This document discusses various methods of digital-to-analog conversion for analog transmission of digital data. It describes techniques such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). For each method, it discusses how the digital data modulates an analog carrier signal, provides equations for calculating bandwidth, and includes examples demonstrating how to apply the techniques. Diagrams and constellation plots are also used to illustrate the different modulation schemes.
Here you will learn:
How to Connect two or more devices to share data and information.
What is OSI Model?
Introduction to OSI Model
What is Physical Layer?
Devices used Physical Layer
What is Signal?
Types of Signals?
Analog Signals
Digital SIgnals
What is Transmission Medium?
What Is Switch in Networking?
Networking 7 Layers.
.
Please like and comments your Question and suggestion?
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS OSI?
OSI MODEL
TYPES OF LAYERS
PHYSICAL LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
SESSION LAYER
PRESENTATION LAYER
APPLICATION LAYER
Here you will learn:
How to Connect two or more devices to share data and information.
What is OSI Model?
Introduction to OSI Model
What is Physical Layer?
Devices used Physical Layer
What is Signal?
Types of Signals?
Analog Signals
Digital SIgnals
What is Transmission Medium?
What Is Switch in Networking?
Networking 7 Layers.
.
Please like and comments your Question and suggestion?
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS OSI?
OSI MODEL
TYPES OF LAYERS
PHYSICAL LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
SESSION LAYER
PRESENTATION LAYER
APPLICATION LAYER
Digital to Analog Conversion works with Students
Introduction
Different Mechanisms
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)
DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING – BEHROUZ A FOROUZAN
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
A brief introduction to task communication in real time operating system.It covers Inter-process communication like concepts of shared memory , message passing, remoteprocedure call .Interprocess communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow the processes to manage shared data. Typically, applications can use IPC, categorized as clients and servers, where the client requests data and the server responds to client requests.Many applications are both clients and servers, as commonly seen in distributed computing.
Digital Data, Digital Signal | Scrambling TechniquesBiplap Bhattarai
Digital signal is a sequence of discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses.
Each pulse is a signal element.
Binary data are transmitted by encoding the bit stream into signal elements.
In the simplest case, one bit is represented by one signal element.
- E.g., 1 is represented by a lower voltage level, and 0 is represented by a higher voltage level
In this we discuss about DATA RATE LIMITS
Two theoretical formulas were developed to calculate the data rate:
Nyquist bit rate for a noiseless channel
BitRate = 2 * bandwidth * log 2 L
2: Shannon Capacity for a noisy channel
Capacity = bandwidth * log 2 (1 + SNR)
...............
PERFORMANCE (Network PERFORMANCE) :
Bandwidth: ( Bandwidth in Hertz and Bandwidth in Bits per Seconds) :
Throughput:
These above topics covered in this slide
Thanks You!
Digital to Analog Conversion works with Students
Introduction
Different Mechanisms
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)
DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING – BEHROUZ A FOROUZAN
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
A brief introduction to task communication in real time operating system.It covers Inter-process communication like concepts of shared memory , message passing, remoteprocedure call .Interprocess communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow the processes to manage shared data. Typically, applications can use IPC, categorized as clients and servers, where the client requests data and the server responds to client requests.Many applications are both clients and servers, as commonly seen in distributed computing.
Digital Data, Digital Signal | Scrambling TechniquesBiplap Bhattarai
Digital signal is a sequence of discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses.
Each pulse is a signal element.
Binary data are transmitted by encoding the bit stream into signal elements.
In the simplest case, one bit is represented by one signal element.
- E.g., 1 is represented by a lower voltage level, and 0 is represented by a higher voltage level
In this we discuss about DATA RATE LIMITS
Two theoretical formulas were developed to calculate the data rate:
Nyquist bit rate for a noiseless channel
BitRate = 2 * bandwidth * log 2 L
2: Shannon Capacity for a noisy channel
Capacity = bandwidth * log 2 (1 + SNR)
...............
PERFORMANCE (Network PERFORMANCE) :
Bandwidth: ( Bandwidth in Hertz and Bandwidth in Bits per Seconds) :
Throughput:
These above topics covered in this slide
Thanks You!
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
2. 5.2
5-1 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION5-1 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
Digital-to-analogDigital-to-analog conversion is the process ofconversion is the process of
changing one of the characteristics of an analogchanging one of the characteristics of an analog
signal based on the information in digital data.signal based on the information in digital data.
Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Amplitude Shift Keying
Frequency Shift Keying
Phase Shift Keying
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
3. 5.3
Digital to Analog Conversion
Digital data needs to be carried on an
analog signal.
A carrier signal (frequency fc) performs
the function of transporting the digital
data in an analog waveform.
The analog carrier signal is manipulated
to uniquely identify the digital data being
carried.
6. 5.6
Bit rate, N, is the number of bits per
second (bps). Baud rate is the number
of signal
elements per second (bauds).
In the analog transmission of digital
data, the signal or baud rate is less than
or equal to the bit rate.
S=Nx1/r bauds
Where r is the number of data bits per
signal element.
Note
7. 5.7
An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element. If
1000 signal elements are sent per second, find the bit
rate.
Solution
In this case, r = 4, S = 1000, and N is unknown. We can
find the value of N from
Example 5.1
8. 5.8
Example 5.2
An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud
rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements are
carried by each signal element? How many signal
elements do we need?
Solution
In this example, S = 1000, N = 8000, and r and L are
unknown. We find first the value of r and then the value
of L.
9. 5.9
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
ASK is implemented by changing the
amplitude of a carrier signal to reflect
amplitude levels in the digital signal.
For example: a digital “1” could not affect the
signal, whereas a digital “0” would, by making
it zero.
The line encoding will determine the values of
the analog waveform to reflect the digital data
being carried.
10. 5.10
Bandwidth of ASK
The bandwidth B of ASK is proportional
to the signal rate S.
B = (1+d)S
“d” is due to modulation and filtering,
lies between 0 and 1.
13. 5.13
Example 5.3
We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which
spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What are the carrier
frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by
using ASK with d = 1?
Solution
The middle of the bandwidth is located at 250 kHz. This
means that our carrier frequency can be at fc = 250 kHz.
We can use the formula for bandwidth to find the bit rate
(with d = 1 and r = 1).
14. 5.14
Example 5.4
In data communications, we normally use full-duplex
links with communication in both directions. We need
to divide the bandwidth into two with two carrier
frequencies, as shown in Figure 5.5. The figure shows
the positions of two carrier frequencies and the
bandwidths. The available bandwidth for each
direction is now 50 kHz, which leaves us with a data
rate of 25 kbps in each direction.
16. 5.16
Frequency Shift Keying
The digital data stream changes the
frequency of the carrier signal, fc.
For example, a “1” could be
represented by f1=fc +∆f, and a “0” could
be represented by f2=fc-∆f.
18. 5.18
Bandwidth of FSK
If the difference between the two
frequencies (f1 and f2) is 2∆f, then the
required BW B will be:
B = (1+d)xS +2∆f
19. 5.19
Example 5.5
We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which
spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What should be the carrier
frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by
using FSK with d = 1?
Solution
This problem is similar to Example 5.3, but we are
modulating by using FSK. The midpoint of the band is at
250 kHz. We choose 2 f to be 50 kHz; this meansΔ
20. 5.20
Coherent and Non Coherent
In a non-coherent FSK scheme, when
we change from one frequency to the
other, we do not adhere to the current
phase of the signal.
In coherent FSK, the switch from one
frequency signal to the other only
occurs at the same phase in the signal.
21. 5.21
Multi level FSK
Similarly to ASK, FSK can use multiple
bits per signal element.
That means we need to provision for
multiple frequencies, each one to
represent a group of data bits.
The bandwidth for FSK can be higher
B = (1+d)xS + (L-1)/2∆f = LxS
23. 5.23
Example 5.6
We need to send data 3 bits at a time at a bit rate of 3
Mbps. The carrier frequency is 10 MHz. Calculate the
number of levels (different frequencies), the baud rate,
and the bandwidth.
Solution
We can have L = 23
= 8. The baud rate is S = 3 Mbps/3 =
1 Mbaud. This means that the carrier frequencies must be
1 MHz apart (2 f = 1 MHz). The bandwidth is B = 8 ×Δ
1M = 8M. Figure 5.8 shows the allocation of frequencies
and bandwidth.
25. 5.25
Phase Shift Keyeing
We vary the phase shift of the carrier
signal to represent digital data.
The bandwidth requirement, B is:
B = (1+d)xS
PSK is much more robust than ASK as
it is not that vulnerable to noise, which
changes amplitude of the signal.
28. 5.28
Quadrature PSK
To increase the bit rate, we can code 2 or
more bits onto one signal element.
In QPSK, we parallelize the bit stream so that
every two incoming bits are split up and PSK
a carrier frequency. One carrier frequency is
phase shifted 90o
from the other - in
quadrature.
The two PSKed signals are then added to
produce one of 4 signal elements. L = 4 here.
30. 5.30
Example 5.7
Find the bandwidth for a signal transmitting at 12
Mbps for QPSK. The value of d = 0.
Solution
For QPSK, 2 bits is carried by one signal element. This
means that r = 2. So the signal rate (baud rate) is S = N ×
(1/r) = 6 Mbaud. With a value of d = 0, we have B = S = 6
MHz.
31. 5.31
Constellation Diagrams
A constellation diagram helps us to
define the amplitude and phase of a
signal when we are using two carriers,
one in quadrature of the other.
The X-axis represents the in-phase
carrier and the Y-axis represents
quadrature carrier.
33. 5.33
Example 5.8
Show the constellation diagrams for an ASK (OOK),
BPSK, and QPSK signals.
Solution
Figure 5.13 shows the three constellation diagrams.