This document discusses sodium-ion batteries, which use sodium ions as charge carriers. Sodium-ion batteries are relatively young compared to other battery types but have advantages in that the materials used are abundant and cheap. A typical sodium-ion battery consists of an anode, cathode, electrolyte, and separator, and works similarly to lithium-ion batteries by shuttling sodium ions between the anode and cathode during charging and discharging. Research is ongoing to develop new cathode materials like sodium fluorophosphate and to better understand the electrochemical differences between sodium-ion and lithium-ion batteries.

1. Department of Biomedical
Engineering
J.Surya Prakash

2. Sodium-ion battery

3. Definition
Sodium-ion battery are a type of rechargeable battery that uses
sodium ions as charge carriers.
Sodium-ion battery is relatively young compared to other battery
type.
The battery-grade salts of sodium are cheap and abundant,much
more than those of lithium.
The first successful attempt of a sodium battery was undertaken in
1967 by Ford Motor Company (USA) in the sodium-sulfur battery.
This factors: price,abundance and size,make sodium-ion batteries
particularly interesting for large scale grid storage applications.

4. Sodium-ion Battery
Lithium-ion Battery

6. Phone could soon be powered by Salt:
Sodium-ion battery are cheaper and last longer than cells currently
used gadgets.
Prototype made with sodium had more charge cycles than Lithium-
ion.
Its also charged faster and delivered energy more quickly.
Raw material is 1,000 times more common than lithium and safer.

7. Energy storage
The sodium ion battery stores energy in chemical bond of its anode.
When the battery is charging Na+ ions de-intercalate and migrate
towards the anode.Meanwhile charge balancing electrons pass from
the cathode through the external circuit containing the charger and
into the anode.
During discharge the process reverses.Once a circuit is completed
electrons pass back from the anode to the cathode and the Na+ ions
travel back to the cathode.

10. Structure of Na-ion battery
 A sodium-ion battery is made up of an anode, cathode, separator, electrolyte,
and two current collectors, one positive and one negative. The anode and
cathode store the sodium whilst the electrolyte, which acts as the circulating
“blood” that keeps the energy flowing.
 Sodium fluorophosphate is tested for new cathode materials.

11. A typical sodium-ion battery consists of anode, cathode, electrolyte
(nonaqueous/aqueous), and a separator. The operation is similar to
that of LIBs. In NIBs, the sodium ion is shuttled between positive
cathode to negative anode during discharging/charging. During
charging process, the sodium ions from cathode are extracted and
inserted into the anode. The electrons are pushed from cathode to
anode through the external circuit during charging process. The
reverse is true for the discharge process. Typical components and
working principles of an NIB .
Basic components of sodium-ion batteries

13. Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries
Conclusions and Future Perspective
Research activity on sodium-ion battery materials has increased significantly
in past decade with the key motive behind this surge is to find reliable, safe
and cost-effective substitute of lithium-ion batteries.
Most of the research carried out on Li-ion based systems has been
successfully transferred to Na-ion batteries to explain and improve the
fundaments of various physiochemical/electrochemical phenomenon within
the battery system.
 Nonetheless, there are some key differences in electrochemical behavior of
both battery systems.
 e.g., cell voltage of Na half-cell is lower than Li by 0.3 V whereas Na
ion conductivity is higher than Li-ion due to its polarizability.

14. Advantages
Rechargeable sodium-ion
battery for energy storage.
Easier to recycle.
Low market prices.
Capable of working at room
temperature,Good efficiency.
Disadvantages
Large ionic size of Na+ which
require more power to keep
energy flowing.
Lower operation voltage.
Lower energy density.

15. Applications