The document summarizes key aspects of the secondary sector, which includes industries that transform raw materials into goods. It describes the main activities in the secondary sector as industry, mining, energy production, and construction. Industry transforms raw materials into manufactured products or semi-finished products using raw materials, energy sources, and production factors. Mining locates, extracts, and refines rocks and minerals. Energy production transforms energy sources into heat and electricity. Construction creates buildings and infrastructure using plans and building materials. The document also discusses raw materials production, consumption, and problems related to scarcity. It notes that offshoring has moved many industries to developing countries with lower labor costs.

1. UNIT 6. THE SECONDARY SECTOR (PART 1)
MARINO MAQUEDA

2. What are the activities indluded in the
secondary sector?
The secondary sector includes any activity concerned
with the transformation of raw materials into product
to satisfy people's needs
INDUSRTY
MINING
ENERGY
PRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION

3. INDUSTRY
Transforms raw materias into..
●
Manufactures products (finished products to be consumed)
●
Semi-finished products (to be used in other industrial processes)
Industry requires 3 elements
RAW MATERIALS ENERGY SOURCES
PRODUCTION
FACTORS

4. MINING
Mining is concerned with locating,
extracting and refining rocks and
minerals found on or beneath the
surface.
In the mining activity are
necessary:
-Prospective methods to
locate minerals.
-Extraction techniques to
obtain minerals.
-Refining systems to
separate the mineral that
can be used or from the
rock that contains it.

5. ENERGY PRODUCTION
Transfors energy sources into heat and electricity in
specialised installations (Power Stations)

6. CONSTRUCTION
➢ Creation of buildings and infrastructures (roads,
reservoirs, bridges...). Are necessary:
PLANS
BUILDING MATERIALS:
BRICKS, STONE,
CEMENT, SAND

7. 2. RAW MATERIALS

8. 2. RAW MATERIALS

9. Look at the map, (book page 133) ...is the distribution of minerals around the
world equal?
-Which countries produce largest quantities of minerals?

10. PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN RAW
MATERIALS
MAIN PRODUCING
COUNTRIES:
- CANADA
-AUSTRALIA
-RUSSIA
-BRAZIL
-SOUTH AFRICA
-USA
-CHINA
Some countries have specific resources, such us:
-The Middle East (Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia... → CRUDE OIL
-Dem. Rep. Congo → COLTAN
- Ivory Coast → COCOA
What do they have
In common?
What do you think
Is the most important
Raw material?

11. 1) What's the country with the highest levels of mineral raw materials?
2) What's the main producing country of Platinium metals?
3) What's the main country of cobalt?

12. PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN RAW
MATERIALS
The consumption of raw
materials is concentrated in:
1) Western Europe
2) USA
3) Japan
4) China
5) India
Reasons:
● Most industrialized regions
● Populated areas
● Consumeriest society (sociedad
consumista)
China comsuption
of raw materials

13. Some of the main producing countries of crude oil are organised in the
OPEP: Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. Countries such
us:
Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Qatar, Libya, UAE, Venezuela, Ecuador,
Nigeria...

14. PROBLEMS WITH REGARD TO RAW
MATERIALS

15. The scarcity of raw materials leads to conflicts...
Major consumer countries and multinationals want to
control these resources...let's see the example of Coltan
ACTIVITIES:
●
DO YOU KNOW WHAT COLTAN
IS?
●
WHAT IS IT USED FOR?
●
WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?
●
WHAT'S THE MAIN PROBLEM
CAUSED BY COLTAN?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBis6Q4SmNw BLOODY COLTAN

16. ENERGY SOURCES
DEFINING A CONCEPT
What it is?
What does it consist of?
Why is it important?
Energy sources: natural resources that are transformed into energy
with the aim of providing heat and electricity to human use
Such us: natural gas, nuclear power, wind power...

17. ENERGY SOURCES
Energy sources can be clasiffied depending on where they started to
be used:
TRADITIONAL ENERGY
SOURCES
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
SOURCES

18. ENERGY SOURCES
At the same time, energy sources can be clasiffied regarding their
environmental impact
RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
NON RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES

19. 1) What's the most extended energy source?
2) Which countries provide a major amount of renewable energy?
3) What do you think about this distribution? Consequences???? New tendencies?

20. ENERGY CONSUMPTION
1) Are we using more renewable or non-renewable energies?
2) What's the most consumed energy source?
3) What energy sources have an increasing tendency in the last decade?
4) What energy source is supposed to have a high increasing in the future
decades?

21. ENERGY SOURCES IN SPAIN

22. OECD countries: are the main global energy consumers, therefore
the most developed ones. The consumption levels: transport,
industry and homes.

23. INDUSTRY AND GLOBALISATION
TYPES OF INDUSTRY
ACCORDING TO THEIR POSITION
INTHE PRODUCTION PROCESS
● HEAVY INDUSTRY: procudes
semi-finished products (iron and
steel industry. Petrochemistry)
● CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRY:
transforms semi-finished
products into equipments needed
by other industries (machinery,
industrial equipment,
construction: cement, transport.)
● CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRY:
manufactures products intended
directly for consumers: textiles,
canned food, paper..
ACCORDING TO
THE WEIGHT OF
RAW MATERIALS
● HEAVY INDUSTRY
(large quantities of
heavy raw materials)
● SEMI-HEAVY
INDUSTRY (raw
materials on a
smaller scale)
● LIGHT INDUSTRY
(uses lightweight
materials)
ACCORDING TO
ITS TECHNOLOGY
● LOW TECHNOLOGY:
traditional industries,
steel industry,
shipbuildings.
● MATURE
TECHNOLOGY:
(stagnant) car
industry,
petrochemistry.
● HIGH-TECH: major
expansion:
telecommunications,
biotechnology,
computing,
pharmaceutical

24. Petrochemistry industry, oil refinery.
Steel Industry:
blust furnace
(altos hornos)
Shipbuilding: astilleros
HEAVY
INDUSTRIES

25. CAPITAL GOODS
INDUSTRY:
- Construction
materials
- Aerospace
- Industrial
equipment

26. Drug industry plant
Textile industry in Pakistan
CONSUMER
GOODS INDUSTRY
Canned food industry
Car Industry

27. WHERE TO LOCATE
AN INDUSTRY????

28. Obviously there are some factors that influence more
than others in the indutrial location. Any guess about the
most important one???
THEY ARE ALWAYS LOCATED IN PLACES THAT
PROVIDE THE MOST FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS
TO ERAN THE MAXIMUM PROFIT

31. 1) Name the industrialized european regions and the type of industry per each one.
2) What's the factor that influence the location of industries per each one?

36. INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPES
Industrial Park – Polígono Industrial
Usually located in the outskirts of a city, close to main transport routes
as: motorways or railway stations.

37. Science Park – Parque Tecnológico in Gijon (Asturias)
They tend to be located in the outskirts of a big city, in places with high
environmental quality.

38. Other industries are located next to ports (specially in China) to export in these big sea
containers their manufactured products.

39. Why most of the products we buy
come from developing countries?
While high-tech industries are located
in developed countries due to the
advanced infrastructures provided, the
higher number of qualified labour force
and a higher purchase power...
In developing countries are located
most of the mature, low-technology
and consumer goods industries due to
offshoring (deslocalización industrial)
It is a phenomenon that
consists of the moving of
industries from developed
regions to developing ones
due to the lower labour force
cost, more permissive
environmental legislation and
dutty-free zones.

41. INDUSTRIAL OFFSHORING
(DESLOCALIZACIÓN INDUSTRIAL)
CAUSES
● Globalisation
● Cheap labour force
● Abundant labour force
● More flexilble
environmental restrictions
(Industries can generate
freely more wastes)
● More flexible labour
conditions (hours at work,
lack of insurances..)
● Tax benefits (in some
developing countries)
CONSEQUENCES
● More job opportunities in
developing countries
● Less job opportunities in
developed countries
● Environmental Pollution
● Explotation of labour
force.
*In some cases child
labour
● The appearance of new
world industrial areas.

42. STUDYING A CASE.. INDITEX

43. COMPARING LABOUR
COSTS IN DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES

44. Textile factory in China

46. THE WORLD'S INDUSTRIAL AREAS
HISTORICAL INDUSTRIAL
REGIONS
- The UNITED STATES
- JAPAN
- EUROPEAN UNION
They are developing a
high-tech industry.
And also, many
businesses have their
headquarters (sede
central) in these
regions.
However, industry is in
decline due to
offshoring of basic
and heavy industry
(steel) or consumer
goods industries
(textiles, cars..)
EMERGING COUNTRIES
-BRICS
-AUSTRALIA
-NEW ZEALAND
They are suffering a highly
developed and growing
industrialisation due to
offshoring. (They are the
factories of the globe)
They are beginning to set up
their own high-tech industries.
Today, multinationals created
in these countries have begun
their own offshoring, moving to
the most underdeveloped
countries (cheapest labour
force)
THE LEAST
INDUSTRIALISED
AREAS
-SUB-SAHARAN
AFRICA
-In these countries
there aren't
resources or capital
for industrial
development, poor
communitations and
limited markets.
However, factories
producing low-tech
goods are being set
up in here by the
offshoring leaded by
emerging countries.

47. EX. 4 Page. 150.