2. Subject
INTRODUCTON
D E F I N I T I O N
C O M P O N E N T S O F B A T T E R Y
O PE R A T I O N O F A B A T T E R Y
C L A S S I F I C A T I O N O F B A T T E R I E S
CONSTRUCTION & WORKING OF A BATTERY
LITHIUM- ION BATTERY
SODIUM- ION BATTERY
QUANTUM DOT SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS (QDSSC’S)
P R I N C I P L E ,
P R O P E R T I E S A N D
A P P L I C A T I O N S
Module-1
Energy Systems/Battery Technology
2
3. Subject
Energy Systems/Battery Technology
Definition of a Battery
It is a device consisting of two or more galvanic
cells connected in series or parallel or both to get
required amount of energy.
A device enables the energy liberated in a chemical
reaction to be converted directly into electricity.
3
7. Subject
Energy storage System/Battery Technology
Classification of Battery:
Batteries are classified as
Primary Battery
Secondary Battery
Reserve Battery
7
8. Subject
Energy storage System/Battery Technology
Primary battery
In these batteries the cell reaction is not
reversible, after discharging cannot be
rechargeable.
Example: Dry cell. Zn-MnO2
8
9. Subject
Energy storage System/Battery Technology
Secondary battery
In these battery the cell reaction is completely
reversible, after discharging can easily
rechargeable.
o These batteries are able to discharge and
recharge many times.
Example: Lead-acid battery, Ni-MH battery, Ni-Cd
battery, Li- Ion battery, Sodium – Ion Battery.
9
10. Subject
Energy storage System/Battery Technology
Reserve battery
In these batteries, one of the active components
(e.g. electrolyte) of the battery is separated from
the rest of the components. It is assembled just
before the use.
Example: Magnesium-water activated
batteries, zinc-silver oxide batteries, etc.
10
12. Subject
Introduction to Lithium Battery
These batteries with high energy density, high energy
efficiency, high voltage and long life cycle.
Lithium has the following characteristics
It is light weight.
It has high electrochemical equivalence (3.86 Ah g-1).
It has good electrical conductivity.
14. Subject
In lithium batteries, a pure lithium metallic element is
used as anode. These types of batteries are not
rechargeable.
In lithium-ion batteries, lithium compounds are used as
anode.
These batteries are known as re-chargeable batteries.
Therefore, Lithium ion batteries are considered as best
than pure Lithium based batteries.
15. Subject
Lithium- Ion Battery
A lithium-ion battery (sometimes Li-ion
battery or LIB) is a member of a family
of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions
(electrons) move from the negative electrode
(anode) to the positive electrode (cathode) during
discharge and back when charging.
16. Subject
Construction & Working of Lithium- Ion Battery
Anode: Li/graphite
Cathode: LiCoO2
Electrolyte: Lithium salt
Separator: Porous polymer film
Voltage: 3.7V
19. Subject
Construction & Working of Lithium- Ion Battery
Anode is made of carbon material with a high energy density and
large doping capacity of lithium ion.
Cathodes are metal oxide material containing lithium (LiCoO2)
Electrolyte is made of lithium salts in an organic solvent
(LiPF6, LiBF4 or LiClO4 in an organic solvent, such as ether,
ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate).
Separator is a fine porous polymer film.
20. Subject
Lithium- Ion Battery
The Cell reactions are
At Anode:
LixC6 xLi+ + xe- + 6C
At Cathode:
Li1-x CoO2 + xLi++ xe-
LiCoO2
The overall reaction of lithium ion battery is
Li1-x CoO2 + LixC6
LiCoO2 + 6C
Discharge
Charging
22. Subject
Construction & Working of Sodium- Ion Battery
Anode: Na/graphite
Cathode: NaCoO2
Electrolyte: Sodium salt
Separator: Porous polymer film
24. Subject
Construction & Working of Sodium- Ion Battery
Anode is made of carbon material with a high energy density and
large doping capacity of Sodium ion.
Cathodes are metal oxide material containing Sodium (NaCoO2)
Electrolyte is made of Sodium salts in an organic solvent
(NaPF6, NaBF4 or NaClO4 in an organic solvent, such as ether,
ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate).
Separator is a fine porous polymer film.
25. Subject
Sodium- Ion Battery
The Cell reactions are
At Anode:
NaxC6 xNa+ + xe- + 6C
At Cathode:
Na1-x CoO2 + xNa+ + xe-
NaCoO2
The overall reaction of sodium ion battery is
Na1-x CoO2 + NaxC6
NaCoO2 + 6C
Discharge
Charging
26. Subject
Sodium- Ion Battery
Applications
It is used in Electrical Vehicle (low cost of
sodium, compared to that of lithium).
Mainly Used for large-scale electric
storage applications.
27. Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells (QDSSC’s)
A quantum dot solar cell (QDSC) is a solar cell
design that uses quantum dots as the absorbing
photovoltaic material.
Next generation solar cell
Quantum dot : Semiconductor Crystal of Nano meter
dimension
A new type of quantum dot could lead to cheaper solar cells and
better satellite communication.
28. Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells (QDSSC’s)
Working Principle
The light rays enter through the transparent electrode of a
quantum dot solar cell onto a light absorbing layer of dots
in order to generate electron hole pairs.
The charged particles then separate and eventually travel
to their respective electrodes, producing electric current.
29. Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells (QDSSC’s)
Properties
Larger QDs of 5–6 nm diameter emit longer wavelengths,
with colors such as orange, or red.
Applications
Biological labeling
It is used as light-emitting Diodes
It is used as Photoconductors and photodectors
It is used as Photovoltaic
It is used in Biomedicine and environment.
It is used in catalysis and others.
