The document summarizes the structure and composition of Earth's interior. It has four main layers from innermost to outermost - the solid inner core made of iron and nickel, the liquid outer core also made of iron and nickel, the solid mantle made of iron, silicon and magnesium minerals, and the rigid outer crust made of lighter rock. Temperature and pressure increase from the crust towards the core. The crust is thinnest under oceans and thickest under mountains.
Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement, Jahangir Alam
a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
WHAT IS A PLATE?
Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
The earth is a dynamic planet, continuously changing both externally and internally. The earth’s surface is constantly being changed by endo-genetic processes resulting in volcanism and tectonism, and exogenetic processes such as erosion and deposition. These processes have been active throughout geological history. The processes that change the surface feature are normally very slow (erosion and deposition) except some catastrophic changes that occur instantaneously as in the case of volcanism or earthquakes. The interior of the earth is also in motion. Deeper inside the earth, the liquid core probably flows at a geologically rapid rate of a few tenths of mm/s. Several hypotheses attempted to explain the dynamism of the earth.
+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
Seafloor Spreading
The first evidence that the lithospheric plates did move came with the discovery of variable magnetic field direction in rocks of differing ages.
Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement, Jahangir Alam
a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
WHAT IS A PLATE?
Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
The earth is a dynamic planet, continuously changing both externally and internally. The earth’s surface is constantly being changed by endo-genetic processes resulting in volcanism and tectonism, and exogenetic processes such as erosion and deposition. These processes have been active throughout geological history. The processes that change the surface feature are normally very slow (erosion and deposition) except some catastrophic changes that occur instantaneously as in the case of volcanism or earthquakes. The interior of the earth is also in motion. Deeper inside the earth, the liquid core probably flows at a geologically rapid rate of a few tenths of mm/s. Several hypotheses attempted to explain the dynamism of the earth.
+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
Seafloor Spreading
The first evidence that the lithospheric plates did move came with the discovery of variable magnetic field direction in rocks of differing ages.
Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion.
Response of material to the arrival of energy fronts released by rupture.
Energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs.
Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion.
Response of material to the arrival of energy fronts released by rupture.
Energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs.
Oceanography is an interesting subject. Geological oceanography deals with a lot of unique aspects of the oceans including the ocean morphology and relief, continental margins, tectonic processes acting on the ocean bottoms, marine mineral resources, and the deep sea deposits. The subject also focuses on the never ending dynamic processes like ocean waters, ocean currents and their impacts with reference to space and time. Understanding the tectonic disposition and movement of crustal plates are an important part while studying the earth and atmospheric sciences, in general and oceanography, in particular. The continental margins and the deep ocean basins are the two major aspects to be understood in this subject. This lesson is on the characteristics of continental margins.
Plate Tectonic is a theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates which move slowly over the underlying mantle.
Take Test Quiz - Week 2 Bottom of FormQuestion 1 1. Of the .docxssuserf9c51d
Take Test: Quiz - Week 2
Bottom of Form
Question 1
1. Of the two main sources of Energy that drive the Rock Cycle:
1) Earth's Internal Heat
2) Solar Energy
Match these primary sources of energy to the rock types listed below, meaning that this energy source is responsible for the formation of this rock type.
Sedimentary Rocks are primarily formed by __________
Igneous Rocks are primarily formed by ____________
Question 2
1. Match the Plate Boundary Type with the given locations/features on Earth
Divergent boundary
Transform boundary
1.
Convergent boundary
Continental rift
A.
East African Rift
B.
Himalaya Mountains along the Indian Plate
C.
San Andreas fault in CA
D.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Question 3
1. Wegener's Continental drift hypothesis paved the way towards our understanding of how the Earth's surface is moving and changing! Which of the follow is NOT evidence that Wegener and his supporters gathered to substantiate ("prove") the continental drift hypothesis?
Fossils match across the seas
Mountain ranges and rock types match on different continents
Ancient climates match, as seen in glacial desposts across several continents
The continents appear to fit together like a jigsaw puzzle
The mechanism for the movement of the continents was proven, explaining exactly how the plates drifted
1 points
Question 4
1. Identify the rock in the image (CLICK on "Rock_1.jpg to download the image). Is it sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic? Can you give a more specific name for this rock
Question 5
1. Plate movements can affect which of the following earth systems/processes?
A.
Volcanoes
B.
Earthquakes
C.
Mountains
D.
Migrating Continents and Oceans
E.
All of the above
1 points
Question 6
1. Identify the rock in the image (CLICK on "Rock_2.jpg to download the image). Is it sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic? Can you give a more specific name for this rock?
Question 7
1. Think About It: If other planets in our Solar System are not displaying signs of Plate Tectonic motions, what can be inferred about the state of the interior of these planets? (What does this tell us about the state of the interior of other planets in our Solar System)
Question 8
1. When a rock is heated, when pressure increases, or when hot water alters its chemistry, both its minerals and its textures change in a process called _____________.
chemical lithification
metamorphism
abrasion
bedding
Question 9
1. When a sedimentary rock is created it forever remains a sedimentary rock, never changing.
True
False
Question 10
1. Which of the following statements apply to the asthenosphere, but not the lithosphere?
A.
Zone in the upper mantle that deforms by plastic flowage
B.
Cool, ridge layer of crust and upper mantle that forms the tectonic plates
C.
Deforms mainly by brittle fracturing and faulting
D.
Hard surface which floats on top of molten material
Question ...
26. 3. _____________ and ______________ have a good match of ancient continental rocks and tectonic _________ and _________ structures. S. America Africa fault fold
27. 4. Some mountain chains appear to be continuous from ____________ to______________ continent continent
28. 5. Evidence of _________ climates different from present. ancient Ex . Finding coal beds which indicate tropical climates
36. 6 . Rocks of the ocean basins are _________ than continental rocks. younger
37.
38. Material from deep within the earth comes to the surface at the ___________________ where it spreads apart to make ________________. Ocean ridges New ocean crust
49. Rocks found farther from the ridges have a _____________ magnetic polarity. Parallel stripes of ________________ on either side of these ridges preserve the record of many ____________ of the earth’s magnetic field. reversed magnetism reversals
52. C. The _______ _________ (basaltic) igneous rocks of the crust near the ocean ridges are covered with a thin layer of ____________. dark dense sediment
53. This is evidence that the earth’s crust is very ___________ near the ridges. young
54.
55.
56. The oldest parts of the ocean crust are found far from the ___________ ridges and near the _______________ ocean continents
57.
58.
59.
60. Lithospheric Plates ___________ in size and are made up of a combination of ___________ crust and ______________ crust vary oceanic continental
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66. Aerial view of the San Andreas fault slicing through the Carrizo Plain in the Temblor Range east of the city of San Luis Obispo. (Photograph by Robert E. Wallace, USGS.)
70. 1b.When two ocean plates converge the _______ ___________ocean plate will __________ forming an ____________ ________ older subduct island arc denser
76. 2.At ____________ plate boundaries, the plates move ___________ and ________ flows up forming parallel ridges made of _______ __________ __________ divergent magma new igneous apart rock
88. The two sources of this heat are: 1. 2. Residual (leftover) heat from the formation of the Earth Heat generated from radioactive decay from the core of the earth
89.
90.
91. As a plate passes over a hot spot, a _______________ _______________ forms CHAIN OF VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS
92.
93. The tectonic plate moves over a fixed hotspot forming a chain of volcanoes. The volcanoes get younger from one end to the other.
94.
95. The only mountain that _______ ________ is the mountain located directly over the _____ ______ remains active hot spot