The document discusses Ardex 'Rapidry Formula' cement systems for flooring. It describes how products with the Rapidry Formula logo incorporate unique technology allowing them to totally bind water during mixing. This enables rapid hardening and drying of screeds and toppings regardless of thickness. It also eliminates the risk of discoloration when fixing natural stone. Several Ardex cement products are then described including screeds, self-leveling compounds, primers, and a car park system.
Case studies for strengthening of existing structuresParamaAthmeka
The document discusses two case studies of structural strengthening projects:
1) The restoration of the historic Jiangwan Stadium in China from 1935, which involved carbonation rehabilitation, steel truss repairs, surface repairs, crack solutions, filler wall strengthening, and reinforced concrete flexural member strengthening.
2) Strengthening of a 14-story reinforced concrete building in Mexico City damaged in earthquakes, including adding steel bracing, jacketing beams and columns, reinforced concrete walls, and new foundation piles. Both case studies highlight understanding damage causes and ensuring load paths in rehabilitation designs.
Pile foundation ppt 2 (usefulsearch.org) (useful search)Make Mannan
Pile foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil is low or uneven and the soil is located at a greater depth. Piles transfer structural loads directly to the soil layer below by end bearing or side friction. Common pile types include timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles which are classified based on function, material, and installation method. Pile foundations provide solutions for difficult soil conditions like compressible, waterlogged, or made ground and are widely used for bridges, buildings, and marine structures.
A cofferdam is a temporary structure constructed around an area where construction is to occur underwater. There are several types of cofferdams depending on material and construction method including sandbag, earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, double-walled, crib, and cellular cofferdams. Cellular cofferdams are suitable for large enclosures and come in circular and diaphragm styles, with circular allowing independent filling of cells.
This document discusses techniques for underwater concrete construction. It covers topics such as concrete specifications, laying techniques using methods like tremie, bucket placing, and pump placement. Tremie placement is described as the standard method, involving pumping concrete through a watertight pipe. Concrete mixes for tremie placement require workability additives and a maximum aggregate size of 20mm. Repair works are also discussed, involving defining the repair area, cleaning, haulage, inspection, and environmental considerations.
The tremie method is used to place concrete underwater using a watertight pipe. A tremie pipe with a funnel top and sealed bottom is used to pour high-slump concrete into place without allowing water ingress. The tremie pipe remains embedded in the wet concrete as it is lifted to continuously place concrete from bottom to top until the level rises above water. Precautions must be taken to prevent water flow and ensure the tremie seal is maintained during placement.
This document discusses different methods of constructing underground structures beneath existing surfaces without disrupting traffic, including box jacking, arched jacking, and thrust boring. Box jacking involves pushing pre-cast concrete boxes into the ground with hydraulic jacks to form the structure. Arched jacking and thrust boring use similar techniques to jack pipes through the ground. Freezing the soil is another method used to stabilize the ground and prevent issues like water seepage when constructing underground. Case studies demonstrate how these techniques have been applied to real projects.
Pipe jacking is a trenchless construction method where pipes are pushed through the ground behind a tunneling shield using hydraulic jacks. The process involves excavating soil within the shield as it advances forward in a continuous process until the pipeline is completed. It provides a structurally sound, watertight finished pipeline and avoids excavating trenches, making it suitable for installing pipes in urban areas with existing infrastructure. Some key equipment used includes jacks, pipes, thrust rings to distribute force evenly, and cutter heads to excavate the soil.
The document discusses Ardex 'Rapidry Formula' cement systems for flooring. It describes how products with the Rapidry Formula logo incorporate unique technology allowing them to totally bind water during mixing. This enables rapid hardening and drying of screeds and toppings regardless of thickness. It also eliminates the risk of discoloration when fixing natural stone. Several Ardex cement products are then described including screeds, self-leveling compounds, primers, and a car park system.
Case studies for strengthening of existing structuresParamaAthmeka
The document discusses two case studies of structural strengthening projects:
1) The restoration of the historic Jiangwan Stadium in China from 1935, which involved carbonation rehabilitation, steel truss repairs, surface repairs, crack solutions, filler wall strengthening, and reinforced concrete flexural member strengthening.
2) Strengthening of a 14-story reinforced concrete building in Mexico City damaged in earthquakes, including adding steel bracing, jacketing beams and columns, reinforced concrete walls, and new foundation piles. Both case studies highlight understanding damage causes and ensuring load paths in rehabilitation designs.
Pile foundation ppt 2 (usefulsearch.org) (useful search)Make Mannan
Pile foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil is low or uneven and the soil is located at a greater depth. Piles transfer structural loads directly to the soil layer below by end bearing or side friction. Common pile types include timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles which are classified based on function, material, and installation method. Pile foundations provide solutions for difficult soil conditions like compressible, waterlogged, or made ground and are widely used for bridges, buildings, and marine structures.
A cofferdam is a temporary structure constructed around an area where construction is to occur underwater. There are several types of cofferdams depending on material and construction method including sandbag, earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, double-walled, crib, and cellular cofferdams. Cellular cofferdams are suitable for large enclosures and come in circular and diaphragm styles, with circular allowing independent filling of cells.
This document discusses techniques for underwater concrete construction. It covers topics such as concrete specifications, laying techniques using methods like tremie, bucket placing, and pump placement. Tremie placement is described as the standard method, involving pumping concrete through a watertight pipe. Concrete mixes for tremie placement require workability additives and a maximum aggregate size of 20mm. Repair works are also discussed, involving defining the repair area, cleaning, haulage, inspection, and environmental considerations.
The tremie method is used to place concrete underwater using a watertight pipe. A tremie pipe with a funnel top and sealed bottom is used to pour high-slump concrete into place without allowing water ingress. The tremie pipe remains embedded in the wet concrete as it is lifted to continuously place concrete from bottom to top until the level rises above water. Precautions must be taken to prevent water flow and ensure the tremie seal is maintained during placement.
This document discusses different methods of constructing underground structures beneath existing surfaces without disrupting traffic, including box jacking, arched jacking, and thrust boring. Box jacking involves pushing pre-cast concrete boxes into the ground with hydraulic jacks to form the structure. Arched jacking and thrust boring use similar techniques to jack pipes through the ground. Freezing the soil is another method used to stabilize the ground and prevent issues like water seepage when constructing underground. Case studies demonstrate how these techniques have been applied to real projects.
Pipe jacking is a trenchless construction method where pipes are pushed through the ground behind a tunneling shield using hydraulic jacks. The process involves excavating soil within the shield as it advances forward in a continuous process until the pipeline is completed. It provides a structurally sound, watertight finished pipeline and avoids excavating trenches, making it suitable for installing pipes in urban areas with existing infrastructure. Some key equipment used includes jacks, pipes, thrust rings to distribute force evenly, and cutter heads to excavate the soil.
Shoring is used to support trench faces and prevent soil and underground utility movement. It is used when trench depths make sloping back to a safe angle impractical. There are three main types of shoring: timber shoring using wood sheets and posts; hydraulic shoring using prefabricated aluminum or steel struts, wales and sheeting; and pneumatic shoring which is similar but uses air pressure instead of hydraulic pressure. Shoring must be installed from the top down and removed from the bottom up.
Waterproofing is important for construction to prevent water damage. It involves making structures water resistant through various methods and materials. Common waterproofing methods include cementitious waterproofing for interior areas, liquid waterproofing membranes for flexible coverage, and bituminous membranes and coatings for roofs and foundations. Proper waterproofing protects buildings from leakage, deterioration and mold, while also preventing health issues and unnecessary repair costs. Issues like cracks, poor installation, and lack of maintenance can compromise waterproofing and should be addressed.
Self-healing concrete uses bacteria and calcium lactate to autonomously repair cracks up to 0.5mm wide. When water enters cracks, bacteria metabolize calcium lactate to produce limestone that fills the cracks. Tests show self-healing concrete has higher compressive and flexural strength than normal concrete, and is more durable and crack-resistant. While more expensive initially, self-healing concrete reduces long-term maintenance costs by preventing corrosion and extending structure lifespan. Current research focuses on optimizing bacterial and nutrient encapsulation to ensure reliable self-healing.
This presentation discusses plastering and provides details on materials, tools, types of plaster, and procedures. It introduces plastering as a process of covering rough surfaces with a plastic material to create smooth, durable coatings. The main types of plaster covered are lime, cement, mud, and stucco plaster. Procedures for cement plastering including surface preparation, application of preliminary, first, and second coats are outlined. Common plastering issues like cracking, efflorescence, filling out, and blowing are defined along with solutions. Advantages of durability and ease of application are balanced with disadvantages of repair costs and potential for cracking.
Chapter 4 (d) hollow concrete block masonryKHUSHBU SHAH
The document discusses hollow concrete blocks used in construction. Some key points:
- Hollow concrete blocks are large rectangular bricks made of Portland cement, sand, and gravel aggregates. They come in various standard sizes for different uses.
- Blocks are manufactured using a cement to aggregate ratio of 1:6, with sand and gravel aggregates sized 6-12mm. They are molded, cured for 7 days, and should have a minimum compressive strength of 4N/mm2.
- Advantages of hollow concrete block masonry include lighter weight for easier handling, faster construction, and increased floor area due to thinner walls.
This document discusses various methods for underwater construction. It describes wet construction using water tight retaining structures like caissons and cofferdams to create dry environments for building bridge piers, buildings, and dams. It also discusses the challenges of underwater construction when water depths increase and the objectives of maintaining structural stability. Furthermore, it outlines techniques for underwater concreting using tremie pipes, pumps, and toggle bags to place concrete below the water surface.
THIS PRESENTATION INCLUDES THE MOST COMMON CONCRETE PROBLEMS CAUSES AND RESPECTIVE MEASURES TO AVOID IT.
THE COMMON CONCRETE PROBLEMS ARE
1)DISCOLORATION
2)SCALING
3)CRAZING
4)CRACKING
5)CURLING
6)BLISTERS
7)DELAMINATION
8)DUSTING
9)EFFLORESCENCE
10)SPALLING
11)POPOUTS
Formwork is used to create structures out of concrete that is poured into molds. It can be made from materials like steel, wood, aluminum, or prefabricated forms. Construction of formwork takes up 20-25% of total structure costs and involves supporting structures and molds. Proper formwork is designed to be easily removable, economical, leakproof, durable, rigid, provide smooth surfaces, be strong, and have adequate supports. Common types include conventional timber formwork, engineered prefabricated formwork, and modern systems like flying forms. Materials used include steel, plywood, plastic, and aluminum. Proper bracing and construction is needed to avoid failures from improper stripping, inadequate bracing, vibration
Formwork Presentation for Construction TechnologyI'mMiss Lily
1. Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured and can support itself. Common materials used include wood, steel, aluminum, plastic and plywood.
2. A good formwork must be water tight, strong, and reusable while also considering factors like quality, safety, and economy. It must be able to withstand loads, retain its shape, and be removed without damaging the concrete.
3. Different types of formworks are used for columns, beams, slabs, and other structural elements. Column formwork typically consists of side and end planks joined by yokes and bolts. Beam formworks use thick timber or plywood and are supported by props.
This document discusses bacterial-based self-healing concrete. It describes how certain bacteria like Bacillus pasteurii are added to concrete mix and remain dormant. When cracks form and water enters, the bacteria are activated and precipitate calcium carbonate to seal the cracks. The bacteria use oxygen and calcium lactate in the concrete to form insoluble limestone crystals through bio-mineralization. Research shows bacterial concrete achieves up to 88% reduction in water and chloride permeability while increasing compressive strength over time as cracks self-heal. Potential applications include underwater and water-bearing structures.
A tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavates tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. TBMs can bore through varying ground conditions including soft ground, mixed face conditions and hard rock. The document discusses different tunnel construction methods such as drill-and-blast, TBMs, cut-and-cover and immersed tunnels. It also describes the various processes involved in tunnel boring including drilling, excavation, muck removal, ground treatment and tunnel lining. Selection of the appropriate construction method depends on geological conditions, tunnel dimensions, construction timelines and other factors.
Cracks in concrete structures can be classified as thin (less than 1mm), medium (1-2mm), or wide (more than 2mm). Cracks are caused by factors like plastic shrinkage during curing, drying shrinkage due to moisture loss, thermal stresses from temperature changes, chemical reactions between aggregates and alkalis, and weathering from freezing and thawing. Cracks are evaluated based on their location, extent, and width. Repair methods include epoxy injection into cracks, routing and sealing cracks, reinforcing around cracks, and cement grouting of cracks. Left unrepaired, cracks can compromise the structural integrity and durability of concrete.
The document summarizes the manufacturing process of ceramic tiles. Raw materials like clay, silica, and talc are ground into a slurry using a continuous ball mill. The slurry is spray dried into a fine powder and stored in silos. The powder is pressed into tiles using hydraulic presses and dried. Tiles are glazed, printed, and fired in a roller kiln to increase strength. The finished tiles are sorted, packaged, and shipped for use in floors, walls, roofs, and ceilings.
This document discusses different grouting methods. It describes permeation grouting where grout is injected to fill voids without disturbing soil grains. Displacement grouting displaces soil grains, including compaction grouting using thick grout to form bulb shapes, and soil fracture grouting using lean grout to form root-like lenses. Jet grouting forms grouted columns by partly replacing and mixing with soil. Permeation grouting is used to form seepage barriers and stabilize tunnels. Displacement-compaction grouting involves high pressure injection of a soil-cement grout mixture to form 0.5-1m bulbous intrusions.
Cast in situ piles are concrete piles that are constructed by excavating soil and pouring concrete directly into the hole. There are several types of cast in situ piles including simplex, franki, and vibro piles. The simplex pile is most common in Bangladesh. To construct a simplex pile, a casing is installed and reinforced with rebar before concrete is poured into the casing while it is vibrated out of the ground. Cast in situ piles are preferable to driven piles in areas with noise limitations, existing structures nearby, or weak and loose soils. The construction process involves soil testing, boring, installing rebar cages, and pouring concrete through a tremie pipe.
This document discusses various common waterproofing methods used in construction, including cementitious waterproofing, liquid waterproofing membranes, bituminous membranes and coatings, and polyurethane liquid membranes. Cementitious waterproofing uses easily available cement-based materials and is commonly used internally, while liquid membranes form flexible rubbery coatings. Bituminous membranes are popular for low-sloped roofs and come in torch-applied and self-adhesive types. Polyurethane liquid membranes offer high flexibility but are more expensive and sensitive to moisture levels. The document provides details on the materials, applications, advantages and limitations of each method.
This document provides information about slip form construction. It begins by defining slip forming as a construction method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form. It is used for tall structures like bridges, towers, and dams. The document then describes vertical and horizontal slip forming. Vertical slip forming uses a working platform and hydraulic jacks to raise the formwork. Horizontal slip forming is used for pavement and traffic barriers. The structural units and structure of slip formwork are explained, involving steel panels, jacks, and other connecting elements. Key advantages are high construction speed, reduced labor costs, and uniformity of structures.
Wednesday may 4 water underground lessonMau Dijamco
Groundwater moves slowly through pores and cracks in soil and rock underground. The saturated zone below the water table is filled with water and is called an aquifer. People access groundwater by drilling wells into aquifers below the water table. In an artesian well, groundwater rises to the surface under pressure without needing a pump.
This application, installed in a mobile device, provides users with the most common options for setting out tunnels and gathering data from them with either motorized or conventional total stations.
Shoring is used to support trench faces and prevent soil and underground utility movement. It is used when trench depths make sloping back to a safe angle impractical. There are three main types of shoring: timber shoring using wood sheets and posts; hydraulic shoring using prefabricated aluminum or steel struts, wales and sheeting; and pneumatic shoring which is similar but uses air pressure instead of hydraulic pressure. Shoring must be installed from the top down and removed from the bottom up.
Waterproofing is important for construction to prevent water damage. It involves making structures water resistant through various methods and materials. Common waterproofing methods include cementitious waterproofing for interior areas, liquid waterproofing membranes for flexible coverage, and bituminous membranes and coatings for roofs and foundations. Proper waterproofing protects buildings from leakage, deterioration and mold, while also preventing health issues and unnecessary repair costs. Issues like cracks, poor installation, and lack of maintenance can compromise waterproofing and should be addressed.
Self-healing concrete uses bacteria and calcium lactate to autonomously repair cracks up to 0.5mm wide. When water enters cracks, bacteria metabolize calcium lactate to produce limestone that fills the cracks. Tests show self-healing concrete has higher compressive and flexural strength than normal concrete, and is more durable and crack-resistant. While more expensive initially, self-healing concrete reduces long-term maintenance costs by preventing corrosion and extending structure lifespan. Current research focuses on optimizing bacterial and nutrient encapsulation to ensure reliable self-healing.
This presentation discusses plastering and provides details on materials, tools, types of plaster, and procedures. It introduces plastering as a process of covering rough surfaces with a plastic material to create smooth, durable coatings. The main types of plaster covered are lime, cement, mud, and stucco plaster. Procedures for cement plastering including surface preparation, application of preliminary, first, and second coats are outlined. Common plastering issues like cracking, efflorescence, filling out, and blowing are defined along with solutions. Advantages of durability and ease of application are balanced with disadvantages of repair costs and potential for cracking.
Chapter 4 (d) hollow concrete block masonryKHUSHBU SHAH
The document discusses hollow concrete blocks used in construction. Some key points:
- Hollow concrete blocks are large rectangular bricks made of Portland cement, sand, and gravel aggregates. They come in various standard sizes for different uses.
- Blocks are manufactured using a cement to aggregate ratio of 1:6, with sand and gravel aggregates sized 6-12mm. They are molded, cured for 7 days, and should have a minimum compressive strength of 4N/mm2.
- Advantages of hollow concrete block masonry include lighter weight for easier handling, faster construction, and increased floor area due to thinner walls.
This document discusses various methods for underwater construction. It describes wet construction using water tight retaining structures like caissons and cofferdams to create dry environments for building bridge piers, buildings, and dams. It also discusses the challenges of underwater construction when water depths increase and the objectives of maintaining structural stability. Furthermore, it outlines techniques for underwater concreting using tremie pipes, pumps, and toggle bags to place concrete below the water surface.
THIS PRESENTATION INCLUDES THE MOST COMMON CONCRETE PROBLEMS CAUSES AND RESPECTIVE MEASURES TO AVOID IT.
THE COMMON CONCRETE PROBLEMS ARE
1)DISCOLORATION
2)SCALING
3)CRAZING
4)CRACKING
5)CURLING
6)BLISTERS
7)DELAMINATION
8)DUSTING
9)EFFLORESCENCE
10)SPALLING
11)POPOUTS
Formwork is used to create structures out of concrete that is poured into molds. It can be made from materials like steel, wood, aluminum, or prefabricated forms. Construction of formwork takes up 20-25% of total structure costs and involves supporting structures and molds. Proper formwork is designed to be easily removable, economical, leakproof, durable, rigid, provide smooth surfaces, be strong, and have adequate supports. Common types include conventional timber formwork, engineered prefabricated formwork, and modern systems like flying forms. Materials used include steel, plywood, plastic, and aluminum. Proper bracing and construction is needed to avoid failures from improper stripping, inadequate bracing, vibration
Formwork Presentation for Construction TechnologyI'mMiss Lily
1. Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured and can support itself. Common materials used include wood, steel, aluminum, plastic and plywood.
2. A good formwork must be water tight, strong, and reusable while also considering factors like quality, safety, and economy. It must be able to withstand loads, retain its shape, and be removed without damaging the concrete.
3. Different types of formworks are used for columns, beams, slabs, and other structural elements. Column formwork typically consists of side and end planks joined by yokes and bolts. Beam formworks use thick timber or plywood and are supported by props.
This document discusses bacterial-based self-healing concrete. It describes how certain bacteria like Bacillus pasteurii are added to concrete mix and remain dormant. When cracks form and water enters, the bacteria are activated and precipitate calcium carbonate to seal the cracks. The bacteria use oxygen and calcium lactate in the concrete to form insoluble limestone crystals through bio-mineralization. Research shows bacterial concrete achieves up to 88% reduction in water and chloride permeability while increasing compressive strength over time as cracks self-heal. Potential applications include underwater and water-bearing structures.
A tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavates tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. TBMs can bore through varying ground conditions including soft ground, mixed face conditions and hard rock. The document discusses different tunnel construction methods such as drill-and-blast, TBMs, cut-and-cover and immersed tunnels. It also describes the various processes involved in tunnel boring including drilling, excavation, muck removal, ground treatment and tunnel lining. Selection of the appropriate construction method depends on geological conditions, tunnel dimensions, construction timelines and other factors.
Cracks in concrete structures can be classified as thin (less than 1mm), medium (1-2mm), or wide (more than 2mm). Cracks are caused by factors like plastic shrinkage during curing, drying shrinkage due to moisture loss, thermal stresses from temperature changes, chemical reactions between aggregates and alkalis, and weathering from freezing and thawing. Cracks are evaluated based on their location, extent, and width. Repair methods include epoxy injection into cracks, routing and sealing cracks, reinforcing around cracks, and cement grouting of cracks. Left unrepaired, cracks can compromise the structural integrity and durability of concrete.
The document summarizes the manufacturing process of ceramic tiles. Raw materials like clay, silica, and talc are ground into a slurry using a continuous ball mill. The slurry is spray dried into a fine powder and stored in silos. The powder is pressed into tiles using hydraulic presses and dried. Tiles are glazed, printed, and fired in a roller kiln to increase strength. The finished tiles are sorted, packaged, and shipped for use in floors, walls, roofs, and ceilings.
This document discusses different grouting methods. It describes permeation grouting where grout is injected to fill voids without disturbing soil grains. Displacement grouting displaces soil grains, including compaction grouting using thick grout to form bulb shapes, and soil fracture grouting using lean grout to form root-like lenses. Jet grouting forms grouted columns by partly replacing and mixing with soil. Permeation grouting is used to form seepage barriers and stabilize tunnels. Displacement-compaction grouting involves high pressure injection of a soil-cement grout mixture to form 0.5-1m bulbous intrusions.
Cast in situ piles are concrete piles that are constructed by excavating soil and pouring concrete directly into the hole. There are several types of cast in situ piles including simplex, franki, and vibro piles. The simplex pile is most common in Bangladesh. To construct a simplex pile, a casing is installed and reinforced with rebar before concrete is poured into the casing while it is vibrated out of the ground. Cast in situ piles are preferable to driven piles in areas with noise limitations, existing structures nearby, or weak and loose soils. The construction process involves soil testing, boring, installing rebar cages, and pouring concrete through a tremie pipe.
This document discusses various common waterproofing methods used in construction, including cementitious waterproofing, liquid waterproofing membranes, bituminous membranes and coatings, and polyurethane liquid membranes. Cementitious waterproofing uses easily available cement-based materials and is commonly used internally, while liquid membranes form flexible rubbery coatings. Bituminous membranes are popular for low-sloped roofs and come in torch-applied and self-adhesive types. Polyurethane liquid membranes offer high flexibility but are more expensive and sensitive to moisture levels. The document provides details on the materials, applications, advantages and limitations of each method.
This document provides information about slip form construction. It begins by defining slip forming as a construction method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form. It is used for tall structures like bridges, towers, and dams. The document then describes vertical and horizontal slip forming. Vertical slip forming uses a working platform and hydraulic jacks to raise the formwork. Horizontal slip forming is used for pavement and traffic barriers. The structural units and structure of slip formwork are explained, involving steel panels, jacks, and other connecting elements. Key advantages are high construction speed, reduced labor costs, and uniformity of structures.
Wednesday may 4 water underground lessonMau Dijamco
Groundwater moves slowly through pores and cracks in soil and rock underground. The saturated zone below the water table is filled with water and is called an aquifer. People access groundwater by drilling wells into aquifers below the water table. In an artesian well, groundwater rises to the surface under pressure without needing a pump.
This application, installed in a mobile device, provides users with the most common options for setting out tunnels and gathering data from them with either motorized or conventional total stations.
This document discusses using blasting to alleviate snow-coning in dry back-filling operations. It summarizes cast blasting theory and applies it to estimate design parameters for a trial application using explosives to move unconsolidated back-fill material outward. However, cast blasting theory has many assumptions that do not apply to loose back-fill. The document concludes the method may be effective but explosive effectiveness is unclear given the unconsolidated material, recommending a trial-and-error approach.
The document discusses blasting damage in rock excavations and methods to control it. It begins with a brief history of blasting and how the understanding of its effects on rock stability has lagged behind other areas of rock mechanics. Blasting can damage rock through dynamic stresses, gas pressure, and fracturing from the release of compressed rock. Precisely controlling blasting techniques from the initial cut through the full blast sequence is necessary to minimize damage extending several meters into the surrounding rock. Methods discussed include pre-splitting, smooth blasting, and the use of delays to allow broken rock to clear before subsequent holes detonate. Proper blasting design is crucial for ensuring the stability of underground excavations and rock slopes.
This document contains course notes for a spring 2003 rock excavation class at the University of Arizona. It is divided into 5 modules that cover topics including geological properties of rocks, rock breaking processes, drilling and blasting components, blast design, and mechanical excavation. The notes include over 50 figures to illustrate concepts. Additional resources are listed at the end of each section for students to further supplement their learning.
This document presents information on the construction of an underground water supply tunnel in Mumbai, India. It includes sections on the introduction, salient features, materials, and construction methodology. The introduction defines tunnels and explains the need for the project to address aging pipelines and meet future water demands. The salient features section describes constructing vertical shafts and tunnels using controlled blasting and tunnel boring machines. The construction methodology section outlines the processes of well sinking, shaft construction, and tunnel construction. Images and references are also provided.
Water issues of Mumbai city from the perspective of the local municipal authority in charges of supply and distribution to the city. Challenges and solutions to meeting the increasing demand for water and dealing with distribution losses among other problems.
The block caving mining method involves undercutting masses of ore to induce caving and allow the broken ore to be extracted below using gravity. It is unlike sublevel caving in that both ore and rock cave together in a columnar fashion to the surface, resulting in massive subsidence. Development for block caving is extensive due to the need for haulageways, laterals, crosscuts and additional sublevels for equipment. Ore is extracted through drawpoints, chutes or trenches under the block. The cycle involves drilling, blasting of the undercut, secondary blasting, loading through passes or draws and haulage. It has high productivity but also large scale caving and subsidence with draw control and dilution being
Tarsal tunnel syndrome involves compression of the tibial nerve as it passes beneath the flexor retinaculum in the ankle. It causes pain, numbness and tingling in the foot. Non-surgical treatments include orthotics, stretching, weight loss and activity modification. Surgery to release the flexor retinaculum may be considered if non-surgical options fail. Anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome is a similar condition affecting the deep peroneal nerve. Risk factors include ankle injuries and activities that put repetitive stress on the ankle.
This document discusses principles of rock drilling for excavation by blasting. It describes two main drilling methods - rotary drilling and percussive drilling. Rotary drilling can be further divided into rotary cutting and rotary crushing using different drill bits. It is commonly used for large blast holes but has limitations in drilling non-vertical holes. Percussive drilling breaks rock through hammering impacts generated by pneumatic or hydraulic rock drills and transmits energy to the drill bit.
Research on mean partical size after drilling & blasting by Abhijit palAbhijit Pal
Rock fragmentation is important for mining efficiency. Factors like blast design, explosives used, and rock properties affect fragment size. A report from Tata Steel showed mean fragment sizes ranging from 15-49 cm for overburden and coal over 10 days. Software can analyze muckpile photos and provide fragmentation data like size distributions and percentages. Understanding fragmentation allows optimizing blasting for maximum production.
Underground mining is used to access ores and minerals located far beneath the ground when surface mining is not economical. It involves digging into the ground to extract resources. Underground mining is used when the ore deposit is deep, the grade is high enough to mine profitably, or surface mining is not permitted or practical due to issues like nearby forests, rivers, or habitation. There are different methods used for hard rock mining, which involves metals, and soft rock mining, which involves minerals like coal. Accessing the ores requires removing overburden via vertical shafts, declines, or adits, and then excavating levels and stopes. Safety precautions like ventilation, supports, and equipment are needed.
The document outlines the key characteristics of living things according to biologists. It states that all living things share the characteristics of being cellular, able to reproduce, able to metabolize or obtain and use energy, able to maintain homeostasis, able to pass on hereditary traits, able to respond to their environments, able to grow and develop, and able to adapt and evolve over time. It provides examples for each characteristic and distinguishes between unicellular and multicellular organisms as well as asexual and sexual reproduction.
The New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) involves:
1) Creating initial support on tunnel openings to prevent deterioration.
2) Excavating in short sections and applying shotcrete and metal supports.
3) Monitoring deformation with various instruments to ensure tunnel stability.
The document discusses the techno-economic feasibility analysis of using surface miners versus shovels for coal mining. Surface miners provide advantages like continuous cutting, precise depth control, and sized material production without blasting or primary crushing. They are more environmentally friendly and suitable for thinner seams or areas where blasting is prohibited. A case study shows that surface miners have lower overall costs per metric ton than shovel operations due to eliminating costs associated with drilling, blasting, and primary crushing. Direct loading with surface miners provides the lowest overall costs but requires more supervision than loading with an additional loader.
1. Underwater tunnels are transport routes that are partly or wholly constructed under bodies of water, with different types including soft ground tunnels dug below the ocean bed, immersed tunnels made on the ocean floor, and floating submerged tunnels that float due to attached tethers.
2. Constructing underwater tunnels presents significant engineering challenges due to the tremendous water pressure from above and squeezing pressure from soft ground. Different tunnel construction methods are used depending on the material and conditions.
3. A proposed transatlantic underwater tunnel would connect North America and Europe, but presents massive challenges including the scales of resources, time, and extreme working conditions required that make completion effectively impossible with current technology.
Transportation in a supply chain managementsai krishna
The document discusses transportation in supply chains. It describes the key factors in transportation decisions, various modes of transportation including their characteristics and considerations, and designing transportation networks. The roles of shippers and carriers are defined. Details are provided on transportation via air, truck, rail, water, pipeline, intermodal, and their trade-offs and issues in planning transportation.
This document summarizes various underground mining methods. It describes supported methods like cut and fill stoping which uses backfill, and unsupported methods like room and pillar mining where pillars provide natural support. It also discusses caving methods, including longwall mining where powered supports are used and sublevel caving where the ore and rock above cave in controlled columns. Conditions for each method are provided regarding ore and rock strength, deposit size and shape, depth, grade, and uniformity. The production cycle for each typically involves drilling, blasting, loading, and hauling, with auxiliary operations like ventilation and ground control.
The document summarizes drilling and blasting equipment used in mining and construction. It describes various types of drills like percussion drills, abrasion drills, and fusion piercing. It also discusses components of drilling like drills, drill bits, and different drilling patterns. The document then explains the blasting process which involves using explosives like dynamite, detonators, fuses, and blasting caps. Proper handling and transportation of explosives is important for safety. The blasting procedure involves making blast holes, inserting charges, tamping, and detonating with a fuse or detonator.
The document discusses various aspects of tunnel engineering. It begins by introducing tunnels and their uses for transportation. It then discusses the Thames Tunnel in London as an example. The document outlines several advantages of tunneling over other methods. It also discusses considerations for selecting tunnel routes and economies of tunneling. The remainder of the document describes various tunneling methods through both rock and soft ground, as well as tunnel drainage, lighting, ventilation, lining, and maintenance.
This document presents a mathematical model for reservoir routing of the spillway for the Wadi Horan Dam in Iraq. It describes collecting topographic data and establishing an elevation-area curve for the reservoir site. Storage capacity is calculated using the prismoidal formula. Outflow is determined using equations for an ogee spillway and sluice gates. An elevation-storage curve is developed from the calculations. The model routes inflows to determine the maximum outflow of 1400 m3/sec and maximum head of 3.4m over the spillway crest. It evaluates selecting a Type II stilling basin based on a Froude number of 5.
This document provides guidelines for the construction and maintenance of borewells and tubewells in India. It discusses key aspects of borewell design such as site selection, trial boring, sampling of water for quality testing, and minimum distance requirements. Common shortcomings in current design and construction practices are also outlined, such as improper sizing of screens and filter media. The document emphasizes the importance of proper planning, design, and testing to ensure borewells are constructed efficiently and provide safe drinking water.
This document provides details on the design of water retaining walls for an underground mine. It discusses analyzing rainfall data to estimate possible water levels, calculating water heads for three scenarios, and evaluating the required thickness of dams. The maximum water head is estimated to be 105m for a temporary dam and 40m for a permanent dam. Dam thickness is evaluated using standard formulas considering water head, roadway dimensions, and safety factors.
This document discusses the components and purpose of diversion headworks. It describes how weirs or barrages are constructed across perennial rivers to divert water into canals for irrigation and other uses. The key components include the weir/barrage, undersluices, divide wall, fish ladder, canal head regulator, and silt excluders. Together these components raise the river level, regulate water flow into canals, control silt entry, and allow for fish passage, while river training works guide the river flow safely around the diversion structure.
This document provides information on canal irrigation, including definitions, types of canals based on use and discharge, canal components like main canals and branch canals, canal shapes, lined and unlined canals, canal design theories by Kennedy and Lacey for unlined canals on alluvial soils, and comparisons between the two theories. It discusses parameters for canal design like critical velocity, silt factor, and presents equations for determining velocity, discharge, and slope in canal design.
The document provides details about the Mumbai Coastal Road Project which includes construction of India's first undersea tunnel. Some key points:
1) A 2.07 km long twin tunnel is being constructed as part of the project, with 1 km being under the sea, making it unique from other tunnels worldwide.
2) India's largest Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) named 'Mavala' has been deployed to excavate the tunnel and broke excavation records.
3) The tunnels will be 11 meters in diameter and constructed using concrete segmental lining for structural support and stability.
4) Numerical analysis of stress redistribution during various construction stages and the long-term condition will be conducted
The document outlines the key steps and considerations for planning, designing, constructing, and operating a barrage, including:
1) Conducting site investigations and data collection, such as topographical surveys, hydrological studies, and assessing construction material availability.
2) Carefully selecting the location and alignment of the barrage based on factors like suitable diversion of water for irrigation canals, hydraulic conditions, and river characteristics.
3) Planning the layout of the barrage and its structures, including determining the design flood, afflux, freeboard, pond level, waterway, river training works, and crest levels of spillways.
The document summarizes a case study of the SMART Tunnel in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The 9.7km stormwater and motorway tunnel project was a joint venture that cost RM1887 million. The tunnel diverts large volumes of flood water via holding ponds and a bypass tunnel to reduce flooding in the city center and traffic congestion. It has advanced features like automated flood gates, air quality monitoring, emergency vehicles, and operates in different modes depending on rainfall levels to control stormwater flow and manage traffic.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on water drainage systems for a public works department in Gangapur City, India. It discusses the importance of adequate drainage for pavement design and protection. It then covers the design of surface drainage systems, including estimating runoff quantities using the rational formula and Manning's equation, and the design of side ditches and open channels. It also discusses the design of subsurface drainage systems, including lowering the water table, controlling seepage and capillary rise, and the design of appropriate filter materials.
The document discusses the design and construction of concrete gravity dams. It begins with an introduction of dams and their purposes, then discusses site selection factors, design considerations, foundation investigations, construction procedures, and challenges in construction. The key points are that concrete gravity dams are designed so their own weight resists external forces, and their construction involves dewatering the river, building a cofferdam, removing loose materials, and placing concrete in lifts while controlling the temperature to prevent cracking.
(2010) - Yates M, Krzeminski M, Berthier D, Hamidi B - The Application of Jet...Michal Krzeminski
Jet grouting was used to construct the Runway End Safety Area for Sydney International Airport. It was needed to bridge over existing structures in a way that stabilized the ground, provided bearing capacity, and created an impermeable barrier. A complex design of jet grout columns with varying diameters, lengths, and reinforcement was implemented based on detailed modeling. Over 1,600 jet grout columns totaling over 13,000 meters in length and 5,100 cubic meters in volume were constructed using a double fluid system to meet the project's geotechnical requirements.
This document discusses the use of coiled tubing systems for pre-commissioning deepwater pipelines. It describes how coiled tubing can serve as a down-line connection between a surface vessel and subsea pipeline for injecting fluids like air, nitrogen and MEG during pre-commissioning. It outlines the design of a customized coiled tubing system capable of operating in depths up to 3,000m, and describes challenges like fatigue from current movements that were addressed through modeling and engineering solutions like adding a bend stiffener. The document concludes that coiled tubing is a preferred down-line solution and discusses its use for partial subsea dewatering as a faster contingency option than a full dewatering spread.
The document discusses the design of concrete gravity dams for hydropower generation. It covers topics such as the various types of dams, forces acting on gravity dams, factors in site selection, general design considerations, construction materials, the procedure for building a dam, modes of failure and stability criteria, construction problems, and a field visit experience to Tilaiya Dam in Jharkhand. Concrete gravity dams are designed to withstand water pressure, uplift pressure, seismic forces, and other pressures through their massive weight and shape, which provides stability without any additional reinforcement.
Assessing The Risk Of The Aswan High Dam BreachingFinni Rice
This document summarizes a study that assesses the risk of breaching of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt. The study involved reviewing literature on dam breaching, collecting site data and measurements from the Aswan High Dam, selecting a numerical model (HR-Breach Model) to simulate breaching scenarios, and analyzing the results to evaluate the risks and impacts of a potential dam failure. The study aims to help decision makers develop plans to address risks from a possible breach of the critically important Aswan High Dam.
Groundwater is a common problem in mining that requires control through planned dewatering programs. Successful dewatering requires hydrogeological assessment and selecting the appropriate technique, such as in-pit pumping, perimeter dewatering wells, or slope depressurization drains. Dewatering provides benefits like improved safety and efficiency through more stable slopes and dry working conditions.
This document discusses ground improvement technologies including stone column and band drain technologies. Stone columns involve compacting aggregates into vertical columns to improve soil conditions and increase load capacity. Band drains involve installing prefabricated vertical drains to accelerate consolidation of loose, saturated clays by providing lateral drainage pathways. A case study describes a highway project in India where both stone columns and band drains were used over 10km to improve ground conditions.
REVIEW PAPER ON “HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGICAL IMPACT ON BRIDGE”IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on the hydraulic and hydrological impacts on bridges. It discusses how hydrological and hydraulic studies are important for estimating flood levels and ensuring bridge design can withstand 100-year floods. The paper reviews different hydrological and hydraulic methods for calculating flood discharges at bridge locations. It also discusses fluid-structure interactions and how flood waters can impact bridge piers. Hydraulic data from case studies is presented, including catchment area, water levels, discharge rates and bridge proposals. The conclusions emphasize the need for river improvement works near bridges and continuous monitoring to avoid situations that could increase erosion.
This document provides a case study on the design and construction of foundations and excavation support for a stormwater pumping station built on reclaimed land near Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong. The site presented challenges due to heterogeneous fill and marine deposits, proximity to existing structures, and the influence of seawater. A sheet pile cofferdam with grout curtains was used to support excavation. Foundations consisted of H-piles with rock sockets, mini-piles, and a raft foundation to minimize impacts on adjacent structures. Careful design and construction techniques were required to address the complex ground conditions and environmental factors at the site.
The document discusses the Narragansett Bay Commission's Combined Sewer Overflow Control Facilities Program. It describes Phase I facilities including the Main Spine Tunnel for CSO storage and diversion. The tunnel is 61.8 MG in design capacity and 66.5 MG in actual capacity. It connects to drop shafts and a pumping station. The pumping station facilities lower the flow to the tunnel depth and pump the stored flows after wet weather events.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
2. INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION OF TUNNEL:-
•TUNNELS ARE UNDERGROUND ARTIFICIAL
PASSAGES OR ROADWAYS USED FOR
TRANSPORTATION.THEY COULD BE USED FOR
CARRYING WATER,SEWAGE,GASES,PASSENGERS
ETC.
•THE METHODS INVOLVE ARE UNDERGROUND
OPERATIONS KNOWN AS TUNNEL DRIVING AND
THE GROUND SURFACE IS NOT DISTURBED.
3.
4. NEED OF THE PROJECT
THE EXISTING PIPELINES IN MUMBAI ARE
110 YRS. OLD AND THEY ARE ABOVE THE
EARTH SURFACE SO THERE WERE
CORROSION AND SAFETY ISSUES DUE TO
SALTY WATER AND HIGH HUMIDITY ALSO
EXPECTED POPULATION OF MUMBAI TILL
2021 WILL BE 163.5 LACS AND 2051 WILL BE
AROUND 200.43 LACS SO THERE WILL BE
NEED OF MORE WATER SUPPLIES SO
WATER PIPELINES ARE NEEDED FOR
FULFILLING FUTURE DEMANDS. FOR
MEETING ALL THESE PROBLEMS
5.
6.
7. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT
CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL SHAFT
WITHIN THE WELL OF FINISHED DIA AND
DEPTH OF SHAFT FROM THE GROUND
LEVEL WITH THE HELP OF CONTROLLED
BLASTING AND CONVENTIONAL
DRILLING.
EXCAVATION OF TAIL TUNNEL AND
ASSEMBLY TUNNEL BY CONTROLLED
BLASTING AND CONVENTIONAL
DRILLING.
BORING OF TUNNEL BY MODERN FULL
FACE TBM INCLUDING
8. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
SURVEYING FOR FIXING LOCATION OF
SHAFT AND ALIGMENT OF TUNNEL
BETWEEN THE SHAFT.
CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL SHAFT BY
CONVENTIONAL DRILLING AND
CONTROLLED BLASTING METHOD
PROVIDE CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
TO THE PIPES SHAFT, ANCHOR BOLTS
ETC.
9. LIST OF MATERIALS
CEMENT
AGGREGATES
ADMIXTURES
REINFORCEMENT
INSULATION MATERIALS FOR TUNNEL
AGAINST WATER
ANTI BACTERIAL PAINT
10. LIST OF EQUIPMENTS
TBM
Probe Drilling Equip.
SLD Crane
Gantry Crane
Locomotive
Mine Car
Main Ventilation Fan
Compressor
Dewatering Pumps
11. CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
A. WELL SINKING
THE WELL FOUNDATION GENERALLY
CONSIST OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE
WELLS AND SINKING THEM DOWN TO THE
REQUIRE LEVEL BY DREDGING OF THE
SOIL AND OTHER MATERIAL,PLUGGING THE
BOTTOM.
DEWATERING INSIDE THE WELL AND
GROUTING THE ROCK AT THE JUNCTION
OF THE WELL AND THE ROCK TO CONTROL
LEAKAGE OF WATER.
12. B. SHAFT CONSTRUCTION
DETAILED SURVEY IS CARRIED OUT TO
ESTABLISH THE LENGTH AND BEARING OF
TUNNEL BETWEEN TWO SHAFT.
AFTER SINKING OF WELL, THE SHAFT IS TO
CONSTRUCT WITH CONTROL
BLASTING.FOR THE CONTROLLED
BLASTING OF SHAFT,THE DRILLING
PATTERN IS MADE.
GEOLOGICAL INSPECTION IS CARRYING
OUT AT VARIOUS LOCATION DURING THE
WORK.
IF THE ROCK IS WEAK,POOR IT IS
SUPPORTED SUITABLY BY PROVIDING
13. C. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
THE TUNNEL IS EXCAVATED USING
6.25 M DIA MODERN FULL FACE TBM
INCLUDING COMMUNICATION
FACILITIES,LIGHTINING,SAFETY
MEASURES ETC.
FOR LINING OF THE TUNNEL THE
CONCRETE USED IS OF GRADE M25
OF REQUIRED SLUMP OF 90-120 MM