The document discusses two case studies of structural strengthening projects: 1) The restoration of the historic Jiangwan Stadium in China from 1935, which involved carbonation rehabilitation, steel truss repairs, surface repairs, crack solutions, filler wall strengthening, and reinforced concrete flexural member strengthening. 2) Strengthening of a 14-story reinforced concrete building in Mexico City damaged in earthquakes, including adding steel bracing, jacketing beams and columns, reinforced concrete walls, and new foundation piles. Both case studies highlight understanding damage causes and ensuring load paths in rehabilitation designs.

1. Paramathmeka S
M.E Structural Engineering
P.S.G College of technology
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2.  Structural strengthening is the process of upgrading structures to improve
performance under existing loads or to increase the strength
of structural members to carry additional loads.
 Two case studies are discussed
1. A case study on the restoration and strengthening of a historic stadium in
china
2. Case studies of strengthening of existing reinforced concrete building in
Mexico city
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3.  The Jiangwan Stadium, which is a Municipal Level Cultural Relic Preservation
Site in Shanghai, was built up in 1935.
 The structure members were deteriorating with aging although they were
repaired for several times.
 There are some defects in the structure members, such as:
1. severe carbonation of concrete;
2. corrosion of steel rebar and
3. breakdown of concrete coverage.
 In order to eliminate these defects and make it a safe state of the structure, the
relative solutions are adopted.
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4.  Jiangwan Stadium is approximately 28000 square meters in area, and it was the
biggest and most well-found stadium in Far East area when it was built up.
 Jiangwan Stadium comprises three fields:
1. Playing field,
2. Gymnasium and
3. Natatorium.
 The Playing field is the main part of Jiangwan Stadium. A one-kilometer-long annular
stand forms the body of the playing field.
 Natatorium is also a annular architecture, in the middle of which is a 50×20m
swimming pool. The main body of the playing field and the gymnasium are both
reinforced concrete framing structures.
 Gymnasium’s stand is also reinforced concrete framing structure, and it has steel truss
structure as roof system, which is separated from the stand’s concrete framing
structure.
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6.  In 1930’s, Jiangwan Stadium has suffered from severe derogation by the war.
 Although it was repaired for several times, but the structure members were still
deteriorating with aging and weathering during the last 70 years.
 For the upgrading of existing Jiangwan Stadium and its surrounding sporting
facilities, a plan named Jiangwan sports park was put forward
 Three fields of Jiangwan Stadium were constructed on timber pile-supported
footing, which restricted the non uniform settlement between different sectors
effectively.
 Therefore the settlement of three fields remains stable and incline of structure
member is not severe
 Strength grading of concrete is very low in general. In several concrete members,
Strength grade of concrete is even lower than C15.
 The process of carbonation has developed out of concrete coverage depth in
almost all of beams and columns, which directly led to the accelerative
development of steel rebar’s rusting.
 It seems that concrete carbonation and the side effect caused by it occurred more
popular in the hypaethral stand of the playing field
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7.  An inspection of the building itself revealed that there were some steel rebar exposed
in the air with breakdown of concrete coverage
 obvious vertical cracks were investigated in some beams’ side surface
 A conclusion could be drawn that concrete carbonation was the primary cause of
concrete member’s deterioration.
 So carbonation rehabilitation should be regarded as the first step and also the most
important step of the concrete member’s repairing work.
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8.  Strength grade of sand mortar in the brick wall is very low.
 Fortunately, the cracks were almost stable according to site observation.
 The filler brick wall hasn’t been connected to the reinforced concrete frame by
tie bars when it was laid.
 It seems possible that the filler wall would collapse if earthquake occurs,
especially for the external wall somewhere which has inclined outwards
slightly.
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9.  The structure of Gymnasium’s roof is steel truss of three-hinged arch
 The whole steel truss structure looks fair
 The steel truss structure is still normal in work until now except that few
steel members were deformed by accidental outside force and some
members became corroded slightly.
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10. The techniques used were
 Carbonation rehabilitation
 Steel truss repairs
 Surface repairs
 Cracks solution
 Filler wall strengthening
 Reinforced concrete flexural members strengthening
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11. Carbonation
rehabilitation
 To prevent development of concrete
carbonation and corrosion of steel
rebar, corrosion inhibitor is
delivered in a liquid form and
spray-applied over the surface of
concrete members that are subject to
corrosion.
 Corrosion inhibitor form a
protective coating over the steel
rebar’s surface, in which steel rebar
is prevent from corrosion and
concrete carbonation is slowed
down
Steel truss repairs
 All corroded steel members were
cleaned by abrasive methods, then
corrosion-proof paint were painted all
over the surface.
 Few steel member which was deformed
severely by accidental outside force
was taken placed by new section.
 Static analysis of steel truss was
carried out and the results showed that
some lower chords of the steel truss
are lack of strength in buckling out
of plane.
 In order to strengthen it, two pieces of
longitudinal bracing truss were
added at the relative segment.
 The longitudinal bracing truss was
connected to upper and lower chord
of steel roof truss with high strength
bolt . 11

12. Surface repairs
 In the surface area where concrete
coverage breakdown was severe,
unsound concrete were removed
entirely.
 To the corroded steel rebar exposed
in the air, abrasive method was taken
to clean it, and spreader corrosion
inhibitor all over the surface.
 Then high strength mortar was
painted to mend it
Cracks solution
 A static load test was carried out in
the site to find the reason why cracks
occurred in some beam’s side
surface.
 No development tendency of cracks
was found during the test. It can be
implied that the cracks were brought
out by the temperature stress or the
construction joint due to the fact that
waist steel was absent in the beams.
 Therefore the cracks can be considered
stable. Cracks on the surface of
concrete members were sealed by
epoxy resin so that the steel rebar
inside the structure would not
corrode.
 To the cracks which were deep and
wide (>0.3mm), grout-injector method
was adopted and epoxy resin was
poured deeply into the cracks by the
use of grout pipe
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13. Filler wall strengthening
 Strengthening method of bar-mat and
cement mortar was applied.
 Cement mortar surface with steel bar-
mat, was about 35mm in thick, was
attached on the wall’s inner side to
strengthen it.
 Steel bar-mat was connected tightly
with both the filler wall and the
concrete columns and beams
Reinforced concrete flexural
members strengthening
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 Some beams and slabs are under
reinforced under the service load
according to the existing specification.
 To the beams and slabs which were lack
of strength or were deteriorated by the
corrosion of reinforcing steel rebar,
carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)
wrap system is applied to strengthen
them

14.  The restoration and strengthening of Jiangwan Stadium brought the old
architecture an entirely new look and improved the safety degree of the
whole structure.
 The application of CFRP system improved the bearing capacity of
flexural members which are lack of strength.
 Corrosion inhibitor’s application can restrict the development of steel
rebar’s corrosion.
 By the application of the above structural solutions, the safe state of the
structure has been improved remarkably
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15.  This case study is on ,One of the building in Mexico city which was subjected to
the 1957 earthquake.
 The building is a reinforced concrete structure with fourteen floors and a
basement.
 It is a long narrow building (1 bay by 7 bays) with an area approximately 420 m2
per floor
 The structure consists of reinforced concrete frames with a solid concrete slab.
 The second floor concrete slab is supported by steel beams in both directions.
 The foundation is supported by 26 m long piles.
 The building is located in the lake bed zone of Mexico City.
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17.  In the 1957 earthquake, the building suffered severe structural damage to
the columns.
 It was repaired and strengthened by increasing the size of some columns
but without additional reinforcement.
 The exterior frame in column line 8 was stiffened with reinforced
concrete braces and masonry infill walls.
 The columns at lines 1 and 2 near the elevators suffered severe damage in
all stories. The rest of the columns had lighter damage.
 The slab and beams were extensively cracked in all stories.
 The partition masonry walls had large cracks. The most damage was in
the two top stories.
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18.  Following the 1985 earthquake, a structural review of the building
recommended removal of the two upper levels of the building and
removal of the floor finishes to reduce the weight of all the slabs.
 However, it was decided to develop a rehabilitation alternative which
would increase the stiffness of the building without adding excessive
mass or reducing the floor area.
 The strengthening approach consisted of installing a steel bracing system
or walls and steel jacketing of beams and columns
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19.  The frame on boundary line “B” which faced an adjacent building was
strengthened with reinforced concrete walls and masonry infill walls
in the five lower levels.
 The upper levels were stiffened with steel X-braces between lines 4-5
and 7-8
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20.  Frame “A” which faced the street was strengthened with X-braces between
lines 2-3, 4-5 and 6-7 in all the stories
 A reinforced concrete wall was added between lines 1 and 2 in all stories.
 The new wall was connected to column line 2 with coupling beams
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21.  In the short direction in frames 3,4,5 and 6, W-braces were constructed
on alternate floors creating a staggered brace system
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22.  The connections between the braces and beams were made using steel
base plates.
 The base plates were bolted to a steel box around the bottom of the beams
 The damaged concrete braces and masonry walls in line 8 were
removed and rebuilt increasing the reinforcement in the braces
 The masonry infill walls on line 1 were restored without changes.
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23.  Columns and beams along column lines 1,2,4,5 were jacketed with steel
elements and connected to the bracing system
 The thickness of the slabs was increased with a reinforced concrete
layer over the existing slabs in all floors.
 The new slab was attached to the existing slab using 1/2” steel
connectors at 1 m. in both directions
 Because of the changes in the superstructure, 56 new piles were added to
the 26 existing piles and new foundation beams were constructed
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24.  The uniqueness of the soil and the dynamic response of structures in Mexico City
were an important factor in the solutions used in the Case Studies and may not be
applicable elsewhere.
 Damage studies are vital to design of a rehabilitation scheme.
 Causes of damage need to be understood to develop a proper rehabilitation.
 Load paths for lateral forces must be clearly and carefully considered in designing
the rehabilitation scheme.
 Critical elements in the load path are connections between new and existing
elements location of shear walls and materials used
 The strengthening schemes that resulted in the upgrading of the foundations
 Foundation modifications are an important economic factor to be considered in the
assessment of a rehabilitation project.
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25.  Comprehensive concrete jacketing of columns in medium rise buildings,
with a high density of columns, is a rehabilitation alternative that may not
demand major changes in the foundation.
 The addition of shear walls, in most cases, required the addition of piles.
 Documentation of rehabilitation projects is needed all over the world so that
when earthquakes strike rehabilitated buildings, performance can be
studied in considerable detail
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26.  First case study - Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions by Jia
Zhu and Ming-Zhong Wang (2006)
 Second case study - THESIS by JORGE ALFREDO AGUILAR
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