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Electromyography
A practical guide to understanding
muscle activity
1
Muscle function
• Muscles are the physiological motors of the
human body
• Kinematics and kinetics give us a good
indication of the muscle groups
• For increased specificity we measure a muscles
activity during gait
2
Electromyography
• Definition of Electromyography (EMG)
– Electromyography (EMG) is the detection and
recording of the electrical signal produced by
muscle tissue as it contracts.
3
Muscle activation (sEMG)
• Measurement of electrical signals within the
muscle with two electrodes
• A summation of the action potentials generated
during contractions due to a change in the cell’s
membrane potential
• The size of the signal is dependent on the
number and frequency of firing of motor units
4
Why measure sEMG?
• Measuring the muscle activity during gait allows:
– an indication to whether the muscle is active
– to see relative changes in timing of the muscles
– to assess motor control and coordination
– to determine any evidence of spasticity
– to evaluate muscle function post-surgical transfer
5
EMG does not tell us:
• The strength of the muscle
• What type of movement the signal represents
• Whether the activity is compensatory or the
primary abnormality.
6
Electromyography
• EMG includes the
– Detection
– Amplification
– Recording
– Processing and analysis
– Interpretation
• Three ways of recording the signals
• Surface electromyography (sEMG) most popular
7
How to measure sEMG
• Positioning the patient
8
Recommendations: www.seniam.org
How to measure sEMG
• Determine the electrode location
Recommendations: www.seniam.org
9
How to measure sEMG
• Skin preparation
10
Recommendations: www.seniam.org
How to measure sEMG
• Place and fix the electrodes securely
11
Recommendations: www.seniam.org
Fine Wire EMG
• Determine Position
12
How to measure sEMG
• Test the connection and accuracy of the
placement
13
Recommendations: www.seniam.org
Processing the signal
• Raw signal
14
Not
active
active
Processing the signal
• Rectified signal
15
Not
active
active
Processing the signal
• Muscle timings
16
smoothed
& rectified
signal
threshold
Onset Off
Processing the signal
• Filtered
17
Not
active
active
Processing the signal
• Fatigue
18
Factors that affect sEMG signal
• Impedance of the tissue
• Cross-talk between muscles
• Changes in geometry between muscle and
electrodes
• External noise
• All of these can be reduced using the 3P’s
– Position, Preparation and Placement of the electrodes
19
Repeatability and Interpretation
of EMG data
20
• Very few studies in the general literature
• Displayed the same way as general gait data
• Normalisation methods need to be appropriate
• sEMG alongside kinematics and kinetics can
offer further details about muscle function
• However, many labs choose specific individuals
Demonstration
Demonstration of
sEMG and fwEMG
21

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EMG

  • 1. Electromyography A practical guide to understanding muscle activity 1
  • 2. Muscle function • Muscles are the physiological motors of the human body • Kinematics and kinetics give us a good indication of the muscle groups • For increased specificity we measure a muscles activity during gait 2
  • 3. Electromyography • Definition of Electromyography (EMG) – Electromyography (EMG) is the detection and recording of the electrical signal produced by muscle tissue as it contracts. 3
  • 4. Muscle activation (sEMG) • Measurement of electrical signals within the muscle with two electrodes • A summation of the action potentials generated during contractions due to a change in the cell’s membrane potential • The size of the signal is dependent on the number and frequency of firing of motor units 4
  • 5. Why measure sEMG? • Measuring the muscle activity during gait allows: – an indication to whether the muscle is active – to see relative changes in timing of the muscles – to assess motor control and coordination – to determine any evidence of spasticity – to evaluate muscle function post-surgical transfer 5
  • 6. EMG does not tell us: • The strength of the muscle • What type of movement the signal represents • Whether the activity is compensatory or the primary abnormality. 6
  • 7. Electromyography • EMG includes the – Detection – Amplification – Recording – Processing and analysis – Interpretation • Three ways of recording the signals • Surface electromyography (sEMG) most popular 7
  • 8. How to measure sEMG • Positioning the patient 8 Recommendations: www.seniam.org
  • 9. How to measure sEMG • Determine the electrode location Recommendations: www.seniam.org 9
  • 10. How to measure sEMG • Skin preparation 10 Recommendations: www.seniam.org
  • 11. How to measure sEMG • Place and fix the electrodes securely 11 Recommendations: www.seniam.org
  • 12. Fine Wire EMG • Determine Position 12
  • 13. How to measure sEMG • Test the connection and accuracy of the placement 13 Recommendations: www.seniam.org
  • 14. Processing the signal • Raw signal 14 Not active active
  • 15. Processing the signal • Rectified signal 15 Not active active
  • 16. Processing the signal • Muscle timings 16 smoothed & rectified signal threshold Onset Off
  • 17. Processing the signal • Filtered 17 Not active active
  • 19. Factors that affect sEMG signal • Impedance of the tissue • Cross-talk between muscles • Changes in geometry between muscle and electrodes • External noise • All of these can be reduced using the 3P’s – Position, Preparation and Placement of the electrodes 19
  • 20. Repeatability and Interpretation of EMG data 20 • Very few studies in the general literature • Displayed the same way as general gait data • Normalisation methods need to be appropriate • sEMG alongside kinematics and kinetics can offer further details about muscle function • However, many labs choose specific individuals