The document discusses the different types of joints in the body. There are three main types: synarthroses, diarthroses, and amphiarthroses. Synarthroses are fixed or immovable joints connected by fibrous tissue or cartilage. Diarthroses are moveable joints characterized by a joint cavity lined with synovial membrane. They allow for more mobility. Amphiarthroses have characteristics of both the preceding groups, with segments directly united by ligaments and some limited movement. Examples of each type of joint are provided along with their distinguishing structural features.

1. TYPES OF JOINTS
By
14-ARID-2022
PMAS
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PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi3/18/2017

2. Joints
“An articulation or joints is formed by the
union of two or more bones or cartilages by
other tissue.”
There are three subdivision of joints
 Synarthroses
 Diarthroses
 Amphiarthrosis
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PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi3/18/2017

3. SYNARTHROSES
 In this group the segments are united by fibrous tissue or
cartilage,or amixture of the two in such a manner as
practically to perclude movement;hence they are often
termed fixed or immovable joints.
 The cheif classes in this group of joints are as follows:
1)Suture
“ These are the joints of skull in which the adjacent bones
are colsely united by fibrous tissues_the suture ligaments.”
suture is further divided into followings
a) Suture serrata
b) Suture squamosa
c) Suture harmonia
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PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi3/18/2017

4. a) Suture serrata
“In this suture egdes of the bones have irregular
interlocking margins”e.g the frontal suture.e.g the frontal
suture.
b) Suture squamosa
“In this suture edges are beveled and overlap to for
suture squamosa.”e.g the parieto_temporal suture.
c) Suture harmonia
“In this suture edges are plane or slightly
roughened,the term suture harmonia.”e.g the nasal suture.
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PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi3/18/2017

5. 2)Syndesmosis
“ In these the uniting medium is white fibrous or elastic
tissues or mixture.”e.g the union of shafts of the metacarpal
bones and the attachments to each other of costal cartilages.
3)Synchondrosis
“In these the two bones are united by cartilage”.e.g the joint
b/w the basilar part of the occipital bone and the sphenoid
bone.
4)Symphysis
“This term is usually limited to a few median joints which
connect the symmetrical parts of the skeleton.”e.g syphysis
pelvis,symphysis mandibulae.
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Rawalpindi3/18/2017

6. 5)Gomphosis
“This term is some time applied to the implantation of the
teeth in the alveoli.The gomphosis is not, properly considered
a joint at all since the teeth are not parts of the skeleton.
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PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi3/18/2017

7. DIARTHROSES
“ These joints are characterized by the presence of a joint
cavity with a synovial membrane in the joint capsule and by
their mobility.They are often called moveable or true joints.”
The following structures enter into their formation:
a) The articular surfaces
b) The articular cartilages
c) The articular or joint capsule
d) Ligaments
e) Articular discs or menisci
f) A marginal cartilage
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PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi3/18/2017

8. a)The articular surfaces
“These surfaces in most cases are smooth and vary much
in form. They are formed of specially dense bone,which
differs histologicaly from ordinary compact substance.The
surface is intrupted by non-articular cavities known as
synovial fossa.
b)The articular cartilages
“These are usually hyaline in type ,form a covering over
the articular surfaces of the bones.They vary in thickness in
different joints;they are thickest on those which are subjected
to most pressure and friction.
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PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi3/18/2017

9. c)The articular or joint capsule(capsula
articularis)
In its simplest form a,tube ,the ends of which are attached
around the articulating surfaces.It consist of two
layers1)fibrous layer,2)Synovial layer
1)Fibrous layer
“It is some times term the capsular ligament,is attached
either close to the margins of the articular surfaces at a
variable distancefrom them.”
2)Synovial layer
“this layer lines the joint cavity except where this is
bounded by the articular cartilages;it stops at the margin of
the latter”
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PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi3/18/2017

10. 4)Ligaments
“These are strong bands or membranes usually
composed of white fibrous tissue ,which bind the bones
together.”There are two types of ligaments
1)Collateral ligaments(ligamenta collateralia)
“Those which are situated on the sides of a joint is
termed as collateral ligaments”
2)Interosseous ligament
“Those which connect directly opposed surfaces of
bones are termed as Interosseous ligaments.
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PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi3/18/2017

11. 5)Articular Disc or menisci
“The plates of fibro-cartilage are dense fibrous tissue placed
b/w the articular cartilage and divide the joint cavity partially
or completely into two compartments. They render certain
surfaces congurent, allow greater range or variety of
movement.
6)Marginal cartilage(labrun glenoidale)
“It is a ring of fibro-cartilage which encircles the rim of an
articular cavity.It enlarges the cavity and tends to prevent
fracture of the margin.
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PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi3/18/2017

12. MOVEMENTS
The movements of a joint are determined chiefly by the form
extent of the joint surfaces and the arrangement of
ligaments.They are classified as follows:
a) Gliding
b) Angular movement
c) Circumduction
d) Rotation
e) Adduction and abduction
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Rawalpindi3/18/2017

13. Classification
o This is based on the form of the join surfaces and the
movements which occur.The following chief classes may be
recognized:
1) Arthrodia or gliding joint
2) Ginglymus or hing joint
3) Trochoid joint or pivot joint
4) Enarthrosis or ball and socket joint
1)Arthrodia or gliding joint
• In these the surfaces are pertically flat,admitting of gliding
movement.e.g carpo-metacarpal joints.
2)Ginglymus or hing joint
• In this class joint surface consist usually of two condyles,or
of a segment of a cylinder or cone,which are received by
coresponding cavities.e.g atlanto-occipital and elbow joint.
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PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi3/18/2017

14. 3)Trocoid or pivot joint
“In these the movement is limited to rotation on segment
around the longitudinal axis of the other.e.g atlanto-axial joint.
4)Enarthrosis or ball and socket joint
“These are formed by a surfaces approximately spherical
curvature,received into a corresponding cavity,and allow a
greater variety of movement.e.g hip and shoulder joint.
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PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi3/18/2017

15. Amphiarthroses
• These joints,as the name indicate share some
characters with both preceding group.
• In them segments are directly unite by ligaments also.
• The amount and kind of movement is determined by the
shape of joint surfaces and the amount and pliability uniting
medium.
• These joints are nearly all medial in position and are
illustrated by the joints b/w the bodies of the vertebrae.
• There is type no joint cavity, but
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Rawalpindi3/18/2017

16. Thank You
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PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi3/18/2017