This document discusses various cardiovascular measurements. It begins by describing the objectives of learning about measurements like ECG, blood pressure, and cardiac measurements. It then focuses on describing methods of measuring cardiac function, including blood pressure, electrocardiogram, stress tests, and angiography. The document provides detailed information about indirect and direct blood pressure measurement techniques, such as using a sphygmomanometer, catheterization, and percutaneous insertion. It discusses measuring locations like the arterial, venous and pulmonary systems. In closing, it briefly overview's heart anatomy.
This document discusses various types of physiological transducers. It begins by distinguishing between active transducers, which generate their own output signals, and passive transducers, which require an external power source. Passive transducers are then classified based on the transduction principle used, including resistive, capacitive, and inductive elements. The document also covers transducers used for biomedical applications, such as force, displacement, velocity, and pressure transducers. It provides examples of common transducers like strain gauges, thermistors, and linear variable differential transformers.
This document discusses various medical devices and technologies that use sensors. It describes sensors that measure bioelectric signals, technologies like X-rays and ultrasounds, and how computers helped make complex medical sensors feasible. It also discusses different types of biomedical sensors and provides examples like pacemakers, ECGs, and blood glucose meters. Overall, the document outlines the important role sensors play in various medical applications and technologies that have helped improve human health and care.
Biopotentials are ionic voltages produced by electrochemical activity in cells. Certain cells like nerve and muscle cells are encased in a semi-permeable membrane that allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out. These membranes maintain a resting potential of -60 to -100 mV by allowing potassium and chloride ions into the cell while blocking sodium ions. When the membrane allows sodium ions to pass through, the cell's potential becomes slightly positive in what is called an action potential, changing the cell from its resting state. Transducers are used to convert these ionic potentials into electrical signals that can be measured and analyzed.
This document provides information about electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and patient monitoring. It discusses how EEG is used to measure brain activity through electrodes on the scalp. It describes the different frequency bands seen on EEG and how they relate to mental states. The document outlines the components of an EEG recording system and various EEG artifacts. It also discusses EMG and how it is used to measure muscle electrical activity. Finally, it covers patient monitoring systems, including bedside monitors, central monitoring stations, and the parameters that are measured like heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate.
Blood flow measurement involves quantifying the factors influencing blood pressure and flow. It aids in diagnosing and managing critically ill patients. There are invasive and non-invasive methods to measure blood flow in single vessels or tissue. Common techniques include electromagnetic flow meters, ultrasonic Doppler and transit-time flow meters, which use principles like electromagnetic induction or ultrasound to determine flow rate. Precise blood flow measurement is important for understanding cardiovascular conditions.
This document discusses biopotentials and methods for measuring them. It begins with an introduction to biopotentials and what they are. It then discusses the mechanisms behind biopotentials, focusing on ion concentrations and how they generate electrical potentials. The rest of the document discusses specific measurement methods like ECG, EEG, EMG, EOG, and considerations for biopotential measurement like electronics, electrodes, and practices.
This document discusses various types of physiological transducers. It begins by distinguishing between active transducers, which generate their own output signals, and passive transducers, which require an external power source. Passive transducers are then classified based on the transduction principle used, including resistive, capacitive, and inductive elements. The document also covers transducers used for biomedical applications, such as force, displacement, velocity, and pressure transducers. It provides examples of common transducers like strain gauges, thermistors, and linear variable differential transformers.
This document discusses various medical devices and technologies that use sensors. It describes sensors that measure bioelectric signals, technologies like X-rays and ultrasounds, and how computers helped make complex medical sensors feasible. It also discusses different types of biomedical sensors and provides examples like pacemakers, ECGs, and blood glucose meters. Overall, the document outlines the important role sensors play in various medical applications and technologies that have helped improve human health and care.
Biopotentials are ionic voltages produced by electrochemical activity in cells. Certain cells like nerve and muscle cells are encased in a semi-permeable membrane that allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out. These membranes maintain a resting potential of -60 to -100 mV by allowing potassium and chloride ions into the cell while blocking sodium ions. When the membrane allows sodium ions to pass through, the cell's potential becomes slightly positive in what is called an action potential, changing the cell from its resting state. Transducers are used to convert these ionic potentials into electrical signals that can be measured and analyzed.
This document provides information about electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and patient monitoring. It discusses how EEG is used to measure brain activity through electrodes on the scalp. It describes the different frequency bands seen on EEG and how they relate to mental states. The document outlines the components of an EEG recording system and various EEG artifacts. It also discusses EMG and how it is used to measure muscle electrical activity. Finally, it covers patient monitoring systems, including bedside monitors, central monitoring stations, and the parameters that are measured like heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate.
Blood flow measurement involves quantifying the factors influencing blood pressure and flow. It aids in diagnosing and managing critically ill patients. There are invasive and non-invasive methods to measure blood flow in single vessels or tissue. Common techniques include electromagnetic flow meters, ultrasonic Doppler and transit-time flow meters, which use principles like electromagnetic induction or ultrasound to determine flow rate. Precise blood flow measurement is important for understanding cardiovascular conditions.
This document discusses biopotentials and methods for measuring them. It begins with an introduction to biopotentials and what they are. It then discusses the mechanisms behind biopotentials, focusing on ion concentrations and how they generate electrical potentials. The rest of the document discusses specific measurement methods like ECG, EEG, EMG, EOG, and considerations for biopotential measurement like electronics, electrodes, and practices.
YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT ELECTRODES IN BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION, TYPES OF ELECTRODES, BODY SURFACE ELECTRODES, NEEDLE ELECTRODE, MICRO ELECTRODE, APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRODES
The document discusses an electromagnetic blood flow meter. It operates based on electromagnetic induction principles, inducing an EMF in blood flowing through a vessel perpendicular to a magnetic field. Electrodes placed across the vessel measure this induced EMF, which is proportional to blood velocity. The small EMF signal is amplified for measurement and low pass filtered to determine average blood flow rate. Advantages include a linear dynamic range and no mechanical limitations for measuring high and low blood flows.
Bioelectric potentials like electrocardiograms, electroencephalograms, and electromyograms can be measured using electrodes that convert ionic currents in the body into electric signals. An electrocardiogram measures the electric potentials generated by heart muscle contractions and shows characteristic P, QRS, and T waves. The heart is divided into four chambers with the right atrium and ventricle receiving deoxygenated blood and the left atrium and ventricle pumping oxygenated blood. Electroencephalograms measure brain activity through electrodes on the scalp and show different wave patterns based on sleep states. Electromyograms detect muscle fiber activation.
The document discusses various instruments used for respiratory and blood measurements. It describes pneumographs which detect respiration through chest movements. Spirometers are used to measure lung volumes and capacities. Impedance pneumography monitors respiration rate using changes in chest impedance during breathing. Other topics covered include blood cell counting methods like Coulter and optical techniques, electromagnetic and ultrasonic blood flow meters, and measuring blood pH using glass electrodes in blood gas analyzers.
Bio signal characteristics and recording modesBharathasreejaG
YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT BIO ELECTRIC SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS # RECORDING MODES # BASICS OF BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION UNIT II CONTENTS # MEDICAL ELECTRONICS BIO ELECTRIC SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS
This document discusses different types of electrodes used to measure electrical activity in the body. It describes various classifications of transducers including passive vs active, absolute vs relative, direct vs complex, analog vs digital, and primary vs secondary. It also explains different electrode principles such as capacitive, inductive, and resistive. The document outlines types of electrodes like surface electrodes, needle electrodes, and microelectrodes and provides examples of each. It discusses factors to consider when selecting a transducer and electrodes used to measure specific physiological variables.
This document discusses methods of measuring cardiac output. It begins with a brief history noting Adolf Fick first developed a technique for measuring cardiac output in 1870 using what is now called the Fick principle. It then describes several methods including invasive techniques using a pulmonary artery catheter and non-invasive options like echocardiography, esophageal Doppler, and impedance cardiography. The document emphasizes the importance of cardiac output for oxygen delivery and assessing cardiovascular function in critically ill patients.
Biomedical Instrumentation and its Fundamentals,Bio electric Signals(ECG, EMG ,EEG)and its Electrodes ,Physiological Transducers,Blood Pressure ,Blood Flow,Cardiac Output ,Patient Safety,Physiological Effects of Electric current on human body etc...
This slide summarize all the ways to measure the blood pressure in an very easy manner.This slide specially explains all invasive methods of blood pressure measurement with real world images and examples.
The document discusses various methods for measuring blood flow and volume, which are important for understanding physiological processes. It describes electromagnetic flowmeters, ultrasonic flowmeters including Doppler and transit-time types, and indicator dilution methods using dyes or thermal changes. Electromagnetic flowmeters measure flow based on Faraday's law of induction, while ultrasonic flowmeters rely on transit time differences or the Doppler effect from blood cell movement. Indicator dilution involves injecting a substance and measuring its dispersion over time to calculate flow. Together these provide noninvasive or minimally invasive ways to obtain important blood flow information.
Biomedical Signal Processing / Biomedical Signals/ Bio-signals/ Bio-signals C...Mehak Azeem
These amazing and highly informative slides presented to the IEEE Signal Processing Society of IEEE MESCE Student Branch. These slides aim to provide basic knowledge about biosignals, their classification, examples and their working.
For more information, please contact:
[mehakazeem@ieee.org]
This document discusses various biomedical recorders used to measure electrical signals from the body. It focuses on electrocardiography (ECG) which measures the heart's electrical activity, and phonocardiography (PCG) which records heart sounds. For ECG, it describes the typical waveform, applications in diagnosis, and 12-lead measurement setup. For PCG, it explains the different heart sounds recorded, microphones used, writing methods, medical applications in detecting murmurs and valvular lesions, and special applications including fetal and esophageal PCG.
Measurement of blood pressure is one of the oldest physiological measurements. It originates from the heart and depends on three factors: cardiac output, artery diameter, and blood quantity. Normal values are below 120/80 mmHg. Indirect non-invasive methods like auscultation and oscillometry use an occlusive cuff on the brachial artery. Direct invasive methods involve catheter insertion but are needed for continuous accurate readings in dynamic situations. Both methods rely on measuring pressures as a cuff is inflated and deflated over the artery.
Pulseoximeter and Plethysmography by Pandian MPandian M
Plethysmography is a technique that measures changes in volume in different areas of the body using blood pressure cuffs or other sensors attached to a machine called a plethysmograph. It is effective at detecting changes caused by blood flow and can help doctors determine if a patient has blood clots or calculate lung volume. The document describes the procedures for limb and lung plethysmography tests and how they are interpreted to assess conditions like blood clots or respiratory issues. Common uses of plethysmography are listed in clinical settings like operating rooms and ICUs.
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
The document discusses several key physiological systems in the human body including:
- The cardiovascular system which includes the heart and blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the body.
- The respiratory system which includes the lungs and airways that oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide.
- The muscular system which includes three main types of muscles that allow movement and maintain posture.
- The nervous system which acts as the control and communication network in the body through the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Graphic record heart sound - Phonogram.
Recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of heart.
Sound from heart – phonocardiogram
Instrument to measure this – phonocardiograph
Basic function – to pick up the different heart sound,filter the required and display.
The document provides information about electrocardiograms (ECGs) including:
1) It describes the basic anatomy and electrical conduction system of the heart.
2) It explains what an ECG is and how it works by measuring the electrical signals produced by heart muscle depolarization and repolarization using electrodes placed on the body.
3) It details the 12-lead ECG system including the 10 wires attached to limbs and chest to measure electrical signals from different angles represented by 12 leads.
The document discusses the structure and function of the kidney. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood to form urine through a process involving glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Artificial kidneys, or dialysis machines, can perform some kidney functions for patients with kidney failure.
Biotelemetry is the measurement and transmission of biological parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature from a distance. It allows for monitoring of things like astronauts in space, patients during exercise or in ambulances, and collecting medical data from homes or offices. It also enables research on unrestrained animals in their natural habitats. Biotelemetry systems consist of components like amplifiers, oscillators, power supplies, analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog converters, transducers, and processors to adapt existing measurement methods to transmit the resulting data.
The project aims to create an inexpensive home monitoring system to speed up medical response. The system will monitor blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature and transmit the data wirelessly to a local PC. LabVIEW will display the real-time patient data and evaluate it for emergency situations. Sensors include an ECG to replace the blood pressure sensor. Data is converted to digital, transmitted via Basic Stamp 2 and LINX modules, and received by a PC using LabVIEW for display and analysis against thresholds. The system could save lives by allowing remote patient monitoring.
YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT ELECTRODES IN BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION, TYPES OF ELECTRODES, BODY SURFACE ELECTRODES, NEEDLE ELECTRODE, MICRO ELECTRODE, APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRODES
The document discusses an electromagnetic blood flow meter. It operates based on electromagnetic induction principles, inducing an EMF in blood flowing through a vessel perpendicular to a magnetic field. Electrodes placed across the vessel measure this induced EMF, which is proportional to blood velocity. The small EMF signal is amplified for measurement and low pass filtered to determine average blood flow rate. Advantages include a linear dynamic range and no mechanical limitations for measuring high and low blood flows.
Bioelectric potentials like electrocardiograms, electroencephalograms, and electromyograms can be measured using electrodes that convert ionic currents in the body into electric signals. An electrocardiogram measures the electric potentials generated by heart muscle contractions and shows characteristic P, QRS, and T waves. The heart is divided into four chambers with the right atrium and ventricle receiving deoxygenated blood and the left atrium and ventricle pumping oxygenated blood. Electroencephalograms measure brain activity through electrodes on the scalp and show different wave patterns based on sleep states. Electromyograms detect muscle fiber activation.
The document discusses various instruments used for respiratory and blood measurements. It describes pneumographs which detect respiration through chest movements. Spirometers are used to measure lung volumes and capacities. Impedance pneumography monitors respiration rate using changes in chest impedance during breathing. Other topics covered include blood cell counting methods like Coulter and optical techniques, electromagnetic and ultrasonic blood flow meters, and measuring blood pH using glass electrodes in blood gas analyzers.
Bio signal characteristics and recording modesBharathasreejaG
YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT BIO ELECTRIC SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS # RECORDING MODES # BASICS OF BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION UNIT II CONTENTS # MEDICAL ELECTRONICS BIO ELECTRIC SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS
This document discusses different types of electrodes used to measure electrical activity in the body. It describes various classifications of transducers including passive vs active, absolute vs relative, direct vs complex, analog vs digital, and primary vs secondary. It also explains different electrode principles such as capacitive, inductive, and resistive. The document outlines types of electrodes like surface electrodes, needle electrodes, and microelectrodes and provides examples of each. It discusses factors to consider when selecting a transducer and electrodes used to measure specific physiological variables.
This document discusses methods of measuring cardiac output. It begins with a brief history noting Adolf Fick first developed a technique for measuring cardiac output in 1870 using what is now called the Fick principle. It then describes several methods including invasive techniques using a pulmonary artery catheter and non-invasive options like echocardiography, esophageal Doppler, and impedance cardiography. The document emphasizes the importance of cardiac output for oxygen delivery and assessing cardiovascular function in critically ill patients.
Biomedical Instrumentation and its Fundamentals,Bio electric Signals(ECG, EMG ,EEG)and its Electrodes ,Physiological Transducers,Blood Pressure ,Blood Flow,Cardiac Output ,Patient Safety,Physiological Effects of Electric current on human body etc...
This slide summarize all the ways to measure the blood pressure in an very easy manner.This slide specially explains all invasive methods of blood pressure measurement with real world images and examples.
The document discusses various methods for measuring blood flow and volume, which are important for understanding physiological processes. It describes electromagnetic flowmeters, ultrasonic flowmeters including Doppler and transit-time types, and indicator dilution methods using dyes or thermal changes. Electromagnetic flowmeters measure flow based on Faraday's law of induction, while ultrasonic flowmeters rely on transit time differences or the Doppler effect from blood cell movement. Indicator dilution involves injecting a substance and measuring its dispersion over time to calculate flow. Together these provide noninvasive or minimally invasive ways to obtain important blood flow information.
Biomedical Signal Processing / Biomedical Signals/ Bio-signals/ Bio-signals C...Mehak Azeem
These amazing and highly informative slides presented to the IEEE Signal Processing Society of IEEE MESCE Student Branch. These slides aim to provide basic knowledge about biosignals, their classification, examples and their working.
For more information, please contact:
[mehakazeem@ieee.org]
This document discusses various biomedical recorders used to measure electrical signals from the body. It focuses on electrocardiography (ECG) which measures the heart's electrical activity, and phonocardiography (PCG) which records heart sounds. For ECG, it describes the typical waveform, applications in diagnosis, and 12-lead measurement setup. For PCG, it explains the different heart sounds recorded, microphones used, writing methods, medical applications in detecting murmurs and valvular lesions, and special applications including fetal and esophageal PCG.
Measurement of blood pressure is one of the oldest physiological measurements. It originates from the heart and depends on three factors: cardiac output, artery diameter, and blood quantity. Normal values are below 120/80 mmHg. Indirect non-invasive methods like auscultation and oscillometry use an occlusive cuff on the brachial artery. Direct invasive methods involve catheter insertion but are needed for continuous accurate readings in dynamic situations. Both methods rely on measuring pressures as a cuff is inflated and deflated over the artery.
Pulseoximeter and Plethysmography by Pandian MPandian M
Plethysmography is a technique that measures changes in volume in different areas of the body using blood pressure cuffs or other sensors attached to a machine called a plethysmograph. It is effective at detecting changes caused by blood flow and can help doctors determine if a patient has blood clots or calculate lung volume. The document describes the procedures for limb and lung plethysmography tests and how they are interpreted to assess conditions like blood clots or respiratory issues. Common uses of plethysmography are listed in clinical settings like operating rooms and ICUs.
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
The document discusses several key physiological systems in the human body including:
- The cardiovascular system which includes the heart and blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the body.
- The respiratory system which includes the lungs and airways that oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide.
- The muscular system which includes three main types of muscles that allow movement and maintain posture.
- The nervous system which acts as the control and communication network in the body through the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Graphic record heart sound - Phonogram.
Recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of heart.
Sound from heart – phonocardiogram
Instrument to measure this – phonocardiograph
Basic function – to pick up the different heart sound,filter the required and display.
The document provides information about electrocardiograms (ECGs) including:
1) It describes the basic anatomy and electrical conduction system of the heart.
2) It explains what an ECG is and how it works by measuring the electrical signals produced by heart muscle depolarization and repolarization using electrodes placed on the body.
3) It details the 12-lead ECG system including the 10 wires attached to limbs and chest to measure electrical signals from different angles represented by 12 leads.
The document discusses the structure and function of the kidney. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood to form urine through a process involving glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Artificial kidneys, or dialysis machines, can perform some kidney functions for patients with kidney failure.
Biotelemetry is the measurement and transmission of biological parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature from a distance. It allows for monitoring of things like astronauts in space, patients during exercise or in ambulances, and collecting medical data from homes or offices. It also enables research on unrestrained animals in their natural habitats. Biotelemetry systems consist of components like amplifiers, oscillators, power supplies, analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog converters, transducers, and processors to adapt existing measurement methods to transmit the resulting data.
The project aims to create an inexpensive home monitoring system to speed up medical response. The system will monitor blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature and transmit the data wirelessly to a local PC. LabVIEW will display the real-time patient data and evaluate it for emergency situations. Sensors include an ECG to replace the blood pressure sensor. Data is converted to digital, transmitted via Basic Stamp 2 and LINX modules, and received by a PC using LabVIEW for display and analysis against thresholds. The system could save lives by allowing remote patient monitoring.
Modern electronic medical equipment is used for experimental, preventive and clinical research and treatment. Medical diagnostics utilizes laboratory tests, ultrasound exams, functional assessments, and computer tomography to examine internal organs, processes, and detect dysfunctions. Key electronic devices and instruments receive, record, transmit biomedical information or dispense physical treatments like microwave therapy or electrosurgery.
Telemetry types, frequency,position and multiplexing in telemetrysagheer ahmed
This document discusses different types of telemetry used in instrumentation systems, including frequency, position, and multiplexing telemetry. Frequency telemetry represents measured values as an alternating current or voltage of varying frequency. Position telemetry relates the signal to the measurement to allow the receiving instrument to display displacement. Multiplexing telemetry allows transmitting multiple measurements over a single channel using either time division or frequency division methods to share the channel. This conserves resources compared to using separate wires for each measurement.
This document provides an overview of biomedical engineering. It begins by defining biomedical engineering as the application of engineering principles, techniques and methods to solve medical and biological problems. It then discusses the diversity in related terminology and the roles of medical engineers, clinical engineers and bioengineers. The document outlines several branches of biomedical engineering including biomechanics, biomaterials, medical devices and clinical engineering. It concludes by discussing the relationships between biomedical engineering and other fields like medicine, physics, and various engineering disciplines.
This academic transcript belongs to Tariq Mohammed and was issued by Harvard Extension School. It shows that Tariq took two courses, earning a B+ in "Virtual Communities/Internet" in Spring 2001 and receiving no credit for "Qualitative Research Methods" in Spring 2006. The transcript is certified as official by the registrar of Harvard Extension School.
Regulatory Considerations In Medical Electronics G Nobis Apr 20 2010gnobis1
The document discusses regulatory considerations for the development of medical electronics. It summarizes Garth Nobis' background working in automotive, high volume electronics, and medical devices. It outlines what consultants need to consider regarding their client's and their own responsibilities to the FDA and regarding liability. It provides definitions of medical devices and manufacturer obligations including obtaining permission to market, following quality system regulations, and implementing design controls.
The document summarizes the process of producing electronic-grade silicon from metallurgical-grade silicon for use in semiconductor devices. Metallurgical-grade silicon is purified using hydrogen chloride to form trichlorosilane, which undergoes chemical vapor deposition to form polycrystalline silicon rods. These rods are cut into chunks or nuggets of electronic-grade silicon. This silicon is further purified and made into single crystals using the Czochralski process, where a seed crystal is dipped into a silicon melt and slowly pulled to form a cylindrical ingot. The ingot is sliced into thin wafers that are polished and undergo other preparations for use in semiconductor devices.
IEEE BASE paper on artifical retina using TTF technologyAnu Antony
This document summarizes research on an artificial retina that uses thin-film transistors driven by a wireless power supply. Key points:
- The artificial retina is fabricated on a transparent and flexible substrate to allow implantation on the curved human retina using an epiretinal method. This preserves high image resolution and minimally damages living retinal tissue.
- A wireless power system using inductive coupling, rectification, and voltage regulation was developed and shown to provide enough stable power for the artificial retina's operation, despite some output voltage fluctuations.
- Testing showed the artificial retina could correctly detect illumination profiles as output voltage profiles, even when powered by the unstable wireless source, demonstrating its potential for implant use. However, further development
Optical fiber communications principles and practice by john m seniorsyedfoysolislam
This document discusses the company's plans to launch a new product. It details a timeline for the coming months that includes finalizing the product design by the end of the quarter, beginning manufacturing in the new year, and launching the product nationwide in spring. Market research suggests there is demand for this type of innovative product and it could drive significant revenue growth.
digital tachometer is used to measure heart beat rate by measuring the no of pulses in the finger tip due to pumping of blood by heart.when heart pumps blood,volume of blood inside finger tip increases on the other hand when heart contracts,volume of blood inside finger tip decreases.
Presentation on optical fiber communicationlalitk94
This document discusses the history and technology of optical fibers. It provides information on:
- Key developments in optical fibers from 1880 to the 1980s when fiber optic technology became the backbone of long-distance phone networks in North America.
- How optical fibers work by keeping light confined in the core through total internal reflection.
- The three main types of optical fibers: plastic core/cladding, glass core with plastic cladding, and glass core with glass cladding.
- The differences between single-mode and multimode fibers.
Biosensors are detectors based on selective molecular components of plants or animals that evolved from molecular biology and information technology. They offer applications in medical, environmental, and military/law enforcement fields. Specifically, in the 1950s Leland Clark invented an electrode to measure dissolved oxygen in blood during surgery, laying the groundwork for glucose sensors and the evolution of medical biosensors. Biosensors combine a biological compound with a transducer to detect characteristics like sensitivity, cost, reliability and more. Examples of present applications include medical care, food quality testing, environmental pollutant detection, and industrial process control.
The document provides an overview of electromyography (EMG). It begins by defining EMG as a technique for evaluating and recording muscle activation signals using an electromyograph. The electromyograph detects the electrical potentials generated by muscle cells during contraction and relaxation. It then discusses the history of EMG and describes the EMG signal and factors that can influence it. The document outlines the electrical characteristics of EMG signals and the procedures for EMG. It also discusses applications of EMG, different electrode types used, and general concerns regarding EMG signals.
This document provides an overview of electrodiagnostic testing, including nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography (EMG). It discusses what each test evaluates, how they are performed, and key terms. NCS evaluate nerves by applying electrical stimuli and measuring nerve response. EMG evaluates muscles by inserting a needle electrode to measure intrinsic electrical activity. Both tests provide information about nerves and the muscles they innervate. The document also reviews reasons electrodiagnostic testing is useful, including establishing diagnoses, localizing lesions, determining treatment, and assessing prognosis. It emphasizes the importance of compassionate, skilled performance of the tests to minimize patient discomfort.
This document discusses biomedical instrumentation and equipment. It begins by defining biomedical engineering as the application of engineering principles to medicine and biology. Biomedical instruments can be classified into diagnostic, therapeutic, clinical, laboratory, and research equipment. Measurement using biomedical instruments can be either in vivo, measuring parameters within the living body, or in vitro, measuring parameters from samples outside the body. Some common biomedical instruments listed include colorimeters, spectrophotometers, centrifuges, balances, electrophoresis devices, chromatography devices, and analyzers.
This document discusses telemetry, which is the remote measurement and transmission of data from its source. It involves converting measured values to signals, transmitting those signals over a channel, and reconverting the signals at the receiving end. There are two main types of telemetry systems: landline systems which can transmit over short distances like wires, and radio frequency systems which can transmit over longer distances using radio links. The document provides examples and diagrams of voltage and current landline telemetry systems, as well as discussing modulation techniques like amplitude, frequency, and pulse modulation used in radio frequency systems.
This document discusses digital signal processing (DSP). It begins by explaining that DSP involves converting an analog waveform into a series of discrete digital levels by measuring the amplitude of the waveform at regular intervals. It then provides examples of common DSP operations like convolution, correlation, filtering and modulation. The document notes key advantages of DSP like accuracy and reproducibility but also mentions disadvantages like cost and finite word length problems. It concludes by listing some common application areas for DSP like image processing, instrumentation/control, speech/audio processing, and telecommunications.
Electromyography (EMG) measures the electrical activity produced by muscle contractions. Surface EMG (sEMG) uses electrodes on the skin to detect muscle activation, while fine wire EMG inserts electrodes directly into muscles. EMG can indicate which muscles are active during motions like gait, but does not determine strength, movement type, or whether activity is compensatory. Proper electrode positioning, skin preparation, and signal processing are needed to obtain accurate, repeatable EMG data for analysis of muscle function.
This document provides an overview of cardiovascular monitoring during anesthesia. It discusses the importance of monitoring heart rate, blood pressure, and other parameters to detect changes early and intervene to reduce risks. Both indirect and direct methods of measuring arterial blood pressure are described in detail, including oscillometry, Doppler, tonometry and intra-arterial cannulation. The principles of transducers, damping, natural frequency, and resonance in pressure monitoring systems are also summarized.
This document describes various methods for screening anti-anginal drugs, including both in vivo and in vitro techniques. The isolated heart (Langendorff) preparation is discussed in detail, where a heart is removed and retrogradely perfused to evaluate drug effects on contractility, coronary flow, and other parameters. The isolated heart-lung preparation and coronary artery ligation in isolated rat hearts are also presented as options to study anti-anginal drugs and model ischemia/reperfusion. Various evaluation criteria are provided such as measurements of left ventricular pressure, contractility, coronary flow, and more.
Patient monitoring involves both non-instrumental and instrumental methods. Non-instrumental monitoring includes clinical observation of a patient's appearance, breathing, bleeding, and positioning. Instrumental monitoring provides data through devices like ECGs, which measure heart rate and rhythm, blood pressure cuffs, pulse oximeters, capnography, and temperature monitors. Direct arterial blood pressure monitoring via an intra-arterial catheter provides continuous, beat-to-beat pressure readings but carries risks like infection, while noninvasive blood pressure methods take intermittent readings and avoid invasiveness. Together, non-instrumental observation and instrumental monitoring devices provide clinicians vital information to care for patients.
The document discusses various diagnostic measures used in cardiology to diagnose and treat cardiovascular abnormalities. It describes stress tests, echocardiography, radiographic tests like chest x-rays and CT angiography, electrocardiographic tests including electrocardiograms and Holter monitoring, invasive tests like cardiac catheterization and electrophysiologic studies, and laboratory tests like measuring central venous pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. These diagnostic tests evaluate the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels.
This document provides an overview of hemodynamic monitoring. It discusses various techniques for measuring pressure, including invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring and central venous pressure. Cardiac output can be monitored invasively using thermodilution or dye dilution, or noninvasively using pulse contour analysis. Volume status and fluid responsiveness can be assessed by measuring variables affected by preload such as pulse pressure variation. Tissue perfusion can be evaluated using near-infrared spectroscopy to measure tissue oxygen saturation or by analyzing lactate levels. The goal of hemodynamic monitoring is to achieve adequate organ perfusion while minimizing interventions, requiring use of multiple monitoring tools and integrating clinical findings.
This document discusses two common non-invasive methods for measuring blood pressure - the auscultatory (Korotkoff) method and oscillometric method.
The auscultatory method involves using a stethoscope over the brachial artery below a pressurized cuff. As the cuff deflates, characteristic sounds known as Korotkoff sounds are heard and correlated with systolic and diastolic pressure. The oscillometric method detects pressure oscillations in the cuff as it deflates to estimate blood pressure values. Both methods are reviewed along with their history and use in automated blood pressure devices.
This document discusses hemodynamic monitoring, which refers to measuring the pressure, flow, and oxygenation of blood within the cardiovascular system. It describes various hemodynamic monitoring techniques like arterial blood pressure monitoring, pulmonary artery wedge pressure monitoring, and central venous pressure measurement. The purposes, principles, indications, and potential complications of these techniques are explained. Nurses have important responsibilities like preventing air embolism, clot formation, and fluid overload when patients receive hemodynamic monitoring.
This document discusses monitoring in the intensive care unit (ICU). It covers both non-invasive monitoring such as temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and capnography as well as invasive monitoring like central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and intracranial pressure. Key parameters are continuously monitored to optimize patients' hemodynamics, ventilation, and other functions critical to their survival in the ICU. Both non-invasive and invasive monitoring provide vital information to the care team but require awareness of potential interference and effects of physiotherapy treatment.
Cardiac output monitoring provides important information about a patient's hemodynamic status. There are several invasive and non-invasive methods to measure cardiac output. Invasive methods include thermodilution, Fick method, lithium dilution. Thermodilution, using a pulmonary artery catheter, is considered the clinical gold standard but has fallen out of favor due to risks. Non-invasive options include esophageal Doppler, bioreactance, pulse contour analysis, and partial CO2 rebreathing. Choice of monitoring method depends on the patient's condition and goals of therapy.
Cardiac output can be measured using invasive and non-invasive methods. Invasive methods include the Fick method, dye dilution, and thermodilution, which require a pulmonary artery catheter. Non-invasive methods include echocardiography, which uses ultrasound to visualize cardiac structures and Doppler to measure blood flow velocities, and pulse pressure analysis. Measurement of cardiac output is important for critically ill patients to optimize oxygen delivery and support circulation.
Hemodynamic monitoring involves measuring various cardiovascular parameters at the bedside, including blood pressures, heart rate, cardiac output, and volumes. It provides important information to guide treatment for critically ill patients. The document discusses several hemodynamic monitoring methods and parameters in detail, such as arterial pressure monitoring, central venous pressure monitoring, and pulmonary artery pressure monitoring using catheters and transducers. It also covers topics like indications for hemodynamic monitoring, potential complications, and nursing considerations.
Hemodynamic monitoring uses invasive technology to provide quantitative information about cardiovascular parameters like blood pressure, oxygen levels, and blood flow. There are noninvasive and invasive methods of hemodynamic monitoring. Invasive methods include central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring via a central line placed in large veins, arterial line placement in arteries, and pulmonary artery catheterization. CVP provides information on volume status and right ventricular function. Arterial lines allow blood pressure monitoring. Pulmonary artery catheters can measure pressures throughout the heart and determine cardiac output. Complications include infection, bleeding, and arrhythmias.
Patient monitoring involves both non-instrumental and instrumental assessment. Non-instrumental monitoring includes visual observation of factors like respiratory pattern, bleeding, and IV lines. Instrumental monitoring provides quantitative data through devices like ECG, blood pressure cuffs, pulse oximetry, capnography, and muscle relaxation monitors. Together, non-instrumental and instrumental monitoring provide clinicians with vital information about patients' physiological status to guide care in settings like operating rooms and intensive care.
The document summarizes various monitoring devices used during anesthesia, including essential monitors like ECG, non-invasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry, capnography, and vapor concentration analyzers. It also discusses immediately available monitors like peripheral nerve stimulators and temperature monitors. Additional monitors that may be required in some cases include invasive blood pressure, urine output, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and cardiac output, which can be measured using a pulmonary artery catheter.
1. The document discusses cardiovascular (CVS) monitoring in critical care, including the purposes, effectiveness, and common variables monitored such as heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and more.
2. It describes the methods of monitoring various CVS variables, both invasively like arterial and pulmonary artery catheters, and non-invasively like pulse oximetry. Potential complications of different monitoring methods are also outlined.
3. The document provides details on interpreting CVS monitoring parameters and emphasizes the importance of considering the clinical context and pathophysiology of the patient's condition when evaluating monitoring data.
Monitoring in anaesthesia is important to assess the patient's physiological status and response to interventions. Basic monitoring includes clinical assessments while advanced monitoring uses instruments. Instrumental monitoring can assess the cardiovascular, respiratory, temperature, central nervous, and neuromuscular systems. Electrocardiography, blood pressure monitoring, capnography, pulse oximetry, and central nervous system monitors like the bispectral index and entropy are commonly used advanced monitoring methods. Each method has advantages and limitations that should be considered during anaesthesia.
Central venous pressure (CVP) is the pressure measured in the central veins close to the heart and indicates right atrial pressure. CVP is measured using a catheter placed in a central vein that is connected to a manometer or pressure transducer. Normal CVP ranges from 1-7 mmHg or 5-10 cm H2O. CVP monitoring provides information about cardiac function and volume status and is used to guide fluid administration and assess patients' hemodynamic status. Complications of CVP monitoring include hemorrhage, pneumothorax, infection, and thrombosis.
The Swan-Ganz catheter, also known as a pulmonary artery catheter, is a specialized catheter used to monitor a patient's hemodynamics. It is inserted into the internal jugular or subclavian vein and threaded through the heart into the pulmonary artery. This allows direct measurement of pressures in the right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and indirect measurement of left-sided pressures. The catheter is useful for diagnosis and management of conditions affecting heart function or pulmonary circulation. However, randomized controlled trials found no improvement in outcomes with its use and increased risks, so the catheter's benefits must be weighed against risks for each individual patient.
This document discusses hemodynamic monitoring, which involves measuring the pressure, flow, and oxygenation of blood within the cardiovascular system. It describes both noninvasive and invasive methods of hemodynamic monitoring. Noninvasive methods include measuring vital signs like blood pressure and heart rate, while invasive methods involve placing catheters in the central circulation to directly measure pressures. Specific invasive monitoring techniques covered are arterial line placement, central venous pressure monitoring via a central line, and pulmonary artery catheterization to measure pressures and determine cardiac output. Normal ranges for various hemodynamic parameters are also provided.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
2. DEEPAK.P
2
Objective
At the end of this Unit
You will learn
Different Biomedical measurements such
as ECG, Blood pressure measurement,
Cardiac Measurements
5. Measuring Cardiac Function
1. Blood Pressure
Measure of fluid pressure within system
a. Systolic Pressure: Pressure generated by contraction
b. Diastolic Pressure: Pressure achieved between contractions.
SBP reflects the amount of work the heart is performing
DBP indicates the amount of peripheral resistance
encountered
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7. Blood Pressure Measurements
Adequate blood pressure is essential to maintain the blood
supply and function of vital organs.
A history of blood pressure measurements has saved
many person from death by providing warnings of
dangerously high blood pressure (hypertension) in time to
provide treatment.
The maximum pressure reached during cardiac ejection is
called Systole.
Minimum pressure occurring at the end of ventricular
relaxation is called diastole.
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8. Blood Pressure Measurements
In routine clinical tests, blood pressure is usually measured by
means of an indirect method using a sphygmomanometer
(from the Greek word, sphygmos, meaning pulse).
This method is easy to use and can be automated.
The automated indirect method of B.P measurement is called
Electro sphygmomanometer
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9. Blood Pressure Measurements
It has, however, certain disadvantages in that it does not
provide a continuous recording of pressure variations and
its practical repetition rate is limited.
Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
and recorded with the systolic number first, followed by the
diastolic number.
A normal blood pressure would be recorded as 120/80 mm
Hg.
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11. Blood Pressure Measurements
The systolic pressure is the maximum pressure in an artery at
the moment when the heart is beating and pumping blood
through the body.
The diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure in an artery in the
moments between beats when the heart is resting.
Both the systolic and diastolic pressure measurements are
important
If either one is raised, it means you have high blood pressure
(hypertension).
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12. Blood Pressure Measurements
The nominal values in the basic circulatory system
Arterial system-------30-300mmHg
Venous system--------5-15mmHg
Pulmonary system----6-25mmHg
Blood pressure measurement can be classified in to
1. Indirect
2. Direct
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13. Blood Pressure Measurements
Indirect
Simple equipment ,Very little discomfort, Less informative
and Intermittent
The indirect method is also somewhat subjective, and often fails
when the blood pressure is very low (as would be the case when
a patient is in shock).
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15. Blood pressure measurements
1. Auscultatory
Auscultatory method uses aneroid sphygmomanometer with
a stethoscope.
The auscultatory method comes from the Latin word
"listening.
2. Oscillometric
The oscillometric method was first demonstrated in 1876 and
involves the observation of oscillations in the
sphygmomanometer cuff pressure which are caused by the
oscillations of blood flow, i.e., the pulse.
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16. Blood pressure measurements
3. Palpatory
Physician identifies the flow o blood in the arteries by
feeling the pulse
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18. Blood pressure measurements using sphygmomanometer
First, a cuff is placed around your arm and inflated with a
pump until the circulation is cut off.
A small valve slowly deflates the cuff, and the doctor
measuring blood pressure uses a stethoscope, placed over your
arm, to listen for the sound of blood pulsing through the
arteries.
That first sound of rushing blood refers to the systolic blood
pressure; once the sound fades, the second number indicates
the diastolic pressure.
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22. 2. Direct Blood Pressure Measurements
Provide continuous measurement
Reliable information
Transducers are directly inserted in to the blood stream
Methods for direct blood pressure measurement, on the other
hand, do provide a continuous readout or recording of the blood
pressure waveform and are considerably more accurate than the
indirect method
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23. Direct B.P Measurement
Methods of direct blood pressure were classified in to two
1. The clinical method by which the measuring device was
coupled to the patient
2.Second, by the electrical principle involved.
First category is expanded, with the electrical principles
involved being used as four subcategories.
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24. B.P measurements using direct method
ln l972, Hales inserted a glass tube into the artery of a horse
and vulgarly measured arterial pressure.
Regardless of the electrical or physical principles involved, direct
measurement of blood pressure is usually obtained by one of
three methods
1.Catheterization (vessel cut down).
2.Percutaneous insertion.
3.Implantation of a transducer in a vessel or in the heart.
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25. Direct B.P Measurement
1. A catheterization method involving the sensing of blood
pressure through a liquid column.
In this method the transducer is external to the body, and the
blood pressure is transmitted through a saline solution
column in a catheter to this transducer
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26. Direct B.P Measurement
2. The catheterization method involving the placement of
the transducer through a catheter at the actual site of
measurement in the blood stream or by mounting the
transducer on the tip of the catheter.
3. Percutaneous methods in which the blood pressure is
sensed in the vessel just under the skin by the use of a
needle or catheter.
4. Implantation techniques in which the transducer is more
Permanently placed in the blood vessel or the heart by
surgical methods.
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27. 1. Percutaneous insertion ( direct method)
Typically, for Percutaneous insertion , a local anesthetic is
injected near the site of invasion.
The vessel is occluded and a hollow needle is inserted at a
slight angle towards the vessel.
When the needle is in place, a catheter is fed through the
hollow needle , usually with some sort of a guide.
When the catheter is securely place in the vessel, the needle
and guide are withdrawn.
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28. Percutaneous insertion ( direct method)
For some measurements, a type of needle attached to an airtight
tube is used, so that the needle can be left in the vessel and the
blood pressure sensed directly by attaching a transducer to
the tube.
Other types have the transducer built in-the tip of the catheter.
This latter type is used in both percutaneous and
catheterization models.
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29. 2. Catheterization( direct method)
It was first developed in the late 1940s and has become a major
technique for analyzing the heart and other components.
Catheter is a long tube that is inserted in to the heart or major
vessels.
Sterilized catheters are used
Apart from obtaining blood pressures in the heart chamber
and great vessels, this technique is also used to obtain blood
samples from the heart for oxygen-content analysis and to
detect the location of abnormal blood flow pathways.
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30. Catheterization( direct method)
Measurement of blood pressure with a catheter can be achieved
in two ways.
In the first method is to introduce a sterile saline solution into
the catheter so that the fluid pressure is transmitted to a
transducer out side the body.
In the second method, pressure measurements are obtained at
the source.
Here,the transducer is introduced into the catheter and pushed
to the point at which the pressure is to be measured. or the
transducer is mounted at the tip of the catheter.
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32. Catheterization( direct method)
This device is called a catheter-tip blood pressure transducer.
For mounting at the end of a catheter, one manufacturer uses an
un bonded resistance strain gage in the transducer, whereas
another uses a variable inductance transducer .
Implantation techniques involve major surgery.
Transducers can be categorized by the type of circuit element
used to sense the pressure variations, such as capacitive,
inductive, and resistive.
Since the resistive types are most frequently used.
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33. B.P measurements using direct method
ln l972, Hales inserted a glass tube into the artery of a horse and
crudely measured arterial pressure.
Regardless of the electrical or physical principles involved, direct
measurement of blood pressure is usually obtained by one of three
methods
Percutaneous insertion.
Catheterization (vessel cut down).
lmplantation of a transducer in a vessel or in the heart.
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36. Anatomy of the Heart
The human heart is a four-chambered muscular organ
The heart is enclosed in a pericardial bag.
The purpose of it is to protect and lubricate the heart.
The peircardium is the outermost covering of your heart.
It protects against friction rubs and protects against
shocks(traumatic) as it contains 40-50 ml of pericardial fluid.
It acts as a shock absorber
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37. Anatomy of the Heart
Heart normally pumps 5 liters of blood per minute
Two side of the wall is separated by the septum or dividing
wall of tissue.
This septum include AV node
Right auricle is lies between inferior(lower) and
superior(upper) vena cava
At the junction of Superior vena cava and right atrium SA
node is situated.
.
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38. Anatomy of the Heart
The communication between atria and ventricle is
accomplished only through AV node and delay line.
The activated AV node, after a delay, initiates an impulse in to
the ventricle, through the bundle of his, and bundle branches
that connect to the purkinje fibers.
1. Ventricle wall is thicker than auricular wall
2. Left atrium is smaller than Right atrium
3. Left ventricle is considered as most important.
4. It wall thickness is 3 times than right ventricle.
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39. Heart anatomy
Left heart is considered as pressure pump
Right heart is similar to a volume pump
Muscle contraction of left heart is larger and stronger than
that of right heart.
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40. Heart circulation
The work of the heart is to pump blood to the lungs through
pulmonary circulation and to the rest of the body through
systemic circulation.
In pulmonary circulation, the pressure difference between
arteries and veins is small.
In systemic circulation, the pressure difference between
arteries and veins is very high.
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41. Heart Valves
The pumping action is accomplished by systematic contraction
and relaxation of the cardiac muscle in the myocardium.
Cardiac muscles gets the blood supply from coronary
circulation.
Heart contains 4 valves
Tricuspid---Between RA and RV----- Three cups
Pulmonary/Semi lunar-- Between RV and Right lungs
Mitral/Bicuspid--- Between LA and LV---- Two cups
Aortic--- Between LV and aorta
The sounds associated with the heartbeat are due to vibrations
in the tissues and blood caused by closure of the valves.
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43. Heart Sound
Listening of sound produced by heart is called auscultation
Heart sound is heard by the physician through his stethoscope.
This sound is called Korotkoff sound
The sounds associated with the heartbeat are due to
vibrations in the tissues and blood caused by closure of the
valves.
Normal heart produces two sounds called lub-dub
Lub is called the first heart sound
It occurs at the time of QRS complex of the ECG
Lub is related to the closure of atrioventricular valve
Which permits blood flow from auricle to ventricles.
It prevents blood flow in reverse direction
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44. Heart Sound
Dub is called the second heart sound
Dub is related to the closure of semilunar valve
This valve releases blood into the pulmonary and systemic
circulation system.
It occurs at the end of the T wave of of the ECG
Abnormal heart sounds is called murmurs.
It is due to the improper opening of the valve.
Graphic recording of heart sound is also possible
It is called phonocardiogram
Recording of the vibrations of the heart against thoracic
cavity is called vibrocariogram
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46. Cardiac Output
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart
per minute (mL blood/min).
Cardiac output is a function of heart rate and stroke volume.
Cardiac Output in mL/min = heart rate (beats/min) X stroke
volume (mL/beat)
Cardiac Output = 70 (beats/min) X 70 (mL/beat) = 4900
mL/minute.
The total volume of blood in the circulatory system of an
average person is about 5 liters (5000 mL).
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DEEPAK.P
47. Cardiac Output
The heart rate is simply the number of heart beats per
minute.
This can be easily measured through the use of heart rate
monitors or taking ones pulse (counting the ‘pulses’ at the
radial artery for example over a one minute period).
Children (ages 6 - 15) 70 – 100 beats per minute
Adults (age 18 and over) 60 – 100 beats per minute
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DEEPAK.P
48. Cardiac Output
The stroke volume is the volume of blood, in milliliters (mL),
pumped out of the heart with each beat.
Stroke volume (SV) refers to the quantity of blood pumped
out of the left ventricle with every heart beat.
If the volume of blood increased (waste products not being
removed to the kidneys due to kidney failure for example)
then there would be a greater quantity of blood within the
system increasing the pressure within.
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DEEPAK.P
50. Cardiac Output
The SA node of the heart is enervated by both sympathetic and
parasympathetic nerve fibers.
Under conditions of rest the parasympathetic fibers release
acetylcholine, which acts to slow the pacemaker potential of the
SA node and thus reduce heart rate.
Under conditions of physical or emotional activity sympathetic
nerve fibers release norepinephrine, which acts to speed up the
pacemaker potential of the SA node thus increasing heart rate.
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51. Cardiac Output
Stroke volume is increased by 2 mechanisms:
1. Increase in end-diastolic volume
2. Increase in sympathetic system activity
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DEEPAK.P
53. Cardiac Output
An increase in venous return of blood to the heart will result in
greater filling of the ventricles during diastole.
Consequently the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of
diastole, called end-diastolic volume, will be increased.
A larger end-diastolic volume will stretch the heart.
Stretching the muscles of the heart optimizes the length-
strength relationship of the cardiac muscle fibers, resulting in
stronger contractility and greater stroke volume.
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55. Electro Cardio Gram(ECG)
Bio electric potentials generated by heart muscles are called
Electro Cardio Gram.
It is sometimes called EKG(Electro Kardio Gram)
Electrocardiography (ECG) is an interpretation of the
electrical activity of the heart over a period of time.
The recording produced by this noninvasive procedure is
termed as electrocardiogram (also ECG or EKG).
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57. Electro Cardio Gram(ECG)
Heart is divided in to 4 chamber
Upper chamber------ Atria( left and right)
Lower chamber------Ventricles(left and right)
Right auricles receives blood from the veins and pump in to
right ventricles.
The right ventricle pump the blood to lungs, where it is
oxygenated
The oxygenated blood enters in to left auricle.
Left auricle pumps blood in to left ventricle.
To work the cardiovascular system properly , the atria and
ventricles must operate in a proper time relationship.
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58. Electro Cardio Gram(ECG)
Action potential in the heart originates near the top of the
right atrium at a point called pacemaker or sinoatrial node (S.A
node).
This action potential is then propagated in all directions along
the surface of both atria.
The waves terminate at a point near the centre of the heart is
called A.V node(Atrioventricular node)
At this point some special fiber act as a delay line to provide
proper timing between the action of auricles and ventricles.
Once electrical pulses has passed through the delay line , it is
spread to all parts of both ventricles by the bundle of His
It is called purkinje fibers.
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59. Electro Cardio Gram(ECG)
This bundle is divided in to two branches to initiate action
potential simultaneously in the two ventricles.
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ECG waveform/ PQRST wave form
60. Electro Cardio Gram(ECG)
The “P” wave is called base line or isopotential line.
P wave ----- De polarization of Auricles.
Combined QRS wave---- Re-polarization of atria and
depolarization of ventricles
T wave ----- Ventricular re polarization
U wave --- after potentials in the ventricles
P-Q interval – Time during which excitation wave is delayed
in the fiber near AV node.
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68. ECG measurement system
The ECG system comprises four stages, each stage is as follows:
(1)The first stage is a transducer—AgCl electrode, which
convert ECG into electrical voltage. The voltage is in the range of
1 mV ~ 5 mV.
(2) The second stage is an instrumentation amplifier (Analog
Device, AD624), which has a very high CMRR (90dB) and high
gain (1000), with power supply +9V and -9V.
(3) We use an opto-coupler (NEC PS2506) to isolate the In-
Amp and output.
(4) After the opto-coupler is a bandpass filter of 0.04 Hz to 150
Hz filter. It’s implemented by cascading a low-pass filter and a
high pass filter.
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72. EKG Leads
Leads are electrodes which measure the difference in
electrical potential between either:
1. Two different points on the body (bipolar leads)
2. One point on the body and a virtual reference point with
zero electrical potential, located in the center of the
heart (unipolar leads)
73. EKG Leads
The standard EKG has 12 leads:
3 Standard Limb Leads
3 Augmented Limb Leads
6 Precordial Leads
The axis of a particular lead represents the viewpoint from
which it looks at the heart.
84. Chest Leads
Unipolar (+) chest leads (horizontal plane):
Leads V1, V2, V3: (Posterior Anterior)
Leads V4, V5, V6:(Right Left, or lateral)
The 6 leads are labelled as "V" leads and numbered V1 to V6.
They are positioned in specific positions on the rib cage.
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89. ECG Amplifier
We measure the ECG by connecting two electrodes on the
right and left chest respectively, as shown.
The body should be connected to ground of the circuits, so that
we connect the leg to the ground.
To boost the raw ECG signal level without boosting the noise
amplifiers are used.
An electronic circuit should amplify the potential difference
across a lead
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95. Instrumentation Amplifier
Low signal noise
Very high open-loop gain
Very high common-mode rejection ratio
Very high input impedance
Instrumentation amplifier can reduce common-mode noise, but
not completely
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97. Heart Sound
Listening to sound produced by human organ is called
auscultation.
Heat sound is related with the closing of valves.
Hippocrates (460-377 BC) provided the foundation for
auscultation when he put his ear against the chest of a patient
and described the sounds he could hear from the heart.
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98. Heart Sound
The biggest breakthrough in auscultation came in 1816 when
René Laennec (1781-1826) invented the stethoscope
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99. Heart Sound
There are two types of sounds
1. High frequency sounds associated with closing and opening of
the valves and
2. Low frequency sounds related to early and late ventricular
filling events.
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100. Heart Sound
1. Mitral area:
2. Tricuspid area:
3. Aortic area:
4. Pulmonic area:
Microphones and accelerometers are the natural choice of
sensor when recording sound.
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101. Heart Sound
1. The first heart sound (S1) – systolic sound:
Appears at 0.02 – 0.04s after the QRS complex
the “lub”
frequency of 30-40Hz
2. The second heart sound (S2) – diastolic sound
Appears in the terminal period of the T wave
the “dub”
frequency of 50-70 Hz
3. The third heart sound (S3) - protodiastolic sound
Low frequency
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102. Heart Sound
4. The fourth heart sound (S4) – presistolic sound
Appears at 0.04s after the P wave (late diastolic-just before
S1)
Low frequency
S1 – onset of the ventricular contraction
S2 – closure of the semilunar valves
S3 – ventricular run
S4 – atrial gallop
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105. Phonocardiography
Graphic recording of heart sound is called phonocardiogram
( PCG)
Phonocardiography, diagnostic technique that creates a graphic
record, or phonocardiogram, of the sounds and murmurs
produced by the contracting heart,
The phonocardiogram is obtained either with a chest
microphone or with a miniature sensor in the tip of a small
tubular instrument that is introduced via the blood vessels into
one of the heart chambers.
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109. Ballistocardiograph(BCG)
Ballistocardiography (BCG) is based upon Newton's Third
Law, which states that for every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
Ballistocardiography, graphic recording of the stroke
volume of the heart for the purpose of calculating cardiac
output.
BCG measures cardiac output by means of recoil forces. With
each systole, blood is ejected through the aorta.
There are two basic types of ballistocardiographic methods.
In the older method, high-frequency BCG, the subject is
restrained and force is measured by displacement of a
supporting spring.
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110. Ballistocardiograph
In ultra-low-frequency BCG, the subject is free to move and
force is calculated from his/her mass and the measured
acceleration.
Typically, in obtaining a BCG the subject lies on a light,
frictionless table which is either suspended from the ceiling or
supported from below on an air cushion.
The movements of this ballistotable, resulting from body
movements produced by cardiac activity, are transduced into
electrical energy by means of either mechanoelectronic tubes
(Geddes & Baker, 1968) or a compound transducer in which
movement of the table is converted into a varying light
intensity
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112. Ballistocardiograph
Dock and Taubman (1949) recorded body movements without
the use of a ballistotable by devising a photoelectric
transducer which was attached to the shins of the subject.
Cardiac-induced body movements alter the transmission of
light to these photoelectric detectors, thus producing a
variable electrical output proportional to movement.
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116. Defibrillator
Defibrillation is a process in which an electronic device gives
an electric shock to the heart.
This depolarizes a critical mass of the heart muscle,
terminates the arrhythmia and allows normal sinus rhythm
to be reestablished.
This helps reestablish normal contraction rhythms in a heart
having dangerous arrhythmia or in cardiac arrest.
Defibrillation is a common treatment for life-threatening
ventricular fibrillation and pulse less ventricular
tachycardia.
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118. Defibrillator
Defibrillators were first demonstrated in 1899 by Jean-
Louis Prévost and Frédéric Batelli, two physiologists from
University of Geneva, Switzerland.
These early defibrillators used the alternating current from
a power socket, transformed from the 110–240 volts
available in the line, up to between 300 and 1000 volts, to the
exposed heart by way of "paddle" type electrodes.
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119. Defibrillator
Early successful experiments of successful defibrillation by the
discharge of a capacitor performed on animals were reported
by N. L. Gurvich and G. S. Yunyev in 1939.
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120. Defibrillator
In recent years small portable defibrillators have become
available.
These are called automated external defibrillators or AEDs.
Nowadays implantable defibrillator are available in the
market
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122. Defibrillator Principles
There are many types of defibrillators
1. Monophasic,
2. Biphasic and
3. Internal.
The first two types are known as external defibrillators, and
these are used on the exterior of the patient’s chest.
Pads are placed on the chest and a button is pushed to send
an electrical current to the heart.
The type of external defibrillator determines the type of
current sent to the heart.
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124. Defibrillator Principles
A monophasic defibrillator sends out a single electrical pulse.
This shot of electricity goes from one pad to the other with
the heart in between.
A monophasic defibrillator needs high electricity levels to
function correctly.
The charge is typically started at 200 joules and increased to
300 joules; if necessary, the highest level is 360 joules.
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126. Defibrillator Principles
The second type of external device is biphasic, and it sends out
two electrical currents.
A current first travels from one pad to the other.
The electricity then reverses direction and returns a current
to the first pad.
This enables the biphasic device to use less electricity than the
monophasic variety.
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128. Defibrillator Principles
The third type of defibrillator is the internal or implantable
variety, which is surgically placed in the chest of a patient.
The electrode wires are inserted through the veins into the
right chamber of the heart.
An internal defibrillator monitors the heartbeat for any
irregularities.
Internal defibrillators run on battery power instead of
electricity.
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136. Pacemaker
A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be
confused with the heart's natural pacemaker) is a medical
device that uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes
contracting the heart muscles.
The primary purpose of a pacemaker is to maintain an
adequate heart rate,
Modern pacemakers are externally programmable and allow
the cardiologist to select the optimum pacing modes for
individual patients.
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138. Pacemaker
Doctors recommend pacemakers for many reasons.
The most common reasons are bradycardia and heart block.
Bradycardia is a heartbeat that is slower than normal.
Heart block is a disorder that occurs if an electrical signal is
slowed or disrupted as it moves through the heart.
Heart block can happen as a result of aging, damage to the
heart from a heart attack, or other conditions that disrupt the
heart's electrical activity.
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139. Pacemaker
A pacemaker consists of a battery, a computerized generator,
and wires with sensors at their tips. (The sensors are called
electrodes.)
The battery powers the generator, and both are surrounded by
a thin metal box.
The wires connect the generator to the heart.
A pacemaker helps monitor and control your heartbeat.
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140. Pacemaker
The electrodes detect your heart's electrical activity and send
data through the wires to the computer in the generator.
The two main types of programming for pacemakers are
demand pacing and rate-responsive pacing.
A demand pacemaker monitors your heart rhythm.
It only sends electrical pulses to your heart if your heart is
beating too slow or if it misses a beat.
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141. Pacemaker
A rate-responsive pacemaker will speed up or slow down
your heart rate depending on how active you are.
To do this, the device monitors your sinus node rate,
breathing, blood temperature, and other factors to determine
your activity level.
People may need a pacemaker for a variety of reasons —
mostly due to one of a group of conditions called arrhythmias,
in which the heart's rhythm is abnormal.
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142. Pacemaker
During an arrhythmia, the heart may not be able to pump
enough blood to the body.
This can cause symptoms such as fatigue (tiredness),
shortness of breath, or weakness.
Severe arrhythmias can damage the body's vital organs and
may even cause loss of consciousness or death.
A pacemaker can often be implanted in your chest with a
minor surgery.
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143. Pacemaker Types
There are three types of artificial pacemakers
Single chamber pacemakers set the pace of only one of your
Heart s chamber s , usually the left ventricle , and need just
one lead
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144. Pacemaker Types
Dual chamber pacemakers set the pace of two of your hearts
chambers and need two leads
Dual chamber pacemakers are ideal if you have heart block
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145. Pacemaker Types
Biventricular pacemakers use three leads, one in the right
atrium (one of the top pumping chambers in your heart) and
one in each of the ventricles (left and right)
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146. Pacemaker Types
1. Pacing function
2. Sensing function
3. Capture function
Atrial pacing:
stimulation of RT atrium produce spic on ECG preceding P
wave
Ventricle pacing :
stimulation of RT or LT ventricle produce a spic on ECG
preceding QRS complex
AVpacing:
direct stimulation of RT atrium and either ventricles
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147. Pacemaker Types
Sensing :
Ability of the cardiac pace maker to see intrinsic cardiac
activity when it occurs
Demand:
pacing stimulation delivered only if the heart rate falls
below the preset limit.
Fixed:
no ability to sense. constantly delivers the preset stimulus at
preset rate.
Triggered:
delivers stimuli in response to (sensing )cardiac event.
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148. Pacemaker Types
Capture:
Ability of the pacemaker to generate a response from the
heart (contraction) after electrical stimulation
According to pacing
1. Permanent
2. Temporary
3. biventricular
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