1) The document describes new advances in directly measuring lithium ion concentration to monitor lithium ion batteries.
2) This novel approach from Cadex Electronics can assess state of charge and state of health with +/-5% accuracy regardless of lithium ion chemistry.
3) Current techniques for monitoring lithium ion batteries have limitations depending on the battery's unique chemistry and construction.
The document discusses different types of lithium-ion batteries that vary in their cathode materials. It provides the chemical names, abbreviations, and characteristics of six common lithium-ion batteries: lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO2), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (LiNiCoAlO2), and lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12). Each battery type has different strengths and weaknesses in terms of specific energy, specific power, safety, temperature performance, lifespan, and cost. Lithium cobalt
Lithium-ion batteries work by shuttling lithium ions between a graphite-based negative electrode and a layered transition metal oxide positive electrode. During charging, lithium ions are extracted from the positive electrode and inserted into the negative electrode. This process is reversed during discharging to produce electricity. Key to this process is the electrolyte, which contains lithium ions to enable rapid ion transport within the cell and forms protective interfaces on the electrodes. Research focuses on developing new electrode materials and electrolytes to improve batteries' energy density, lifetime, and safety.
Liquid Electrolyte for Lithium BatteriesSaiful Islam
The document discusses liquid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. It describes the key requirements for liquid electrolytes including high ionic conductivity, chemical and electrochemical stability, ability to operate over a wide temperature range, safety, and low cost. The typical components of liquid electrolytes are organic solvents like ethylene carbonate and lithium salts like LiPF6. Additives are also discussed that can enhance properties like improving the solid electrolyte interphase layer formation and increasing ionic conductivity. The development of commonly used organic solvents and lithium salts over time is also summarized.
Polymer/Ionic Liquid Electrolytes and Their Potential in Lithium BatteriesFuentek, LLC
Polymer/Ionic Liquid Electrolytes and Their Potential in Lithium Batteries presented by Allyson Palker and Dean Tigelaar of NASA's Glenn Research Center at an energy workshop on 7/20/2010.
1628754530923 assignment-bu-205 types of lithium-ion - battery universityJ Krishna Teja
The document provides information on six common types of lithium-ion batteries: lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), and others. It discusses the chemical composition, structure, performance characteristics like specific energy and power, applications, advantages and disadvantages of each type. NMC is highlighted as a popular type that provides high capacity and power and is increasingly used in electric vehicles and other applications. The document contains diagrams and tables comparing the key metrics of different lithium-ion battery chemistries.
Lithium-ion batteries were first proposed in the 1970s but were not successfully created until the mid-1980s. The first commercial lithium-ion battery was launched by Sony in 1991. Lithium-ion batteries use lithium compounds in the anode and a lithium cobalt oxide or lithium iron phosphate cathode. During discharge, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode and back during charging through an electrolyte. Lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density and output voltage, long cycle life, and are more environmentally friendly than alternatives. However, they are also more expensive and require temperature monitoring and sealing to prevent issues.
1628754545444 assignment-comparison of commercial battery types - wikipediaJ Krishna Teja
This document compares the characteristics of various commercial battery types, including their chemistry, voltage, energy density, costs, and more. It discusses battery types such as lead-acid, alkaline, nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), and lithium-titanate (LTO). Key specifications like voltage, energy density, costs, cycle life, and safety risks are summarized for each type in tables. Thermal runaway risks are also compared for different Li-ion battery chemistries.
The document discusses different types of lithium-ion batteries that vary in their cathode materials. It provides the chemical names, abbreviations, and characteristics of six common lithium-ion batteries: lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO2), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (LiNiCoAlO2), and lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12). Each battery type has different strengths and weaknesses in terms of specific energy, specific power, safety, temperature performance, lifespan, and cost. Lithium cobalt
Lithium-ion batteries work by shuttling lithium ions between a graphite-based negative electrode and a layered transition metal oxide positive electrode. During charging, lithium ions are extracted from the positive electrode and inserted into the negative electrode. This process is reversed during discharging to produce electricity. Key to this process is the electrolyte, which contains lithium ions to enable rapid ion transport within the cell and forms protective interfaces on the electrodes. Research focuses on developing new electrode materials and electrolytes to improve batteries' energy density, lifetime, and safety.
Liquid Electrolyte for Lithium BatteriesSaiful Islam
The document discusses liquid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. It describes the key requirements for liquid electrolytes including high ionic conductivity, chemical and electrochemical stability, ability to operate over a wide temperature range, safety, and low cost. The typical components of liquid electrolytes are organic solvents like ethylene carbonate and lithium salts like LiPF6. Additives are also discussed that can enhance properties like improving the solid electrolyte interphase layer formation and increasing ionic conductivity. The development of commonly used organic solvents and lithium salts over time is also summarized.
Polymer/Ionic Liquid Electrolytes and Their Potential in Lithium BatteriesFuentek, LLC
Polymer/Ionic Liquid Electrolytes and Their Potential in Lithium Batteries presented by Allyson Palker and Dean Tigelaar of NASA's Glenn Research Center at an energy workshop on 7/20/2010.
1628754530923 assignment-bu-205 types of lithium-ion - battery universityJ Krishna Teja
The document provides information on six common types of lithium-ion batteries: lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), and others. It discusses the chemical composition, structure, performance characteristics like specific energy and power, applications, advantages and disadvantages of each type. NMC is highlighted as a popular type that provides high capacity and power and is increasingly used in electric vehicles and other applications. The document contains diagrams and tables comparing the key metrics of different lithium-ion battery chemistries.
Lithium-ion batteries were first proposed in the 1970s but were not successfully created until the mid-1980s. The first commercial lithium-ion battery was launched by Sony in 1991. Lithium-ion batteries use lithium compounds in the anode and a lithium cobalt oxide or lithium iron phosphate cathode. During discharge, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode and back during charging through an electrolyte. Lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density and output voltage, long cycle life, and are more environmentally friendly than alternatives. However, they are also more expensive and require temperature monitoring and sealing to prevent issues.
1628754545444 assignment-comparison of commercial battery types - wikipediaJ Krishna Teja
This document compares the characteristics of various commercial battery types, including their chemistry, voltage, energy density, costs, and more. It discusses battery types such as lead-acid, alkaline, nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), and lithium-titanate (LTO). Key specifications like voltage, energy density, costs, cycle life, and safety risks are summarized for each type in tables. Thermal runaway risks are also compared for different Li-ion battery chemistries.
Batteries are going to be the building block of the smart future currently being envisaged. From a strategic market perspective, a compilation of current and future Li-ion technologies. It is important to understand who are current market leaders in each crucial components of the Li-ion technology and how disruptive technologies will shift the power balance.
Rechargeable Li-ion batteries based on Olivine-structured (LiFePO4) catho...Arun Kumar
The document provides an overview of rechargeable Li-ion batteries based on olivine-structured LiFePO4 cathode materials. It discusses the basics of batteries, emergence of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, current status of cathode materials, and motivation for using LiFePO4. The experimental details cover synthesis of LiFePO4 nanoparticles via solid state route and various characterization techniques. Results from X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirm the phase-pure orthorhombic structure of LiFePO4. Electrochemical characterization shows the improved conductivity and electrochemical performance of carbon-coated LiFePO4 nanoparticles.
This document discusses potential non-carbon anode materials for lithium ion batteries. It describes three categories of materials: 1) insertion materials like titanium oxides that store lithium through intercalation, 2) alloying materials like tin oxide that react with lithium in an alloying/dealloying mechanism, and 3) conversion materials like metal oxides and phosphides that undergo a conversion reaction with lithium. While these alternative anode materials offer higher capacities than graphite, the document notes that challenges remain like capacity fading and potential hysteresis that have prevented their widespread commercial use.
Nano-materials for Anodes in Lithium ion Battery - An introduction part 1Ahmed Hashem Abdelmohsen
The document discusses approaches to improving lithium ion battery anodes using nanomaterials. It provides a general introduction to lithium batteries and their components. Nanometal oxides like iron oxide nanoparticles coated on carbon aerogel are discussed as an anode material with high capacity and excellent cycleability. Nanostructured silicon anodes are also covered, which can provide high capacity due to silicon's ability to alloy with lithium at room temperature. Finally, graphene-coated pyrogenic carbon is presented as an anode material that provides a reversible high discharge capacity through the unique properties of graphene.
James Rohan - Electric vehicle battery systemsKeith Nolan
This document discusses materials used in lithium ion batteries. It describes how lithium is a good material for batteries due to its light weight and ability to provide large voltage gains. It also discusses various cathode and anode materials used in lithium ion batteries like lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, and carbon. The document outlines challenges for lithium ion batteries like improving energy density, power output, cycle life, safety and cost and suggests that addressing these challenges will require new materials and structuring.
Part 1 of the tutorial on the Lithium Battery Explorer provides an overview of Li-ion battery technology and the properties that are relevant to battery researchers.
Interested viewers should refer to the following publications for more details:
1) Review: G. Ceder, G. Hautier, A. Jain, S. P. Ong. Recharging lithium battery research with first-principles methods. MRS Bulletin, 2011, 36, 185--191.
2) Computational Electrode Assessment: G. Hautier, A. Jain, S. P. Ong, B. Kang, C. Moore, R. Doe, and G. Ceder. Phosphates as Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: An Evaluation Based on High-Throughput ab Initio Calculations. Chemistry of Materials, 2011, 23(15), 3495-3508.
3) Predicting Battery Safety: S. P. Ong, A. Jain, G. Hautier, B. Kang, & G. Ceder. Thermal stabilities of delithiated olivine MPO4 (M=Fe, Mn) cathodes investigated using first principles calculations. Electrochemistry Communications, 2010, 12(3), 427--430.
This presentation includes all the information regarding polymer batteries, lithium polymer batteries. Including animations and transitions this PowerPoint presentation is enough for you to understand all about Polymer batteries and cells.
From battery-to-precursor - Recycling of Lithium-Ion BatteriesChristian Hanisch
The use of lithium-ion batteries has grown since the market entry of portable power tools and consumer electronic devices. Soon, the need for lithium-ion batteries (LIB) will rise, when they are used in hybrid and full electric vehicles as well as in energy storage systems to enable the use of renewable energies. To prevent a future shortage of cobalt, nickel and lithium and to enable a sustainable life cycle of these technologies, new recycling processes for LIBs are needed. These new processes have to regain not only cobalt, nickel, copper and aluminum from spent battery cells, but also a significant share of lithium. Therefore, this presentation approaches unit operations and their combination to set up for efficient LIB recycling processes, especially considering the task to recover high rates of valuable materials with regard to involved safety issues. Further discussed unit operations are:
• Deactivation / Discharging of the battery
• Disassembly of battery systems (specifically for EV-Battery Systems)
• Mechanical Processes (inert crushing, sorting, sieving and thermo-mechanical separation)
• Hydro-metallurgical processes
• Pyro-metallurgical processes
ALD for energy application - Lithium ion battery and fuel cellsLaurent Lecordier
This presentation offers a review of latest works done on Ultratech Cambridge Nanotech ALD tools related to atomic layer deposition of Li2O and other lithium-based thin films for lithium-ion battery applications. It illustrates the benefits of ALD for deposition in 3D nanostructure.
The Materials Science of Lithium-Ion Batteries (Sept 2014)Andrew Gelston
The document discusses lithium-ion batteries and their materials. It provides an overview of lithium-ion battery components and chemistry, focusing on the commonly used 18650 battery cell format. Key points covered include the anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials used in lithium-ion batteries and how they enable the transfer of lithium ions and electrons. Degradation issues related to cycling and temperature are also summarized.
Understanding of thermal stability of lithium ion batteriesKhue Luu
This document summarizes the understanding of thermal stabilities of components in Li-ion batteries. It outlines various cathode materials used such as LiFePO4, LiMn2O4, and LiCoO2. It discusses the solid electrolyte interface and how additives can improve its stability. Thermal degradation of electrolyte components like LiPF6 and LiBOB are also covered. The document concludes that most studies on thermal stability are based on the nature of materials used and improving the stability of the solid electrolyte interface through new electrolytes or additives.
The document discusses lithium-ion batteries. It begins by defining batteries and describing their basic components. It then distinguishes between primary and secondary batteries. Lithium batteries are described as either using lithium metal or lithium compounds as the anode. Lithium-ion batteries, a type of secondary battery, are described in more detail, including their principle of operation through lithium ion intercalation, their construction with four layers, and their charging/discharging working involving lithium ion insertion into electrode lattices. Advantages include high energy density and improved safety, while applications include cameras, medical devices, and consumer electronics.
ALL-SOLID STATE BATTERIES: AN OVERVIEW FOR BIO APPLICATIONSGururaj B Rawoor
This technical seminar overviewed all-solid state batteries and their applications for bio uses. It discussed the history of batteries from Galvani's discovery of "animal electricity" to Volta's invention of the first chemical battery. The seminar described the working principles of solid state batteries, which have solid electrodes and electrolytes, as well as their advantages over conventional lithium-ion batteries that use liquid electrolytes. Challenges for future batteries were presented, such as replacing the metallic lithium anode, and applications discussed including portable devices, electric vehicles, and medical implants.
The document summarizes lithium-ion batteries, including their components and manufacturing. A lithium-ion battery stores energy through intercalation of lithium ions and has a nominal voltage of 3.2-3.85 volts. It consists of a positive electrode, negative electrode, separator, electrolyte and current collectors. Commonly used positive electrodes include lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, and lithium iron phosphate. Graphite and lithium titanium oxide are commonly used negative electrodes. Cells can be arranged in cylindrical, prismatic or pouch configurations in battery packs. Advancements include lithium-air batteries and battery recycling.
The document discusses lithium-ion batteries, including their development history and key components. It notes that lithium-ion batteries were first proposed in the 1970s and improved in the 1980s-1990s through work by M.S.Whittingham, John Goodenough, and Akira Yoshino. A lithium-ion battery has three main layers: a cathode, anode, and separator, with an electrolyte solution. During charging, lithium ions pass through the separator to the anode, and during discharging they pass to the cathode. The document outlines advantages like high energy density and disadvantages like cost. It concludes that lithium-ion technology is key to enabling electric vehicles like Tesla's products.
High energy and capacity cathode material for li ion battriesNatraj Hulsure
Recent development in cathode materials for li-ion batteries drag the industries view towards it due to their high discharge rate compare to older ones.
This document provides an introduction to lithium battery technology, focusing on lithium ion batteries. It discusses the chemistry and features of lithium metal primary batteries and lithium ion secondary batteries. Lithium ion batteries have benefits like being rechargeable and having high energy density, but also drawbacks like fire potential if not properly designed. The document examines battery failure mechanisms like thermal runaway and the deposition of lithium metal. It analyzes the different classes of battery fires and properties of lithium ion cell burns, noting they can involve multiple fire classes and the release of flammable and toxic gases. EUCAR hazard levels for batteries are presented, ranging from no effect to explosion. Fire suppression methods are also briefly mentioned.
At PreScouter, we help Fortune 500 clients quickly get up-to-speed on what they need to know to understand their options. PreScouter's Inquiry Service is a new, custom approach to ask science-based questions with a Ph.D. researcher through a brief video call. The results are debriefed in a meeting within two business days. This app provides clients with technically relevant, actionable information to further business objectives on a recurring basis.
In this inquiry, a client needed to identify Pre-Series B (or research teams) in the battery space that has a proprietary technology. PreScouter found 13 different batteries. Very soon, we should see a massive change in the ability to safely store and release power. Batteries explored include, but are not limited to: solid-state lithium-ion batteries, magnesium batteries, graphene car batteries, laser-made micro-supercapacitors, Na Ion batteries, and one of the fastest battery packs, LumoPack. PreScouter concluded this R&D injury with suggested next steps.
Electrode - Electrolyte Interface Studies in Lithium BatteriesMarine Cuisinier
Compilation of studies conducted at the Institut des Matériaux de Nantes under the supervision of Dr. Dominique Guyomard between 2008 and 2012.
Focused on solid-state NMR to characterize interphases between positive electrode and electrolyte.
This quality manual was developed by Robust Rotorcraft Industries to document their quality management system. It outlines the company's scope, terms, management responsibilities, and processes for product realization, measurement and improvement. Robust Rotorcraft Industries aims to design, manufacture and distribute high quality paper helicopters called Flight-On helicopters. The manual defines requirements for resource management, customer focus, design and development controls, purchasing, production, monitoring, measurement and continual improvement. It establishes policies to ensure Robust Rotorcraft Industries meets customer and regulatory requirements.
A professiona lithium ion battery manufacturer -Shehzhen Tianlihe Technology ...Cherry Yi
Tianlihe Technology Co.,Ltd is a professional li-ion battery manufacturer.Mainly provide ebike battery,OEM lithium ion battery ect.We keep quality first,then innovate lithium ion battery.We have good sales team and professional technology team.Welcome to visit us.
Batteries are going to be the building block of the smart future currently being envisaged. From a strategic market perspective, a compilation of current and future Li-ion technologies. It is important to understand who are current market leaders in each crucial components of the Li-ion technology and how disruptive technologies will shift the power balance.
Rechargeable Li-ion batteries based on Olivine-structured (LiFePO4) catho...Arun Kumar
The document provides an overview of rechargeable Li-ion batteries based on olivine-structured LiFePO4 cathode materials. It discusses the basics of batteries, emergence of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, current status of cathode materials, and motivation for using LiFePO4. The experimental details cover synthesis of LiFePO4 nanoparticles via solid state route and various characterization techniques. Results from X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirm the phase-pure orthorhombic structure of LiFePO4. Electrochemical characterization shows the improved conductivity and electrochemical performance of carbon-coated LiFePO4 nanoparticles.
This document discusses potential non-carbon anode materials for lithium ion batteries. It describes three categories of materials: 1) insertion materials like titanium oxides that store lithium through intercalation, 2) alloying materials like tin oxide that react with lithium in an alloying/dealloying mechanism, and 3) conversion materials like metal oxides and phosphides that undergo a conversion reaction with lithium. While these alternative anode materials offer higher capacities than graphite, the document notes that challenges remain like capacity fading and potential hysteresis that have prevented their widespread commercial use.
Nano-materials for Anodes in Lithium ion Battery - An introduction part 1Ahmed Hashem Abdelmohsen
The document discusses approaches to improving lithium ion battery anodes using nanomaterials. It provides a general introduction to lithium batteries and their components. Nanometal oxides like iron oxide nanoparticles coated on carbon aerogel are discussed as an anode material with high capacity and excellent cycleability. Nanostructured silicon anodes are also covered, which can provide high capacity due to silicon's ability to alloy with lithium at room temperature. Finally, graphene-coated pyrogenic carbon is presented as an anode material that provides a reversible high discharge capacity through the unique properties of graphene.
James Rohan - Electric vehicle battery systemsKeith Nolan
This document discusses materials used in lithium ion batteries. It describes how lithium is a good material for batteries due to its light weight and ability to provide large voltage gains. It also discusses various cathode and anode materials used in lithium ion batteries like lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, and carbon. The document outlines challenges for lithium ion batteries like improving energy density, power output, cycle life, safety and cost and suggests that addressing these challenges will require new materials and structuring.
Part 1 of the tutorial on the Lithium Battery Explorer provides an overview of Li-ion battery technology and the properties that are relevant to battery researchers.
Interested viewers should refer to the following publications for more details:
1) Review: G. Ceder, G. Hautier, A. Jain, S. P. Ong. Recharging lithium battery research with first-principles methods. MRS Bulletin, 2011, 36, 185--191.
2) Computational Electrode Assessment: G. Hautier, A. Jain, S. P. Ong, B. Kang, C. Moore, R. Doe, and G. Ceder. Phosphates as Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: An Evaluation Based on High-Throughput ab Initio Calculations. Chemistry of Materials, 2011, 23(15), 3495-3508.
3) Predicting Battery Safety: S. P. Ong, A. Jain, G. Hautier, B. Kang, & G. Ceder. Thermal stabilities of delithiated olivine MPO4 (M=Fe, Mn) cathodes investigated using first principles calculations. Electrochemistry Communications, 2010, 12(3), 427--430.
This presentation includes all the information regarding polymer batteries, lithium polymer batteries. Including animations and transitions this PowerPoint presentation is enough for you to understand all about Polymer batteries and cells.
From battery-to-precursor - Recycling of Lithium-Ion BatteriesChristian Hanisch
The use of lithium-ion batteries has grown since the market entry of portable power tools and consumer electronic devices. Soon, the need for lithium-ion batteries (LIB) will rise, when they are used in hybrid and full electric vehicles as well as in energy storage systems to enable the use of renewable energies. To prevent a future shortage of cobalt, nickel and lithium and to enable a sustainable life cycle of these technologies, new recycling processes for LIBs are needed. These new processes have to regain not only cobalt, nickel, copper and aluminum from spent battery cells, but also a significant share of lithium. Therefore, this presentation approaches unit operations and their combination to set up for efficient LIB recycling processes, especially considering the task to recover high rates of valuable materials with regard to involved safety issues. Further discussed unit operations are:
• Deactivation / Discharging of the battery
• Disassembly of battery systems (specifically for EV-Battery Systems)
• Mechanical Processes (inert crushing, sorting, sieving and thermo-mechanical separation)
• Hydro-metallurgical processes
• Pyro-metallurgical processes
ALD for energy application - Lithium ion battery and fuel cellsLaurent Lecordier
This presentation offers a review of latest works done on Ultratech Cambridge Nanotech ALD tools related to atomic layer deposition of Li2O and other lithium-based thin films for lithium-ion battery applications. It illustrates the benefits of ALD for deposition in 3D nanostructure.
The Materials Science of Lithium-Ion Batteries (Sept 2014)Andrew Gelston
The document discusses lithium-ion batteries and their materials. It provides an overview of lithium-ion battery components and chemistry, focusing on the commonly used 18650 battery cell format. Key points covered include the anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials used in lithium-ion batteries and how they enable the transfer of lithium ions and electrons. Degradation issues related to cycling and temperature are also summarized.
Understanding of thermal stability of lithium ion batteriesKhue Luu
This document summarizes the understanding of thermal stabilities of components in Li-ion batteries. It outlines various cathode materials used such as LiFePO4, LiMn2O4, and LiCoO2. It discusses the solid electrolyte interface and how additives can improve its stability. Thermal degradation of electrolyte components like LiPF6 and LiBOB are also covered. The document concludes that most studies on thermal stability are based on the nature of materials used and improving the stability of the solid electrolyte interface through new electrolytes or additives.
The document discusses lithium-ion batteries. It begins by defining batteries and describing their basic components. It then distinguishes between primary and secondary batteries. Lithium batteries are described as either using lithium metal or lithium compounds as the anode. Lithium-ion batteries, a type of secondary battery, are described in more detail, including their principle of operation through lithium ion intercalation, their construction with four layers, and their charging/discharging working involving lithium ion insertion into electrode lattices. Advantages include high energy density and improved safety, while applications include cameras, medical devices, and consumer electronics.
ALL-SOLID STATE BATTERIES: AN OVERVIEW FOR BIO APPLICATIONSGururaj B Rawoor
This technical seminar overviewed all-solid state batteries and their applications for bio uses. It discussed the history of batteries from Galvani's discovery of "animal electricity" to Volta's invention of the first chemical battery. The seminar described the working principles of solid state batteries, which have solid electrodes and electrolytes, as well as their advantages over conventional lithium-ion batteries that use liquid electrolytes. Challenges for future batteries were presented, such as replacing the metallic lithium anode, and applications discussed including portable devices, electric vehicles, and medical implants.
The document summarizes lithium-ion batteries, including their components and manufacturing. A lithium-ion battery stores energy through intercalation of lithium ions and has a nominal voltage of 3.2-3.85 volts. It consists of a positive electrode, negative electrode, separator, electrolyte and current collectors. Commonly used positive electrodes include lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, and lithium iron phosphate. Graphite and lithium titanium oxide are commonly used negative electrodes. Cells can be arranged in cylindrical, prismatic or pouch configurations in battery packs. Advancements include lithium-air batteries and battery recycling.
The document discusses lithium-ion batteries, including their development history and key components. It notes that lithium-ion batteries were first proposed in the 1970s and improved in the 1980s-1990s through work by M.S.Whittingham, John Goodenough, and Akira Yoshino. A lithium-ion battery has three main layers: a cathode, anode, and separator, with an electrolyte solution. During charging, lithium ions pass through the separator to the anode, and during discharging they pass to the cathode. The document outlines advantages like high energy density and disadvantages like cost. It concludes that lithium-ion technology is key to enabling electric vehicles like Tesla's products.
High energy and capacity cathode material for li ion battriesNatraj Hulsure
Recent development in cathode materials for li-ion batteries drag the industries view towards it due to their high discharge rate compare to older ones.
This document provides an introduction to lithium battery technology, focusing on lithium ion batteries. It discusses the chemistry and features of lithium metal primary batteries and lithium ion secondary batteries. Lithium ion batteries have benefits like being rechargeable and having high energy density, but also drawbacks like fire potential if not properly designed. The document examines battery failure mechanisms like thermal runaway and the deposition of lithium metal. It analyzes the different classes of battery fires and properties of lithium ion cell burns, noting they can involve multiple fire classes and the release of flammable and toxic gases. EUCAR hazard levels for batteries are presented, ranging from no effect to explosion. Fire suppression methods are also briefly mentioned.
At PreScouter, we help Fortune 500 clients quickly get up-to-speed on what they need to know to understand their options. PreScouter's Inquiry Service is a new, custom approach to ask science-based questions with a Ph.D. researcher through a brief video call. The results are debriefed in a meeting within two business days. This app provides clients with technically relevant, actionable information to further business objectives on a recurring basis.
In this inquiry, a client needed to identify Pre-Series B (or research teams) in the battery space that has a proprietary technology. PreScouter found 13 different batteries. Very soon, we should see a massive change in the ability to safely store and release power. Batteries explored include, but are not limited to: solid-state lithium-ion batteries, magnesium batteries, graphene car batteries, laser-made micro-supercapacitors, Na Ion batteries, and one of the fastest battery packs, LumoPack. PreScouter concluded this R&D injury with suggested next steps.
Electrode - Electrolyte Interface Studies in Lithium BatteriesMarine Cuisinier
Compilation of studies conducted at the Institut des Matériaux de Nantes under the supervision of Dr. Dominique Guyomard between 2008 and 2012.
Focused on solid-state NMR to characterize interphases between positive electrode and electrolyte.
This quality manual was developed by Robust Rotorcraft Industries to document their quality management system. It outlines the company's scope, terms, management responsibilities, and processes for product realization, measurement and improvement. Robust Rotorcraft Industries aims to design, manufacture and distribute high quality paper helicopters called Flight-On helicopters. The manual defines requirements for resource management, customer focus, design and development controls, purchasing, production, monitoring, measurement and continual improvement. It establishes policies to ensure Robust Rotorcraft Industries meets customer and regulatory requirements.
A professiona lithium ion battery manufacturer -Shehzhen Tianlihe Technology ...Cherry Yi
Tianlihe Technology Co.,Ltd is a professional li-ion battery manufacturer.Mainly provide ebike battery,OEM lithium ion battery ect.We keep quality first,then innovate lithium ion battery.We have good sales team and professional technology team.Welcome to visit us.
Tesla PPT, Sec focused accounting, Pierce McManusPierce McManus
This presentation focused upon the SEC based reporting of Tesla's company, where my specific focus resided in the SWOT analysis. I left this area rather sparse so I could elaborate in the presentation itself. I focused upon the issues that Tesla is facing regarding their vertical monopoly, battling state legislature, and acquiring a larger market share via their lower cost cars in production.
North Carolina, with miles of beaches and beautiful mountains, is one of the bestand most attractive states in which to work, live and play. CNBC, Forbes, CEO
Magazine and Site
The document presents life as a gift given to us each day when we wake up. It likens each new day to a present from God, wrapped and waiting to be opened. The contents of each day's present may contain problems, sadness, or surprises, but appreciating the gift of time each day and remaining thankful is important. While the present may not always contain what we desire, it provides what we need to grow and learn life's lessons.
The document presented a simple interactive demo that asked the user questions about common colors with multiple choice answers, providing feedback on correct or incorrect responses before moving to the next question, and concluded by allowing the user to exit the demo.
El documento divide la prehistoria en tres períodos: Paleolítico, Neolítico y Edad de los Metales. En el Paleolítico, los humanos eran nómadas que se alimentaban de la caza, la recolección y la pesca y vivían en cuevas, usando herramientas de piedra. En el Neolítico, se volvieron sedentarios, viviendo en poblados y usando herramientas de piedra pulida. La Edad de los Metales trajo el uso de metales, la crianza de animales, y el
1) O documento discute questões de segurança no GNU/Linux, abordando tópicos como vírus, rootkits, hardening e instalação de softwares.
2) É apresentado que vírus para GNU/Linux existem, embora sejam menos comuns que para Windows, e exemplos como o Bliss são citados.
3) Técnicas de hardening como desativar serviços desnecessários, manter atualizações e usar SELinux são recomendadas para aumentar a segurança.
1. The document provides biographical information about Hang Xie and describes his interests which include bike travelling, poetry, programming, and working with the Kinect sensor.
2. It discusses several Kinect programming concepts and demos including getting depth and RGB images, working with point clouds and skeleton data, and creating augmented reality and gesture-based applications.
3. The document recommends several resources for learning Kinect programming including OpenNI, SimpleOpenNI, and various code examples and tutorials available online. It encourages exploring ways to create new applications using Kinect.
This poster from the NHS aims to encourage young people to stop smoking by showing a man with a cigarette hooked in his mouth. The main message is to let children know that smoking is harmful and unhealthy. While the poster effectively conveys its anti-smoking message, it may not be as effective today since it lacks color and visual appeal.
The document describes the American flag and what it represents. It establishes that the flag was created in 1776 and features a red, white, and blue design. The colors of the flag each symbolize important American values - red for hardiness and valor, white for purity and innocence, and blue for vigilance, perseverance, and justice. The flag serves as an important national symbol for Americans.
SNML-TNG: Linked Media Interfaces. Graphical User Interfaces for Search and A...Salzburg NewMediaLab
The document discusses design patterns for graphical user interfaces to support the concept of Linked Media. Linked Media aims to interconnect information about content, structured data, and social interactions. It describes a media life cycle with phases such as creation, management, transaction, and application. The main body then provides design patterns for search and annotation interfaces, covering areas like querying, filtering results, displaying entities, advanced search, and annotating locations, times, people, and selecting vocabularies. The goal is to realize access to diverse structured and unstructured data through semantic linking of information.
This document summarizes a class on design thinking and concept development taught by Prof. Xanthe Matychak at Rochester Institute of Technology in Spring 2010. The class explored retail experiences that allow customers to design and manufacture objects in stores using new technologies like 3D scanning/printing, laser cutting, and digital textiles. Concepts developed included making jewelry from scanned beach treasures, designing brooches from underwater shapes, and creating smocks using scans of farm market plants and foods.
Facebook Organic + Paid Strategy For BusinessKate Buck Jr
This document outlines a case study and strategy for an action sports clothing retailer to boost its Facebook reach, engagement, product awareness, and event marketing. It recommends a 3-pronged approach: 1) deploying a strategic re-engagement campaign to activate existing fans and increase organic reach; 2) leveraging lookalike audiences to find and connect with new, highly-targeted fans; and 3) using transaction-based, direct response invitations to create meaningful connections between fans and the brand beyond social media. The strategy was tested over 12 weeks and resulted in page performance increasing from 3% to over 10%, monthly ad value increasing over 300%, and engagement levels rising to over 0.2%.
The document provides instructions for customizing various display, navigation, and system settings in a GPS software application. It describes how to customize elements like:
- The tool bar and data fields displayed
- 3D relief and terrain visualization settings
- Vehicle profile and navigation preferences like route calculation methods
- Tracklog, waypoint alert, and next waypoint navigation settings
- System settings like volume, brightness, and screen timeout
The document provides detailed explanations and navigation paths for adjusting over 15 different setting categories within the GPS software interface.
The document discusses several theories related to the origins and evolution of life:
1) The theory of spontaneous generation, which was disproven by experiments showing that living things come from other living things, not nonliving matter.
2) Oparin's primordial soup theory that early Earth conditions allowed organic compounds to form from basic elements and sunlight, providing building blocks for early life.
3) The distinction between microevolution, involving small changes within a population over time, versus macroevolution involving large changes that transformed early bacteria into complex organisms like humans.
This document summarizes Scality's presentation at the 2010 Storage Developer Conference. Scality is introducing an open source program called SCOP to promote the use of object storage and improve interoperability between applications and cloud storage services. SCOP includes a bounty program that will reward developers for integrating existing applications with Scality's Droplets library to enable them to work with different cloud storage services.
The poster aims to discourage smoking by showing a man with a hook in his mouth, as he is hooked on cigarettes. This visual representation helps convey the message that the NHS could help people quit smoking if they are hooked on cigarettes. However, the NSPCC poster may not be as effective, as its plain design lacks color and doesn't attract attention.
El documento describe el sistema solar, que está formado por el Sol y los cuerpos que giran a su alrededor, incluyendo planetas, planetas enanos y cuerpos pequeños. Explica que los planetas interiores son los más cercanos al Sol (Mercurio, Venus, Tierra y Marte) mientras que los planetas exteriores son los más alejados (Júpiter, Saturno, Urano y Neptuno). También menciona que los planetas enanos son cuerpos esféricos más pequeños que los planetas, como Plutón,
This document provides an overview of lithium-ion batteries, including their typical properties, principal applications, and trends. It discusses the different types of lithium batteries, including primary lithium batteries which are disposable, and secondary lithium-ion batteries which are rechargeable. Lithium-ion batteries are characterized by their high energy density and low weight, making them well-suited for applications in consumer electronics, medical devices, and the military. The document provides details on common lithium-ion battery chemistries and their properties.
The Most Complete Interpretation of Anode Materials Standards for Lithium-ion...etekware
This document discusses standards for lithium-ion battery anode materials in China. It provides an overview of four existing standards for graphite and lithium titanate anode materials, which specify requirements for properties like crystal structure, particle size, density, and specific surface area. It also lists six new or revised standards currently being developed to regulate emerging anode materials like silicon and soft carbon as the battery industry continues to advance toward higher energy densities.
Interpretation of Anode Materials Standards for Lithium-ion Batteries.pdfETEK1
With many advantages, such as high energy density, long cycle life, low self-discharge,
no memory effect and environmental friendliness, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been
widely used in consumer electronics, such as smartphones, smart bracelets, digital cameras
and laptops, with the strongest consumer demand. At the same time, it is promoted in the
markets of pure electric, hybrid electric and extended-range electric vehicles, with the fastest
market share growth. LIBs are also gaining momentum in large-scale energy storage
applications, such as power grid peak regulation, household power distribution and
communication base stations
Vaibhav Kumar Singh and M Faisal Jamal Khan, Ravensburg-Weingarten University, Germany “Analytical Study and Comparison of Solid and Liquid Batteries for Electric Vehicles and Thermal Management Simulation” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.1 (2019): 27-33.
Advanced method for reuse of Li-ion batteries and Analysis by new designed el...IOSR Journals
1. The document describes an advanced method for reusing lithium-ion batteries by chemically treating them and designing a new electronic circuit. The method involves injecting the same components from the original battery, especially lithium, back into the battery.
2. The designed electronic circuit is used to measure the electric potential of batteries that have been injected with solutions containing lithium iron oxide. Various parameters like duration time, pH, concentration, and temperature are analyzed.
3. The results show that increasing the duration time and concentration of the lithium iron oxide solution increases the battery voltage. Increasing the pH also increases the sensitivity of potential measurements. A relationship is observed between voltage, concentration, and duration time.
Review of Challenges in Various Electric Vehicle BatteriesIRJET Journal
This document discusses the challenges of various electric vehicle battery technologies. It begins by outlining the current dominance of lithium-ion batteries and their disadvantages, such as use of toxic materials like nickel and cobalt. It then reviews alternative battery types including sodium-ion batteries, which have lower costs and toxicity but also lower energy density. Lithium iron phosphate batteries are discussed as another alternative, having benefits of lower costs, stability and safety. The document also examines challenges for different battery materials and components, such as developing high-energy cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. In conclusion, it states that combining materials may help improve battery performance while reducing harmful effects.
Title: Advancements in Electrode Materials for Automotive Batteries: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract:
The automotive industry is rapidly transitioning towards electric propulsion systems to mitigate environmental impacts and reduce dependency on fossil fuels. Central to this shift are advancements in battery technology, particularly in electrode materials, which play a critical role in determining battery performance, energy density, and lifespan. This comprehensive review explores the latest developments in electrode materials for automotive batteries, encompassing lithium-ion, solid-state, and beyond lithium-ion technologies. We delve into the fundamental principles governing electrode material selection, discuss current challenges, and analyze emerging trends such as silicon-based anodes, sulfur cathodes, and solid electrolytes. Through an extensive examination of recent research and commercial developments, we provide insights into the future direction of electrode materials for automotive batteries, highlighting key areas for further research and innovation.
1. Introduction:
- Overview of the importance of electrode materials in automotive batteries
- Transition towards electric vehicles (EVs) and the role of batteries
- Purpose and scope of the review
2. Fundamentals of Battery Electrodes:
- Electrochemical principles underlying battery operation
- Role of electrodes in battery performance
- Requirements for automotive applications: energy density, power density, longevity, and safety
3. Lithium-Ion Batteries:
- Overview of lithium-ion battery architecture
- Current electrode materials: graphite anodes, lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), etc.
- Challenges and limitations: capacity degradation, safety concerns, resource availability
- Recent advancements in electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries
4. Beyond Lithium-Ion Batteries:
- Need for higher energy density and sustainability
- Emerging alternatives: lithium-sulfur (Li-S), lithium-air (Li-O2), sodium-ion (Na-ion), potassium-ion (K-ion) batteries
- Electrode materials for non-lithium systems: sulfur cathodes, sodium-ion anodes, etc.
- Comparative analysis of different beyond lithium-ion technologies
5. Silicon-Based Anodes:
- Potential of silicon as a high-capacity anode material
- Challenges: volume expansion, cycling stability, Coulombic efficiency
- Strategies to mitigate silicon anode limitations: nanostructuring, alloying, coatings
- Progress in commercialization and integration into automotive batteries
6. Solid-State Batteries:
- Advantages of solid-state electrolytes over liquid electrolytes
- Materials for solid-state electrolytes: sulfides, oxides, polymers
- Solid-state electrode materials: lithium metal, sulfides, etc.
- Recent breakthroughs in solid-state battery technology and their implications for automotive applications
7. Challenges and Opportunities:
- Scalability
The document is a presentation by NanoMarkets analyzing thin-film and printable battery technologies and markets. It defines thin-film and printable batteries, discusses new directions in battery chemistries including lithium polymer batteries, and analyzes key applications and forecasts. It also outlines strategic options for thin-film battery suppliers, concluding the market could grow to $1.9 billion by 2017 with opportunities in smart cards and sensors.
Nano batteries are batteries fabricated using nanotechnology. They have electrodes made of nanomaterials which allows lithium ions to move faster between electrodes during charging and discharging compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries. This enables nano batteries to charge and discharge more quickly. Additionally, the use of nanomaterials prevents the formation of a solid electrolyte interface barrier that conventional batteries experience at high temperatures. Nano batteries could potentially be used in applications like electronics, defense, aerospace, industrial, and healthcare due to their faster charging capabilities and ability to operate at higher temperatures than conventional lithium-ion batteries.
This document provides an overview of battery technologies, including primary batteries that cannot be recharged and secondary batteries that can. It discusses common primary batteries like alkaline and lithium batteries. Common secondary batteries discussed are lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion batteries. The document also notes that stricter environmental legislation will phase out nickel-cadmium batteries in Europe. Lithium-ion batteries are expected to dominate the rechargeable battery market over the next 20 years.
The document discusses the design of new cathode materials for secondary lithium ion batteries. It provides background on the development of batteries over time and describes the basic components and operation of lithium ion batteries. Current commercially used cathode materials like lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, and lithium iron phosphate are described. Research aims to develop new cathode materials with improved properties like higher energy density, longer lifespan, lower cost, and environmental friendliness. Promising candidates include olivine-based phosphates and transition metal oxides.
This document discusses the development of a new anode material for lithium-ion batteries using sodium manganese oxide (Na-Mn-O). The key points are:
1) A new strategy is presented to prepare a highly porous sodium manganese oxide hydrate (Na0.55Mn2O4·1.5H2O or SMOH) compound dispersed in a carbon matrix for use as an anode.
2) This SMOH-carbon material delivers a high reversible capacity of 1015.5 mAh/g at a current density of 0.1 A/g.
3) The SMOH nanocrystals are uniformly dispersed and stabilized within the
A global overview of the geology and economics of lithium productionJohn Sykes
Lithium demand is growing fast, driven by a wide range of battery applications, which are in turn changing the structure of
demand, the lithium supply chain and potentially raw material requirements though much still remains uncertain;
•
Geologically ‘brine’ salars and ‘hard rock’ pegmatites remain the most important lithium deposit types in terms of
production and undeveloped resources, however, there are some interesting emerging sedimentary / clay deposits and
unconventional brine concepts and lithium remains very ‘under explored’ globally;
•
Spodumene pegmatites in Australia are the fastest growing source of supply, however, long term competitiveness may be
dependent on successful downstream integration targeting the battery industry;
•
The concept of a Western Australian ‘Lithium Valley’ is possible, despite high costs, due to the number of quality mines,
proximity to Asia, and the unit reduction in freight costs associated with the low grade spodumene concentrate , in addition
to the ‘cluster effect’ of many minerals businesses, specialists and students;
•
The ‘green’ association of lithium use presents a challenge of ‘strategic coherence’ to explorers and miners impacting
decisions around exploration, mining, investors, stakeholders, and leadership;
•
But remember, we are in an unsustainable ‘lithium boom’ of high prices and high volume growth future long term growth
of the industry is reliant on structurally lower prices, and thus structurally lower costs.
A lithium ion battery consists of a graphite anode, lithium metal oxide cathode, and electrolyte. Lithium ions move between the anode and cathode during charging and discharging, producing electricity. Key developments included the use of cobalt oxide and other metal oxides in the cathode by Goodenough, improving voltage and capacity. Lithium ion batteries now power many electronic devices due to their high energy density and ability to be recharged hundreds of times.
Li-ion and Li-Po batteries are commonly used to power electric motors in micro-UAVs and smaller drones due to their high energy-to-weight ratio and ability to withstand shock and vibration. Li-ion cells come in cylindrical, prismatic, and flat polymer styles, with cylindrical 18650 cells being most common. However, Li-Po cells which use very thin laminate pouches are lighter than metal-encased battery styles and are therefore preferred by most UAV manufacturers seeking to minimize weight.
Recycling Technology For Spent Lithium-ion batteriesbmeshram
#technologies for recycling spent batteries in economical and best ways
#under a lowest or minimum energy requirements in high sunlight area overall area in earth
2012 Capital Markets Days Seoul - Rechargeable Battery MaterialsUmicore
This document discusses developments in rechargeable battery materials and technologies. It provides an overview of lithium-ion battery components and chemistries used in electronics, automotive, and stationary applications. Umicore is a global supplier of cathode materials for rechargeable batteries across various applications and holds intellectual property related to lithium cobalt oxide, nickel manganese cobalt oxide, and lithium iron phosphate cathode materials. The document outlines Umicore's strategy to expand production capacity and develop new generations of nickel manganese cobalt oxide materials to reduce costs for electric vehicles.
Critique on two-wheeler electric vehicle batteriesIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview and critique of battery technologies used in electric two-wheeler vehicles. It discusses four main battery types: lead acid batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. For each battery type, the document outlines the basic chemistry and reactions, advantages, disadvantages, and suitability for electric vehicles. It concludes that lithium-ion batteries currently provide the best performance for electric vehicles due to their higher energy density, longer lifespan, and lack of memory effect compared to other battery types. Solid-state batteries are also introduced as a promising technology to overcome safety issues with lithium-ion batteries.
New Advances In Lithium Ion Battery Fuel Gauging Final
1. New Advances in Lithium Ion Battery Monitoring
Jörn Tinnemeyer
Vice President - Research & Development
Cadex Electronics Inc.
22000 Fraserwood Way, Richmond BC, Canada V6W 1J6
Joern.Tinnemeyer@cadex.com or www.cadex.com
Abstract: In the last decade, lithium ion batteries have Importantly, though, the praises of Li-ion batteries must
dominated the market place: first being used in portable be tempered by several key disadvantages in using this
consumer products, and now in more industrial and chemistry. Namely, they safely operate within a very
transport-based applications. One necessary requirement limited range of conditions; that is, the manufacturers of
of lithium ion batteries -- irrespective of the particular Li-ion battery packs must be vigilant when developing the
application of interest -- is to gauge how much energy the protection circuitry and a safe milieu for the battery
battery contains and how long a given application can (McDowall et al., 2007, Van Schalkwijk et al., 2002).
run before the battery needs to be recharged. The precise
monitoring and management of lithium ion batteries has The precise monitoring and management of Li-ion
proven to be difficult to achieve, especially as the battery batteries also presents a noteworthy problem -- this
starts to age. Here, I describe a novel patented approach problem being the focus of this article. Irrespective of the
that Cadex Electronics Inc., is developing, which assesses application being considered, the end-user needs to know
the state of charge and state of health of lithium ion when the battery is fully charged and when the battery
batteries by directly measuring the concentration of lithium will run out of power. Intuitively speaking, everyone who
ions across different states of charge. Directly assessing uses cellular phones, laptops, or MP3 players knows that
the material state of the battery assures very precise predicting when a battery will run out of charge can be
monitoring -- conservatively speaking, +/- 5% accuracy, elusive, especially as the battery gets older. Within the
irrespective of which lithium ion chemistries are tested. field of battery management and monitoring, several
techniques have been developed that monitor the state of
Keywords: state of charge; lithium ion; magnetic charge of Li-ion batteries and new techniques are up-and-
susceptibility, magnetic field measurements coming. Importantly though, not all techniques are
equivalent in their precision or ability to monitor different
Li-ion chemistries. Owing to the fundamental role of
Introduction battery chemistry, I begin this article by providing a brief
review of Li-ion chemistries and construction (see also
Aurbrach et al., 2007, McDowall 2008, Van Schalkwijk
In our portable world, we use batteries to keep our 2002, Wittingham 2004), then I review the advantages
electronic devices functioning and we monitor the state of and disadvantages of current techniques, and I describe a
the battery to assure that the equipment will operate as we patented technology that Cadex Electronics is developing
expect. Over the last decade, the applications that use that offers the same advantages, without sharing the
lithium ion batteries have diversified dramatically. disadvantages.
Initially, lithium ion batteries (for the remainder of this
paper, I will refer to these as Li-ion batteries) were used
as the primary power source in electronic devices that Lithium Ion Construction and Consequences for
benefited from light and powerful batteries -- such as Battery Management
laptop computers and cellular phones. Now, Li-ion
batteries are used in a gamut of different electronic
technologies, from power tools to transport vehicles. This Li-ion batteries are not uniform in construction, rather
exponentiating presence of Li-ion batteries in the they may be better characterized as a family of batteries,
marketplace makes sense because they effectively store each possessing its own unique characteristics. Li-ion
energy (high energy, low weight) with no memory effect, batteries differ in two fundamental ways -- chemistry and
they are cheap to produce, and they are consumable (i.e., construction.
possess a limited lifespan), which benefits the retailers
through the sale of replacement batteries or new The name of a particular Li-ion battery is derived from
technological devices (Scuilla 2007, Whittingham 2004). the substances from which it is made, such as ‘lithium
manganese’, ‘lithium cobalt’, and ‘lithium iron
2. phosphate’ batteries (see Table 1). For most Li-ion
batteries, the cathode contains the unique chemistries.
For example, lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) is the
cathode material used in lithium manganese batteries,
whereas lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) is the cathode
material used in lithium cobalt batteries. The anode
materials tend to be more conserved across different Li-
ion batteries. Most often, layered carbon (graphite) is
used to construct the anode.
Full name Chemical Abbrev. Short form Note
definition
Lithium Cobalt LiCoO2 LCO Li-cobalt Cell phone
Oxide (60% Co) laptop,
camera
Lithium LiMn2O4 LMO Li-
Manganese (IV) manganese,
Oxide1 also spinel
Lithium Iron LiFePO4 LFP Li- Power tools,
Phosphate phosphate e-bikes, EV,
Lithium Nickel LiNiMnCoO2 NMC NMC medical,
Figure 1 - Lithium ion transport between anode and
Manganese (10-20% Co) hobbyist cathode (Teki et al., 2009)
Cobalt Oxide 1
Lithium Nickel LiNiCoAlO2 NCA NCA In
Cobalt Aluminum 9% Co) development, Moreover, these differences in construction play a vital
Oxide less role in the diffusion characteristics of the lithium ions.
Lithium Titanate Li5Ti5O13 LTO Li-titanate commonly
used Figure 3 illustrates the impedance spectroscopy curves for
both the prismatic and polymer designs.
1. Li[NixMnxCo1-2x]O2 is a more accurate description of NCA, where x
is typically 1/3
Table 1 - Examples of lithium ion battery chemistries
These differences in chemistry assure that many simple,
generalized attempts to monitor and manage Li-ion
Figure 2 - Prismatic (left) and polymer (right)
batteries are less than ideal (see more below). Indeed, the
constructions of lithium ion batteries.
difficulty in effectively monitoring some of the unique
chemistries (e.g., lithium iron phosphate, and lithium
nickel manganese cobalt oxide) have thwarted their use in
As stated above, differences in chemistry and construction
the marketplace, even though these chemistries are,
have noteworthy consequences for the different
otherwise, very powerful (Deutsche Bank, 2009). That
techniques that monitor and manage Li-ion batteries,
said, Li-ion batteries function in a similar way despite
insofar that they hinder generalized battery management
these differences in chemistry. Figure 1 highlights this
and monitoring solutions. Consider voltage
similarity in function: the lithium ions shuttle between the
measurements. Voltage measurements have been used for
anode electrode and cathode electrode as the cell charges
decades as a simple means to monitor and manage Li-ion
and discharges, respectively.
batteries (and preceding rechargeable battery chemistries).
Be that as it may, voltage measurements fall flat for some
Li-ion batteries also differ in their construction. For the particular types of Li-ion batteries. For example, the
purposes of battery monitoring and management, the relatively constant voltage output of lithium iron
different forms of cell construction also limit the efficacy phosphate batteries makes this chemistry resistant to
of generalized algorithms. Two types of battery cell useful voltage measurements when determining state of
construction are most common: prismatic cells (Fig. 2 charge. In the following sections, I highlight many of the
left) and polymer (or pouch) cells (Fig. 2 right). Prismatic different techniques that are currently employed, and a
cells have an outer metal casing that adds weight and novel patented technique that Cadex Electronics is
durability to the battery’s construction, whereas polymer developing that monitors and manages all Li-ion batteries.
cells are light-weight and flexible (Tarascon et al., 2001).
3. before an accurate measure of voltage can be obtained.
Polymer The voltage-based fuel gauge is constructed by measuring
0.025 Prismatic the voltage of the battery across different states of charge
-Imaginary Impedance (Ohm)
and then generating an electromotive force curve (EMF
curve), which is used to estimate the residual energy
contained within the battery.
0.015
This method, albeit being simple to implement and
possessing strong intuitive appeal, has several
shortcomings. Consider Figure 4. The solid line
0.005 illustrates the EMF curve of a battery that is in perfect
state of health (a brand new battery). The dashed line
illustrates the EMF curve of a battery that is in a 70%
0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
state of health (an old battery at a state, in which battery
Real Impedance (Ohm)
monitoring is notoriously difficult). Importantly, the lines
do not overlap perfectly; therefore, the same curve may
not be used as the battery ages.
Figure 3 - Impedance spectroscopy differences
between prismatic and polymer constructions
4.2
Fuel Gauges: State of Charge vs. State of Health 100% SoH
70% SoH
4.0
A fundamental task of a battery management system is to 3.8
report how much energy remains in the battery (how
Battery Voltage (V)
much time the user can expect the application to continue 3.6
operating). Such fuel gauges calculate the state of charge
of the battery -- the ratio of remaining energy in the 3.4
battery compared to the maximum energy the battery can
store at that time. The total amount of energy that the 3.2
battery can possibly hold is called the state of health. Both
state of charge and state of health are highly dynamic and 3.0
interdependent. With respect to their dynamic nature, 20 40 60
Battery SoC (%)
80 100
state of charge is modified by polarization currents,
whereas the state of health decreases (significantly) as the Figure 4 EMF curves for two batteries at different
age of the battery increases. With regards to their states of health
interdependence, without knowing state of health, it is
impossible to know state of charge because the maximal
amount of energy the battery contains (i.e., state of health)
is part of the ratio that determines state of charge. This shortcoming of voltage measurements has long been
identified (Pop et al., 2007). To compensate for this
problem, mathematical aging models have been
Voltage and the Electromotive Force Curve developed to account for the age of the battery. However,
even with the mathematical models implemented, voltage
measurements are imprecise -- more than +/-10%
Voltage was the first technique that was implemented to divergences have been reported (Pop et al., 2007).
monitor and manage battery systems (Buchmann, 2001),
and it is one that is still in use today. The battery’s Another problem when using voltage measurements and
voltage originates from the half reactions of each EMF curves is the amount of time the user must wait
electrode, which in turn depends on the composition of before the reading is meaningful (i.e., before the voltage
the electrodes. For Li-ion batteries, this has two asymptotes). For most batteries, at least 30-60 minutes
consequences. First, as the cathode material changes in must elapse before the EMF curve accurately estimates
its composition, the battery voltages change also. Second, state of charge (Coleman et al., 2007). For most users,
as the battery discharges (or charges), the composition of this timeframe is impractical. Indeed, if there is any
the electrodes change, which, again, leads to changes in current draw (polarization) or if the voltage is monitored
voltage. For both reasons, the battery must rest -- stand shortly after a polarization event, the voltage reading is
without any current polarization -- for at least 30 minutes incorrect. Once again, mathematical models are used to
correct for this shortcoming, but the models must consider
4. scores of conditions; as such, one model cannot ..1
effectively manage all situations and/or all applications.
Figure 5 illustrates a much more significant problem in
using voltage measurements and EMF curve estimations Here, α is the initial state of charge, which is typically
-- the inability to generalize this technique across different 100%, CN is the capacity of the battery, δ is an efficiency
Li-ion chemistries. This graph plots the difference rating to account for any loss (typically 1) and I is the
between the battery’s state of charge and its voltage. As flow of current. What is most important is CN. The value
illustrated with the solid line, lithium cobalt batteries yield is dynamic and it decreases as the battery’s state of health
a clear stepwise trend across state of charge -- the higher decreases. If the battery is not fully discharged after
the state of charge, the higher the voltage. Lithium iron being maximally charged, then a proper calculation is not
phosphate batteries (dashed line), by contrast, yield (at possible and the coulomb counter becomes less and less
best) a truncated version of this pattern -- vast changes in accurate (Coleman et al., 2007). This is a serious
state of charge are accompanied by small changes in shortcoming because, in most instances, it is very rare to
voltage. Simply put, voltage measurements cannot be fully charge and fully discharge a battery; henceforth, a
used for all variants of Li-ion batteries. significant drift in the coulomb counter is difficult to
avoid. As the signal drifts, the efficacy of coulomb
counting decreases.
4.0 Other issues with coulomb counting have been identified,
albeit much less problematic. Namely, coulomb counting
LiCoO2 is less effective when the battery self-discharges or is
3.8 LiFePO4 subject to temperature changes (Aurbach et al., 2002).
Moreover, as the battery ages, so too does the efficacy of
Battery Voltage (V)
coulomb counting measurements, since δ is a dynamic
3.6
value that also is dependent on age. Importantly, though,
these losses in precision owing to temperature fluctuations
3.4
and battery aging are of minor consequence when
compared to the significant loss in precision that can
accompany a drift in the signal: a drifting signal can
3.2 produce a 100% discrepancy between the measured and
actual amount of energy in the battery, whereas these
other issues may affect the precision of coulomb counting
3.0 by less than 1% per month (Takeno et al., 2005).
20 40 60 80 100
Battery SoC (%)
Resistance
Figure 5 - EMF curves for two different lithium
ion chemistries For both voltage measurements and coulomb counting
(albeit less so), the state of health of the battery influences
the efficacy of battery monitoring and management: new
All told, despite the ease of implementing voltage batteries (100% state of health) are easy to gauge,
measurements and EMF estimations to monitor and whereas older batteries (85% state of health and below)
manage battery systems; in practice, this method is are notoriously difficult to gauge. To account for changes
limited in its ability to measure the energy housed in a in state of health, fuel gauging techniques often measure
battery under most conditions. the resistance of a battery as the primary means to index
state of health.
Coulomb Counting
Another technique that has been implemented in battery
management and monitoring is coulomb counting -- quite
literally, counting the amount of charge that flows in and
out of the battery. Similar to voltage measurements,
coulomb counting has intuitive appeal and it is easy to
implement (especially with today’s µ-controllers). The
measurement is made using the following equation:
5. After cycle 1 Another significant issue in using impedance
After cycle 50 measurements is that a direct coupling exists between
0.025 After cycle 200 state of health and state of charge; namely, there is an
-Imaginary Impedance (Ohm)
After cycle 800
increase in resistance as the battery ages and discharges.
Hence it is unknown which circumstance is causal. This
interdependence is highlighted in Figure 8.
0.015
Fresh - SoC 100%
After cycle 800 - SoC 100%
0.025 Fresh - SoC 0%
-Imaginary Impedance (Ohm)
After cycle 800 - SoC 0%
0.005
0.015
0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
Real Impedance (Ohm)
Figure 6 - Complex impedance changes for a lithium 0.005
cobalt oxide battery
0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
For some Li-ion chemistries, the impedance measured in
Real Impedance (Ohm)
the battery is an effective way to assess the battery’s state
of health. As shown in Figure 6, lithium cobalt oxide
evidences clear stepwise changes in the real impedance Figure 8 - Complex impedance data as a function of
(or resistance) of the battery, as the number of cycles state of charge and state of health
increases.
For other chemistries, impedance measurements are less As noteworthy in this figure, the battery’s state of charge
effective in determining state of health. As highlighted in dominates the impedance spectrum, and makes it difficult
Figure 7, the impedance measured from lithium to identify the different states of health that are present.
manganese oxide batteries yields an ambiguous The complex methods that one can adopt to tease out state
relationship to the number of cycles the battery has of health from these data are computationally intensive
experienced. and, as such, impractical for most consumer products or
industrial applications. Accordingly, rather than relying
on the normal discharge currents, most applications now
After cycle 200 use an excitation pulse present on the device to assess
After cycle 600 changes in the impedance spectrum. Although this
0.025
-Imaginary Impedance (Ohm)
technique is much more effective for some Li-ion
chemistries that show a systematic increase in resistance
as the battery ages, it cannot improve the reliability of
battery monitoring for chemistries that do not have this
0.015 relationship.
Direct Magnetic Measurements
0.005
Despite differences in chemistry, all Li-ion batteries work
0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 in the same basic way -- energy is released when lithium
Real Impedance (Ohm) ions diffuse towards the cathode (see Fig. 1). Thus, as the
battery discharges, the anode will contain fewer lithium
ions (McDowall, 2008). This change in composition can
Figure 7 - Complex impedance changes for a lithium
be exploited to directly assess how much energy the
manganese oxide battery
battery contains.
Simply put, before resistance measurements can be used
to index state of health, one must be assured that a reliable The magnetic susceptibility of a substance is an index of
relationship exists between resistance and battery aging; the magnetization M of this substance as it is placed
otherwise, there is little purpose in taking these within a particular magnetic field strength H. This
measurements. relationship may be restated as,
6. ..2 in which...
dB represents the vector quantity that describes the
magnetic field at the desired point;
As highlighted in Table 2, the magnetic susceptibilities of
lithium and carbon are very different: lithium is a I is the current;
paramagnetic substance -- its presence will enhance the
magnetic field; whereas, carbon is a diamagnetic dl is a vector quantity of an infinitesimal current element in
substance -- its presence will minimize the magnetic field. the direction of the field potential;
Importantly, lithium and carbon are the predominant
chemistries that are present at the anode of the battery and is the magnetic susceptibility dependent on the
can be effectively used to index the amount of energy that material;
the battery contains.
is the unit vector in the direction to where the magnetic
Anode Electrode Magnetic Susceptibilities (xm/106 cm3 / mol) field is to be calculated; and
Lithium 14.2 r is the distance to the calculation point.
If we consider a current loop with a radius of R, and we
Carbon -6
wish to measure the field at a particular point x, the
equation can be simplified to:
Table 2 Negative electrode susceptibilities
..5
To measure this change in magnetic susceptibility, an
excitation field is needed to stimulate the metals and a
sensor is needed that is capable of registering these minute
changes in the magnetic field. To create an excitation
field, a coil is used to generate eddy currents. These eddy which allows us to easily assess the material properties of
currents produce magnetic fields that are enhanced by the anode.
paramagnetic materials or reduced by diamagnetic
materials. In the case of Li-ion batteries, an enhancement
in the magnetic field indicates that there are more lithium A sensor is then used to measure these changes in the
ions at the anode or, in layman’s terms, the battery is more magnetic field. Magnetic field sensor technology has
fully charged. By contrast, a reduction in the magnetic changed significantly over the last decade, driven mainly
field indicates that carbon is the predominant chemistry at by hard drive read head development. Magnetic tunneling
the anode or the battery is in a lesser state of charge. junction sensors are, currently, the state of the art. The
sensors are built by separating two alloys, CoFeB, by an
By using the definition, insulator of MgO that is only a few atoms thick. A biasing
voltage is created between the metals, by allowing current
to flow across the insulator. The likelihood of quantum
..3 tunneling is directly related to electron spin alignment,
which can be manipulated and controlled by introducing
external magnetic fields, with the following consequence:
as the strength of the magnetic field increases, the electron
we can determine the magnetic field absorption. The spin alignment increases, and more electrons may tunnel
degree of penetration into the metal, or skin depth, is given across the insulator. As more electrons tunnel across the
by δ. The permeability of the material is represented by µ insulator, the resistance of the device falls (Schrag et al.,
and the conductivity by σ. The frequency, f, reflects the 2006). Accordingly, the magnetoresistance of the sensor is
depth of the material being sampled. Since equation 3 is the first indication of its performance: for example,
inversely proportional, we know that deeper penetration of anisotropic sensors have 2-3% magnetoresistance, whereas
the material occurs at lower frequencies. giant sensors have 15-20% magnetoresistance. By contrast,
sensors that implement magnetic tunnel junctions have a
magnetoresistance of 200% (Schrag et al., 2006).
The magnetic field produced by a coil follows Biot-Savart’s
Law,
Finally, a fuzzy logic algorithm is applied to the outputs
..4 from the sensor to provide an estimate of the state of charge
of the battery.
7. measurements effectively track their state of charge. In
fact, the precision is so effective that no data smoothing or
Efficacy of Direct Magnetic Measurements.
computational modeling is necessary to see the pattern --
the raw data show the compelling relationship between
At Cadex Electronics Inc., we have developed a working state of charge and changes in the magnetic field.
prototype of this technology, which is patent pending. The
algorithm first degausses the coil by running a AC signal Another Li-ion chemistry that has proven to be difficult to
at a particular frequency and then reducing the amplitude monitor is lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide -- a type
to zero. A frequency of 20 Hz is then applied and the of battery that is often used in electrical bicycles and in
resultant change in the magnetic field is measured. This medical instruments. Like lithium iron phosphate
degauss-excitation cycle is repeated for number of batteries, the magnetic sensor is very effective in tracking
different frequencies in order to sample a volume of the state of charge of the battery. This effectiveness can
material. be observed in the raw data (not shown, but similar to Fig.
9) and in the calculation of the state of charge (using a
Figure 9 provides a striking example of how changes in fuzzy logic inference algorithm) and the actual state of
the magnetic field correspond to the state of charge of the charge, as shown in Figure 10.
battery. In this example, a lithium iron phosphate battery
was tested during a full charge-discharge cycle, with the
magnetic field measurements being probed at 20 Hz. 100
75
Estimated SoC(%)
1
Discharge 10A Charge 5A
Relative Magnetic Field Units
50
0.75
25
0.5
0
0.25 25 50 75 100
Measured SoC (%)
0
30 60 90 120 150 180
Figure 10 - State of charge estimation using
Time (min) 0 magnetic susceptibility measurements on a lithium
nickel manganese battery
Figure 9 - Magnetic field measurements of a lithium
iron phosphate battery undergoing a charge As evidenced in this figure, the error with respect to the
discharge cycle. actual state of charge measurements was significantly less
than 5%.
Initially the battery was fully charged. Then the battery One critical feature of this magnetic sensor technology
was discharged at 10A for 300 seconds. Next, the current must be reiterated -- none of these measurements involved
was removed and the battery was measured. This process voltage data or coulomb counting -- the magnetic sensor
was repeated until the battery was fully discharged. Once directly and precisely measures the ratio of lithium ions
discharged, the battery was charged using 5A before the and carbon ions at the anode.
battery was charged using constant voltage. As
evidenced in this figure, there is a very predominant
signal and an excellent correlation evidenced across the Conclusion
entire state of charge.
Our patented magnetic sensor technology affords several
It is with good reason that I chose a lithium iron benefits when compared to other battery monitoring
phosphate battery to highlight the efficacy of our techniques: it is more accurate; its accuracy is independent
magnetic sensor. As illustrated in Figure 5 and described of the age or condition of the battery; and, it allows all Li-
above, these batteries are notoriously difficult to monitor ion chemistries to be precisely monitored and managed --
-- other techniques that attempt to gauge the amount of even chemistries that have proven to be difficult to monitor
energy remaining in these batteries are ineffective. using other techniques. Moreover, the magnetic sensor
Indeed, the inability to precisely monitor lithium iron does not share the same shortcomings as voltage or
phosphate batteries have limited their station in the coulomb counting techniques, insofar that the magnetic
marketplace. By contrast, our magnetic field sensor does not depend on voltage signals or the current
8. flow in the battery and it does not require predefined aging McDowall J., Understanding Lithium Ion Batteries,
models to remain accurate, as do the other techniques. Battcon Conference Proceedings, June 2008.
These features of our magnetic sensor technology are
factual because we directly measure the battery material McDowall J., Biensan M., Spigai B., Broussely M.,
composition as it changes, and relate this information to the Industrial Lithium Ion Battery Safety - What Are the
user. Tradeoffs?, Intelec Conference Proceedings, 2007.
Pop, V., Bergveld,H.J., Danilov, D., Regtien, P.P.L.,Op
One important feature of our new technology has not been Het Veld, J.H.G., Danilov, D., & Notten, P.H.L. Battery
mentioned yet, but is noteworthy -- our patented magnetic aging and its influence on the electromotive force.
sensor technology is equally easy to implement and costs Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 154(8), A744-
approximately the same amount of money to produce as A750, 2007
voltage sensors and coulomb counting techniques.
Ramadass, P., Durairajan, A., Haran, B., White, R., Popov,
B., Studies in Capacity Fade of Spinel-Based Li-ion
As the world becomes more portable, we are becoming Batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 149(1)
more and more reliant on battery technologies. This trend A54-A60, 2002.
will only increase because up-and-coming ‘green’
automotive technologies also emphasize the use of Scuilla C., The Commercialization of Lithium Battery
batteries. As we increase our demands of batteries, the Technology”, Battcon Conference Proceedings, 2007.
necessity to precisely monitor and manage the battery
becomes increasingly important. For a moment, imagine Schrag, B.D., Carter, M.J., Liu, X., Hoftun, J.S., & Xiao,
the annoyance we have all experienced when a ‘fully G., Magnetic current imaging with magnetic tunnel
charged’ cellphone or a computer looses its power within junction sensors: case study and analysis, Proceedings of
minutes. Now imagine the annoyance you might feel if the the 2006 International Symposium for Testing and Failure
same situation occurred as you used your car! Such Analysis,2006.
imprecision would and could not be tolerated. At Cadex
Electronics, we are developing technologies that assure Takeno K., Ichimura M., Takano K., Yamaki J., Influence
very precise battery management and monitoring because of cycle capacity deterioration and storage capacity
we do not guess at what is happening inside the battery -- deterioration on Li-Ion batteries used in mobile cell
we measure it directly. phones, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 142, Mar. 2005.
Tarascon, J.M., Armand, M., Issues and challenges facing
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