A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
Graphic record heart sound - Phonogram.
Recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of heart.
Sound from heart – phonocardiogram
Instrument to measure this – phonocardiograph
Basic function – to pick up the different heart sound,filter the required and display.
You can learn about Function of Respiratoray System, Types of Respiration Rate Measurement Methods, Displacement Method, Thermistor Method, Impedance Pneumography, CO2 Method, Apnoea Detector, Block Diagram of Apnoea Detecto
Discussion of Bioelectrodes, types of electrodes, their materials, bio potentials and their electrodes used. Special electrodes and their designs are discussed.
Biomedical Instrumentation and its Fundamentals,Bio electric Signals(ECG, EMG ,EEG)and its Electrodes ,Physiological Transducers,Blood Pressure ,Blood Flow,Cardiac Output ,Patient Safety,Physiological Effects of Electric current on human body etc...
Types of Transducers
Analog and Digital Transducer
Characteristic of Transducer
Selection factor of Transducer
Measurement of Displacement
LVDT and RVDT
Different types of strain Gauges
Manometers
Pressure Measuring Elements
Hall Effect
Thermocouple
Photoelectric transducers and its classificationkaroline Enoch
The photoelectric transducer converts the light energy into electrical energy. It is made of semiconductor material. The photoelectric transducer uses a photosensitive element, which ejects the electrons when the beam of light absorbs through it.
This presentation explores blood flow meters, devices used to measure and monitor the flow of blood in medical and research applications. It covers their principles of operation, types of flow meters, and their significance in diagnosing and treating various cardiovascular conditions.
Graphic record heart sound - Phonogram.
Recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of heart.
Sound from heart – phonocardiogram
Instrument to measure this – phonocardiograph
Basic function – to pick up the different heart sound,filter the required and display.
You can learn about Function of Respiratoray System, Types of Respiration Rate Measurement Methods, Displacement Method, Thermistor Method, Impedance Pneumography, CO2 Method, Apnoea Detector, Block Diagram of Apnoea Detecto
Discussion of Bioelectrodes, types of electrodes, their materials, bio potentials and their electrodes used. Special electrodes and their designs are discussed.
Biomedical Instrumentation and its Fundamentals,Bio electric Signals(ECG, EMG ,EEG)and its Electrodes ,Physiological Transducers,Blood Pressure ,Blood Flow,Cardiac Output ,Patient Safety,Physiological Effects of Electric current on human body etc...
Types of Transducers
Analog and Digital Transducer
Characteristic of Transducer
Selection factor of Transducer
Measurement of Displacement
LVDT and RVDT
Different types of strain Gauges
Manometers
Pressure Measuring Elements
Hall Effect
Thermocouple
Photoelectric transducers and its classificationkaroline Enoch
The photoelectric transducer converts the light energy into electrical energy. It is made of semiconductor material. The photoelectric transducer uses a photosensitive element, which ejects the electrons when the beam of light absorbs through it.
This presentation explores blood flow meters, devices used to measure and monitor the flow of blood in medical and research applications. It covers their principles of operation, types of flow meters, and their significance in diagnosing and treating various cardiovascular conditions.
Electromagnetic Flow meters
Blood flow helps to understand basic physiological processes and e.g. the dissolution of a medicine into the body.
Blood flow and changes in blood volume, are usually correlated with concentration of nutrients and other substance in the blood.
Also, Blood Flow measurement reflects the concentration of O2.
In this presentation how flow rate, pressure, temperature and level in tank measure in refinery or any industry with different instrument are discussed.
Blood Flow Sensors and Meters with their workingjafarfarwa
These are slides about blood flow meters and sensors with introduction to a new technology of flexible sensors that can be used as a lie detector ... slides have prepared by me with a great hardwork on material,animations and transitions.
BLOOD IS A CONTINOUSLY VARYING QUANTITY and hard to measure .it can be magnetized to create polarity so that we measure the blood flow . blood can also be sensed using ultrasonic beams.
and the precious and amazing technology is FLEXIBLE SENSORS that can sense blood and measure its velocity . they can sense even a very very small change in the temprature of blood upto 3 decimal places . So see it in my slides and enjoy . hope u will satisfied by it .
THANKYOU :)
This concepts of Doppler physics contents are introduction, history, on which principle it works, applications of this physics Doppler angle types of flow types of Doppler advantages disadvantages and summary
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
2. INTRODUCTION
• Blood flow is the one of the important physiological
parameter and the most difficult to measure accurately.
• The average velocities of blood flow vary over a wide range
depending on diameter of blood vessel.
• There are many techniques for measuring the blood flow and
velocity.
• They are categorized into
1.invasive(surgical).
2.non invasive(through the skin).
3. Need for blood flowmeter
• Inspection for block in blood flow.
• Testing artificial blood vessels during organ transplantation.
• During Fistula creation in dialysis.
4. Typical values of blood flow
Type of blood
vessels
Total cross-section
area
Blood velocity in
cm/s
Aorta 3–5 cm2 40 cm/s
Capillaries 4500–6000 cm2 0.03 cm/s
Vena cava inferior
and superior
14 cm2 15 cm/s
5. Introduction
• Most widely used blood flow meters are:
Electromagnetic blood flow meter
Ultrasonic blood flow meters
NMR blood flow meter
Laser Doppler blood flow meter
7. ELECTROMAGNETIC BLOOD FLOWMETER
• Measures instantaneous pulsatile flow of blood
• Works based on the principle of electromagnetic induction
• The voltage induced in a conductor moving in a magnetic
field is proportional to the velocity of the conductor
• The conductive blood is the moving conductor
9. ELECTROMAGNETIC BLOOD FLOWMETER
• A permanent magnet or electromagnet positioned around the blood
vessel generates a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the
flow of the blood.
• Voltage induced in the moving blood column is measured with stationary
electrodes located on opposite sides of the blood vessel and
perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.
• This method requires that the blood vessel be exposed so that the flow
head or the measuring probe can be put across it.
10. • The Induced emf
• Where
• B = magnetic flux density, T
• L = length between electrodes, m
• u = instantaneous velocity of blood, m/s
11. Fig: Typical flow transducer
• The electromagnetic flow-transducer is a tube of non-magnetic
material to ensure that the magnetic flux does not bypass the
flowing liquid and go into the walls of the tube.
12. Types of EM Flowmeters
• basically, all modern flowmeters consist of a
generator of AC, a probe assembly , a series of
capacitance coupled amplifiers, a demodulator, a DC
amplifier and a suitable recording device.
• Basing shape of the energizing current waveform for
the electromagnet 2 types of EM Flowmeters are :
A. Sine wave flometer.
B. Square wave flowmeter.
13. Sine wave Flowmeters
• Probe magnet is energized with a sine wave and the induced
voltage will also be sinusoidal.
• Since the flow of blood acts as a secondary terminal of a
transformer w.r.t probe magnet, an additional artifact voltage
induced is called transformer voltage.
• This voltage is 900 out of phase with the original signal
corresponding to flow of blood .
• A method for eliminating transformer voltage by using a gated
amplifier(amplify signal only during flow induced voltage is
maximum).
• This type of instrument is known as ‘gated sine wave
flowmeter’ ,
14. Square wave flowmeter
• Probe magnet is energized with a square wave and induced
voltage is also square wave.
• It is easier to control magnitude and wave shape of energizing
current.
• Separation of transformer voltage is easy .
• For the measurement action square wave is amplitude
modulated by variation in blood flow.
16. Block diagram
Transducer
• consist of an electromagnet, a pair of electrodes.
• Electrodes may be in contact with either flowing blood or
outer surface of the blood vessel
Preamplifier
• The induced voltage pick up by the electrodes, is given to a
low noise differential amplifier through a capacitive coupling
• Must have a very high CMRR and input impedance
17. Block diagram
Gating circuit
• It helps to remove spurious voltages generated during magnet
current reversal
• The gating action is controlled by the circuit which provides
an excitation current to the electromagnet
Band pass filter
• It is an active RC band pass amplifier , which selectively pass
through it the amplified square wave signal
• Peak response is kept for 400Hz
18. Block diagram
Detector
• A phase sensitive detector is used to recover the signal
• It also helps in the rejection of interfering voltages at
frequencies below the carrier frequency
Low pass filter and output stage
• Demodulated signal is given to an RC LPF , which provides a
uniform frequency response and a linear phase shift
• Followed by an integrator provide output corresponding to the
mean flow
19. Block diagram
Magnet current drive
• The square wave input to the power amplifier stage which
supplies current to the electromagnet is fed from a free
running multivibrator
Zero flow reference line
• it establish the signal corresponding to zero-flow before
measurement.
21. Ultrasonic blood flowmeter
• An ultrasonic flow meter is a type of flow meter that
measures the velocity of a fluid with ultrasound to calculate
volume flow.
• Using ultrasonic transducers, the flow meter can measure the
average velocity along the path of an emitted beam of
ultrasound.
• By averaging the difference in measured transit time between
the pulses of ultrasound propagating into and against the
direction of the flow or by measuring the frequency shift from
the Doppler effect.
23. (a)Doppler-shift flow-velocity meters
• It is an non invasive method.
• It is based on the analysis of echo signals from
erythrocytes(RBCs) in blood.
• The incident ultrasound is scattered by the blood cells and
scattered wave is received by the second receiver.
• The frequency shift of the scattered wave gives idea about
velocity of scatterers.
• The Doppler frequency shift is a measure of size and direction
of the flow velocity.
24. Doppler-shift flow-velocity meters
5 MHz
exciter
Rx Tx
R F
amplifierdetector
LPF
Audio
amplifier
Zero
crossing
detector
LPF
Blood vessel
Fig : block diagram
output
25. (b)Range gated pulsed Doppler flow meter
• Baker(1970) stated that recording blood flow using Doppler
shift are sometimes misleading and inaccurate.
• These difficulties can be overcome , if the ultrasonic source is
pulsed.
• If the returning signal is range gated ,then the diameter and
velocity of blood stream can measure together.
26. Receiver
limiter
Phase detector LPF Sample and amplifier
Power amp Pulse amp
Sample
pulse gen.
LPF
Freq division
Master Oscillator
(4.5-5.5 MHz)
Rx element
Tx element
Audible
Doppler
output
Fig : block diagram of pulsed doppler flow meter.
27. (c) Flow measurement by Doppler Imaging
• Doppler ultrasound is not only used for measurement of the
absolute value of blood velocity and volume, but it also helps
to visualize blood flow.
• The probe this imaging equipment is mechanically coupled to
position resolver, which gives electrical output.
• Imaging is done by moving the probe through the skin, and
developing a 3D image using a computer.
• Thus, it is possible to construct anterior-posterior , lateral and
cross-sectional scans of blood vessel.
28. Flow measurement by Doppler Imaging
Figs : Flow measurement by Doppler Imaging
29. Flow measurement by Doppler Imaging
• Using this recording of mean blood flow, peak flow, reverse
peak flow etc. of cardiac cycle are possible.
• This method is also helpful for taking measurements from
brain , which is difficult to access.
31. NMR Blood Flowmeter
• Non invasive method by Nuclear magnetic resonance
principle.
• For flow measurement , behaviour of the 2 Hydrogen atoms
of water is studied.(Since blood is approximately 83% water).
• Due to magnetic moment of the H atom , the nucleus behaves
as a micro miniature magnet which can affected by externally
applied magnetic field.
• the hydrogen nuclei orient themselves to produce a net
parallel alignment to a steady magnetic field.
32. NMR Blood Flowmeter
• Orientation of H atoms will be change according to the status
of blood flow.
• This orientation will results in the magnetization of H atoms.
• Therefore, magnitude of magnetization can be related to
either velocity of blood or flow rate.
• A crossed coil configuration is used to detect the level of
magnetization in body.
• The voltage induced in coil(NMR signal) is proportional to
velocity and area of vessel carrying blood.
• NMR flow meters are limited in their application to the
measurement in limbs.