This document presents a seminar on solid electrolytes for next-generation batteries, discussing the role, advantages, and disadvantages of both liquid and solid electrolytes. It emphasizes the progression from liquid to solid electrolytes due to issues like leakage and dendritic growth, highlighting sodium-ion batteries as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to their cost-effectiveness and abundance. The document concludes by noting the significance of electrolytes in battery function and the ongoing research into materials suitable for future battery technologies.

1. P R E S E N T E D B Y -
N I K I T A G A R G
U I D - 16 M S P 1014
A Seminar Presentation
On
Solid Electrolytes For Next
Generation Batteries
Department Of Applied Sciences (Physics)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF -
Dr . PARAMJYOT KUMAR JHA

2. CONTENT
INTRODUCTION OF BATTERY
ELECTROLYTE IN BATTERY
FUNTION OF ELECTROLYTE
LIQUID ELECTROLYTE
SOLID ELECTROLYTE
SUPERIONIC GLASSES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSIONS

3. An electric battery is a device that converts stored
chemical energy into electrical energy.
Battery is a combination of cells.
Each cell contains a positive terminal/cathode.
A negative terminal/anode.
An electrolyte.

4. ELECTROLYTE IN BATTERY
 The electrolyte is a chemical
medium that allows the flow of
electrical charge between the
cathode and anode. When a device
is connected to a battery—chemical
reactions occur on the electrodes
that create a flow of electrical energy
to the device.
 Electrolytes are the substances
that dissociates into ions in
solution acquires the capacity to
conduct electricity. Sodium,
potassium, chloride, calcium,
magnesium, and phosphate are
examples of electrolytes, informally
known as "lytes."
PH240, Stanford University, Fall 2015

5. FUNCTION OF ELECTROLYTE
Electrolyte serves as catalyst to make a battery
conductive by promoting the movement of ions from the
cathode to the anode on charge and in reverse on
discharge where ions are electrically charged atoms that
have lost or gained electrons.
The electrolyte serves two functions, one is conduct
electricity, while the second is to take part in the
oxidation reaction that drives electrons through the
external circuit.
Heather Zeiger,2015

6. ADVANTAGES OF ELECTROLYTE
Electrolytes are used in batteries for exchange of
anions and cations.
Electrolytes support a number of vital functions in
the body. Electrolytes allow the body to stay
hydrated, help the brain and nervous system
transmit and receive important signals, help the
body’s cells generate energy, and allow the muscles
to contract and relax.
Electrolytes are used in Sports drinks too.
Thus apart from use of electrolyte in batteries and
cells these are advantageous for us in real life too.

7. DISADVANTAGES OFELECTROLYTE
Different types of electrolyte have their
disadvantages while being used in their respective
batteries and cells eg liquid electrolyte used in Li-
ion battery is replaced by Solid polymer because it
is costly, have leakage problems and gives low
performance.
As we read earlier electrolytes are good for health
but their high consumption may lead to problems
like Hypernatremia , Hyperkalemia etc.

8. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTROLYTE
Liquid electrolytes Solid electrolytes
Charles Morris, Newswire, The Tech(2015)

9. VARIOUS ELECTROLYTES
 Electrolytes can be divided into Acids , Base and Salts.
 The electrolyte of a battery consists of soluble salts, acids or
other bases in liquid, gelled and dry formats.
 Electrolyte also comes in a polymer, as used in the solid-state
battery, solid ceramic and molten salts, as in the sodium-
sulfur battery.
 Major electrolytes are:
sodium (Na+)
potassium (K+)
chloride (Cl-)
calcium (Ca2+)
magnesium (Mg2+)
bicarbonate (HCO3-)
phosphate (PO4
2-)
sulfate (SO4
2-)

10. LIQUID ELECTROLYTE
Most current battery systems have solid electrodes,
separated by liquid electrolytes.
Conductivity of liquid electrolyte is always better
than any other electrolyte.
Major advantage of liquid electrolyte is that it
reduces problems from volume changes.
Volume changes may occur because of changes in
composition of electrode materials as they are
charged and discharged.

11. REQUIREMENTS OF LIQUID ELECTROLYTE
Liquid electrolytes = Lithium salt + Organic solvent.
The electrolyte should have high ionic conductivity.
The electrolyte should exhibits high chemical and
electrochemical stability towards electrodes.
The electrolyte should be used over a wide temperature
range -20 to 600C temprature range.
The electrolyte should be highly safe - Organic solvents
used in electrolytes are flammable, so we need to use
nonflammable materials.
The electrode should be low cost.

12. COMPONENTS OF LIQUID ELECTROLYTE
Organic Solvents –
I. Since lithium secondary batteries have a high working
voltage , organic solvents are used instead of aqueous
electrolytes. Examples: EC, PC,DMC,DEC etc.greatest
disadvantage of organic solvents is the low dielectric
constant.
II. Solvent viscosity should be low.
III. Solvents should exhibits a high boiling point and low
vapor pressure.
High dielectric constant and low viscosity are required
for electrolytes to possess the high ionic conductivity. But
higher dielectric constant leads to increased polarity and
viscosity.

13. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID ELECTROLYTES
 Ionic Conductivity
I. Ionic conductivity becomes higher with an increase in the number of
dissociated free ions and more rapid migration of such ions.(10-3
S/cm).
II. Ionic conductivity can be measured using
-conductivity meter.
- based on the resistance of an electrode having a known cell constant.
- ionic conductivity= distance between electrodes.
 Electrochemical stability
I. Do not Participate in redox reaction.

14. DEVELOPMENT OF LIQUID ELECTROLYTE
 The most used salt in the commercial liquid
electrolytes is indeed LiPF6 due to several reasons:
I. When dissolved in alkyl carbonates, LiPF6 shows high
conductivity, which may exceed 10 ms cm-1 at room
temperature.
II. Shows good solubility properties in various solvents.
III. Its oxidation stability reaches ~ 5V.
IV. P-F bonds are highly susceptible to hydrolysis even at room
temperature to produce HF.

15. ADVANTAGES OF LIQUID ELECTROLYTE
Excellent contact area with high capacity electrodes.
Can accomodate size changes of electrodes during
charge and discharge cycles.
Relatively high conductivity per unit area.

16. DISADVANTAGES
Relatively poor physical and chemical stability.
Relies on the formation of “solid electrolyte
interface” (SEI) layer.
May have both Li+ and electron conduction.
Li salts available have too many disadvantages like:
I. LiAsF6 is poisonous.
II. Liclo4 is explosive.
 Liquid electrolyte LiPF6 has a dendritic growth.

17. SOLID ELECTROLYTES
 A solid compound in which ions migrate through vacancies
or interstices within the lattice which leads to ionic
conductivity.
 Solids are fast ion conductors with high mobile ions.

18. ADVANTAGES OF SOLID ELECTROLYTE
OVER LIQUID ELECTROLYTE
 Good charging.
 Increased energy density (2x energy for the same
volume) .
 Increased cycle life (up to 10 years, compared to
2).
 Low leakage currents (nano Amps).
 Non flammability.

19. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID ELECTROLYTES
Availability of large no of free ions.
Requirement of low activation energy for the
movement of ions into neighboring sites.
Three dimensional networking for the free
movement of the ions.
Important in the area of solid state ions.

20. TYPES OF SOLID ELECTROLYTE
Inorganic Electrolyte-Crystalline,Amorphous and
mixed phase inorganic materials called Super ionic
conductors.Type includes Sulphur-oxide based garnet
type,Phosphate based and Sulphide based Glassy or
Glassceramic type.
Solid Polymer Electrolyte-Lithium salts such as
LiClO4,LiN(CFSo2)2,LiCF3So3 or LiBC4O8 dissolved in
polymers.
Composite Electrolytes-Sub-Micron to nano particles
of inorganic dispersed in the polymer matrix . Ceramic
Particles(Al2O3,TiO2,SiO2) in polyethylene oxide and Li
salts.

21. Gas Sensors
Fuel Cells
Solid State
batteries
1/26/2018
APPLICATIONS OF SOLID ELECTROLYTE

22. WORKING OF LI ION BATTERIES
During charging LI+ ions are liberated from the cathode and transported
through the solid electrolyte to the anode , where Li+ is reduced by the
electrons coming from the electrical circuit . During discharging the
reverse process takes place.
Wikipedia

23. HOW IT IS USED IN DIFFERENT
BATTERIES
 Lead acid battery uses sulphuric acid. When charging,
the acid becomes denser as lead oxide (PbO2) forms on
the positive plate, and then turns to almost water when
fully discharged.
 Li-ion (Lithium-ion) uses 3 different solutions: liquid,
gel or dry polymer electrolyte. The liquid version
provides higher conductivity and expands the
temperature range. Li-ion with gelled electrolytes
receives many additives to increase conductivity. The
true dry polymer only becomes conductive at elevated
temperatures, and this battery is no longer in commercial
use.

24. ADVANTAGES OF SOLID STATE BATTERIES OVER
CONVENTIONAL BATTERIES

25. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Excellent chemical and
physical stability.
Perform well as thin
film (≈1μ).
Li+ conduction only
(excludes electrons).
Reduced contact area
for high capacity
electrodes.
Interface stress due to
electrode charging and
discharging.
Relatively low ionic
conductivity.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOLID
ELECTROLYTES

26. SUPERIONIC GLASSES FOR SOLID
ELECTROLYTE
Isotropic Properties.
No grain and hence grain boundaries.
Higher ionic conductivities.
Exhibit conductivity at room temperature.
Insulator 10-16 to 10-8s/cm
Semiconductor 10-6 to 103 s/cm
Conductor 102 to 108 s/cm
Super ionic/fast conductor 10-3 to 101 s/cm
Electronic conductor 101 to 105 s/cm

27.  According to American society for testing and materials, “Glass is
an inorganic product of fusion which has been cooled to rigid
conditions without crystallization”.
In other words, glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid
material that exhibits a glass transition.
1/26/2018
WHAT ARE GLASSES ?

28. STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES
28

29. 1/26/2018
 Presently, Li2O based glasses and glass-ceramics as a solid
electrolyte are being used at a large scale in lithium ion batteries.
 Lithium resources are unevenly distributed in the world hence
lithium metal is classified as rare-metal resource.
 In near future the major problem which is of concern is materials
cost.
PROBLEMS OF USING LI BASED BATTERIES

30. NA ION BASED CAN REPLACE LI ION BASED
ELECTROLYTES
Due to the larger atom size, sodium batteries can be expected to be larger in
size. These above factors like price, abundance source and size, make sodium-
ion batteries particularly interesting and most promising in nearer future for large
scale grid storage applications.[

31. USES OF NA ION BATTERIES OVER LI ION
BATTERIES
 Source of Li ion is less so we are shifting to Sodium ion
batteries.
 Considering the large demand, focus is on another
substitute of Li+ like Na+ based rechargeable batteries to
utilize the abundant availability of sodium sources to make
it cost effective than Li+ batteries.
 Na2O-B2O3-P2O5 based glasses as solid electrolyte will be
used in sodium ion batteries which can substitute lithium
ion batteries.

32. CONCLUSIONS
Electrolyte is the necessary part for the working of
batteries.
In the beginning we were using Liquid electrolytes but
the problem with liquid electrolyte is there leakage and
other main problem of liquid electrolyte is its Dendritic
Growth.
Then we shifted to Solid electrolytes in which we were
using Li based electrolytes but in that our conductivity
decreases because of its symmetric structure.
Now we are using Glasses as a Solid Electrolyte for Next
Generation batteries.

33. REFERENCES
 Paramjyot Kumar Jha, O.P. Pandey, K. Singh, “Na2S-P2S5 based
super-ionic glasses for solid electrolytes” Trans. Indian Ceram. Soc.,
72 (1) (2013) 5-9.
 Paramjyot Kumar Jha, O.P. Pandey, K. Singh, Structural and non-
isothermal study of Li2O modified sodium-phosphate glasses, J. Mol.
Struct., 1094 (2015) 174–182.
 Paramjyot Kumar Jha, O.P. Pandey, K. Singh, FT-IR spectral
analysis and mechanical properties of sodium phosphate glass-
ceramics, J. Mol. Struct., 1083 (2015) 278-285.
 M.D. Slater, D. Kim, E. Lee, C.S. Johnson, Sodium-Ion Batteries.
Advanced Functional Materials, 2013 23(8) 947-958.
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