This document discusses different types of rectifiers used in power supplies to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). It describes half wave rectifiers, full wave rectifiers, center tap rectifiers, and bridge rectifiers. For each type, it covers the circuit diagram, operation, waveforms, efficiency, ripple factor, and applications. The full wave and bridge rectifiers are more efficient than the half wave rectifier at converting AC to DC with less ripple. Bridge rectifiers do not require a center tap transformer but have a higher voltage drop across the diodes. Rectifiers are used in applications like mobile chargers and laptop adapters to provide stable DC power from an AC source.

1. Rectifiers
R.Ramalakshmi
Assistant Professor
Ramco Institute of Technology
Rajapalayam

2. Block diagram of Power Supply

3. Rectifier
• A circuit that converts ac voltage of main supply
into pulsating dc voltage using one or more pn
junction diodes.
• Half Wave Rectifier
• Full Wave Rectifier
• Center Tap Rectifier
• Bridge Rectifier

4. Important Characteristics of Rectifier
• Waveform of the load current
• Regulation of output voltage
• Rectifier efficiency
• Peak value of current in the rectifier circuit
• Peak value of voltage across the rectifier
element in the reverse direction ( PIV)
• Ripple factor

5. Half Wave Rectifier
Circuit Diagram

6. Operation of Half Wave Rectifier

7. Waveform of Half Wave Rectifier

8. Average DC load Current (IDC )

9. Average DC voltage (Edc)

10. RMS Load Current (Irms)
RMS Load Voltage (Erms)

11. DC Power Delivered to the load

12. AC input power from transformer
secondary

13. How effectively a rectifier converts
ac into dc:
• Rectifier Efficiency (η)
• Ripple Factor (r)

14. Rectifier Efficiency (η)
Tells us the percentage of total input ac power
that is converted into useful dc output power.
η = 40.6 %
Under best conditions (no diode loss) only 40.6% of the
ac input power is converted into dc power.
The rest remains as the ac power in the load

15. Ripple Factor
Measure of purity of the dc output of a rectifier
Defined as the ratio of ac component of the output
wave to the dc component in the wave

16. Ripple Factor
This indicates that the ripple content in the output are 1.211 times the dc component.
i.e. 121.1 % of dc component.
The ripple factor is very high.
Therefore a half wave rectifier is a poor converter of ac to dc.
The ripple factor is minimized using filter circuits along with the rectifier.

17. Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)
PIV = Em
Diode must be selected based on the PIV rating and
the circuit specification.

18. Disadvantage of HWR
•The ripple factor of half wave rectifier is 1.21,
which is quite high.
•The output contains lot of ripples
•The maximum theoretical efficiency is 40%.
•The practical value will be quite less than this.
•This indicates that HWR is quite inefficient.

19. Full WaveRectifier

20. Working of Center Tap Rectifier
Current Flow during the positive half of the input cycle
Current Flow during the negative half of the input cycle

21. Waveforms

22. Average DC current
Average (DC) Voltage

23. RMS Load Current (Irms)
RMS Load Voltage

24. DC Output Power
AC input power (Pac)

25. Rectifier Efficiency (η)

26. Ripple Factor
This indicates that the ripple contents in the output are 48%
of the dc component which is much less than that for the
half wave rectifier.

27. Peak Inverse Voltage

28. Advantages of Full Wave Rectifier
• Efficiency is higher.
• The large dc power output
• The ripple factor is less
Disadvantages of Full Wave Rectifier
• PIV rating of diode is higher.
• Higher PIV diodes are larger in size and costlier.
• The cost of center tap transformer is high.

29. Bridge Rectifier

30. Working of Bridge Rectifier

31. Waveforms of Bridge Rectifier

32. Parameters :

33. Advantages of Bridge Rectifier
• It does not need center tap transformer secondary.
• The transformer secondary voltage of CT rectifier is
2Vm, where as in Bridge the transformer secondary
must have a peak voltage of Vm. That is the
transformer secondary of CT rectifier must have double
the number of turns. Such transformers are costlier.
• If stepping up or stepping down of voltage is not
needed, we may even do away without transformer.
• Each diode in center tap has a PIV rating of 2Vm,
whereas diodes in bridge rectifier needs a PIV rating of
Vm. Hence the diodes for use in center tap rectifier are
costlier than meant for bridge rectifier.

34. Disadvantages of Bridge Rectifier
• It requires four diodes, two of which conduct
in alternate half cycles. This creates a total
voltage drop of 1.4V (if Si diodes are used).
• Therefore this creates a problem if low dc
voltage is required.
• The secondary voltage is low and two diode
voltage drop of 1.4V becomes significant.

35. Applications of Rectifiers
• Mobile chargers
• Laptop adapters

36. TUF-Transformer Utilization Factor
• The factor which indicates how much is the
utilization of the transformer in the circuit is
called TUF.
• It is defined as the ratio of dc power delivered to
the load to the ac power rating of the
transformer.
• For HWR, TUF = 0.287; Transformer is utilized less
• For FWR, TUF = 0.693; Transformer is utilized
more.

37. REFERENCES
• 1. Donald. A. Neamen, Electronic Circuits
Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition, Mc Graw Hill
Education (India) Private Ltd., 2010.
• 2. Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nasheresky,
―Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 11th
Edition, Pearson Education, 2013.

38. Thank You