (widowed at death of
Henry VIII)
HENRY VIII - CHURCH

35. LUTHERANISM CALVINISM ANGLICANISM
REFORMER MARTIN LUTHER JOHN CALVIN HENRY VIII
SPREAD Germany, Sweden,
Finland, Norway,
Baltic Countries.
Switzerland, The
Low countries,
Scotland, France
(Hugonotes)
England
BASES DOCTRINE Salvation is
achieved through
faith.
Salvation is
achieved through
predestination
Salvation is achieved
through faith
ORIGIN Luther displayed
his “95 thesis”
Wittenberg's
Cathedral in 1517
It was based on
Lutheranism but
with some
differences
Henry’s VIII divorce
from Catalina de
Aragón.
The Act of
Supremacy was
created (1534)

36. ACT. 4 PAGE 21: COMMENTING A MAP

39. ACTIVITY 3 PAGE 21.

40. The Counter - Reformation
● As the reformation was spreading rapidly. The catholic Church
began its own reform to halt (parar) that spread
This new reform was based on two aims:
THE COUNCIL OF TRENT (1545-1563)
A conference of ecclesiastical dignitaries
(the pope, high clergy and the emperor
Carlos V attended it. Celebrated in the
italian city of Trent, where was redefined
the Catholic doctrine. It involved
● Creation of a catechism (clear
and elaborated doctrine)
● Creation of seminars (to train
priests)
● Good deeds (buenos actos) are
needed to attain salvation
● Only the Church can interpret
the bible.
● There were 7 sacraments
● The Virgin and the Saints are
subjects of devotion
● Set out rules to helt disdain for
clergy.
Regain followers from the reformating doctrinesRedefined the Catholic doctrine

41. The counterreformation also created....
THE roman INQUISITION (Congregación del Santo Oficio).
It was religious tribunal
created by the Pope
Paulo III to supress and
pursue heresy.
PROCEDURE
1) Anyone denounces
someone for heretic
(hereje) to the Santo
Oficio.
2) A secret
investigation began to
verify the heresy.
3) The heretic was
condemned to
Economic sanctions: expropiation of properties, fines
Corporal punishments: from lashes, to the death: burn
them alive.... The punishments were public and called:
autos de fe. The intention was to show the
consequences of heresy.
Auto de fe in Plaza Mayor (Francisco Rici)

42. The Counterreformation also created...
● The Society of Jesus: founded by San
Ignacio de Loyola.
Catholic congregation which recieved
theological training and dedicated
themsevles to preaching and
education. Do you know that....?
The spread, popularity and importance of the holy
pasos date back to the Counterreformation time.
As protestants didn't sanctify saints and the Virgin. The
catholic started to worship them in public and religious
processions.

43. THE CATHOLIC COUNTER- REFORMATION
● What it was?
● Why did it happen?
● When and Where did it happen?
● What were their consequences?

44. Link each characteristic to its doctrine
CATHOLICISM
LUTHERANISM
ANGLICANISM
CALVINISM
● Salvation is attain by predestination
● The King declared himself head of the Church
● Only two sacraments are accepted.
● The Saints and the Virgin are subjects of devotion
● Free interpretation of the Bible
● Popular in the Netherlands, Switzerland, Scotland and France.
● Carlos V supported that doctrine.
Who could have said the following quotes?
“Forgiveness is God's command”
“A single friar (fraile) who goes counter to all Christianity for a thousand
years must be wrong”
“Two behadings out of six wives is too many”

45. HUMANISM AND HUMANISTS
It was a cultural and philosophical movement occurred in the 15th century that was
spread through Europe. Its main idea was anthropocentrism. Some other
characteristics are.
Importance of
science and
technology as a
product of human
intelligence and as
a help of progress.
Classical cultures (Greek
and Latin) were taken as
a model. Many greek and
latin authors were
translated and studied.
Mankind was
conceived as being
at the centre of the
world.
Foundation of
Academies, which
disseminated
knowledge about
classical culture.
The Printing press helped to
spread the humanistic ideas
Journeys permited the
exchange of ideas between
intellectuals from different
countries.

46. HUMANISTS
ERASMO DE ROTTERDAM
THOMAS MORE COPERNICUS
ACTIVITY: WHO WAS WHO??????
A) First peson to formulate the Theory of heliocentrism (Sun at the centre of the universe
and the Earth revolved around it)
B) Dutchman and religious philosopher who criticised the abuse of the Chuch. But he
never denaid the authority of the Pope and remaind a member of the Catholic church.
Consider the father of the Humanism.
C) Lord cancellor of HenryVIII. He wrote Utopia where he criticised a greedy society and
exposed in his book a perfect State where everyone was equal. He was behaded after
refusing the anglican church.

47. VOCABULARY
● Humanism: intellectual movement that admired
the Classical Age, considered human beings to
be the centre of the universe and used reason
to explain reality,. It was developed during the
Renaissance in Europe.
● Renaissance: it is a historical period between
the 15th and 16th century, considered the
bridge between the Middle Ages and Modern
Age. It started in Italy as a cultural movement
derived from the rediscovery of classical Greek
and Romans culture. It is in real conection with
the humanism. It was also an artistic style.

48. ● Reformation: religious movement begun by
Martin Luther in the 16th century as a result
of corruption in the church. It leaded to the
split of Christianity into Protestantism and
Catholicism.
● Counter-Reformation: internal reform of the
Catholic Church to combat the rise of
Protestantism and also to improve the
catholic doctrine.

50.  Urban art
 Humanism thoughts –> Anthropocentrism –>
Represented in art
 They looked for human ideal beauty, perfection and
harmony.
 The renaissance men studied about nature and
human anatomy. (A deep study of proportion) 7
heads/1 body.
 Secular art: Greek and Roman mythology themes,
but religious too.
 Prestige to the artist. They had a great social
recognition. Wealthy patrons supported artists.

51.  THE RENAISSANCE ART IS DIVIDED INTO TWO STYLES:
– CUATROCCENTO: XV century
● It was developed in Florence, it was promoted by the
Medicis.
● The most famous artists were: Brunelleschi
(Architecture); Donatello and Ghiberti (Sculpture);
Botticelli (Painting)
– QUINCUECCENTO: XVI century
● The mature Renaissance. The technique of every artistic
style was improved .
● The centre of its art was Rome and promoted by the
Popes.
● Artists: Michelangelo (architecture, sculpture and
painting);
Leonardo da Vinci (painting), Raphael Sanzio (painting)

52. They were inspired on Greek and Roman art.
They used:
-Columns: doric, lonic and corinthian
-Half-point arch (semicircular arches)
-Vaulted roofs
-Floor plan: Greek Cross and Latin Cross or
circular
-Pediments
They focused on proportion.
They created churches and palaces
The main architects were: Brunelleschi,
Michelangelo, Bramante or Alberti.

53. DORIC IONIC CORINTHIAN

55. Harmony
created a linear
perspective,
used to create a
sense of depth.
It consists of a
series of lines
that converge at
a single point
(vanishig point
→ Punto de
fuga)

56. CHURCH OF SAN
LORENZO
BY
BRUNELLESCHI
Latin cross floor
plan

57. Lantern
(Linterna)
Dome
Cúpula

58. Scrolls
(Volutas)
Semicircular
arches
Triangular
Pediment
(frontón)
Rose Window
(Rosetón)
Corinthian
columns

60.  Sculptures depicted religious and mythological
themes
 They were focused on the ideal human
proportions and naked forms.
 It was characterised by the beauty and
idealisation of the figures.
 The most common materials were: bronze and
marble.
 They looked for the feeling in their expressions.
 The main sculptors were: Donatello,
Michelangelo and Ghiberti.

61. QUATTROCENTO

62. CINQUECENTO

65.  The main techniques were fresco on walls, oil
painting or tempera for painting on wood panels
or canvas.
 Themes represented: mythological, religious,
portraits.
 Scenes appear to have depth thanks to the use of
perspective.
 Figures are natural, have more volume and are
more realistic.
 The most important artists were: Botticelli,
Rafael, Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci.

67. Colorful painting, using the linear perspective at the background (sky and clouds)

68. Leonardo Da Vinci's major
technical contribution was the
SFUMATO TECHNIQUE, that
consist of applying a kind of fog in
the background of the image to
generate depth or profundity.
Blurred: difuminado

71.  During the quincueccento another
artistic school was developed, which
focused on painting in Venice. Its main
important artists were:
– Tiziano
– Tintorreto
Their paintings were very colourful, with the
representation of natural atmospheres and
sensuality in the naked humans.

75.  JAN VAN EICK: THE ARNOLFINI MARRIAGE