3. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINT
Depending on the presence or absence of joint cavity.
Joints are classified into two groups
Synarthroses or Solid joint
Diarthroses or Cavitated joint
4. Synarthroses Joints
Types of connective tissue that binds the bones together
1.Fibrous
Suture
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses
2. Cartilaginous
Primary (Synchondroses)
Secondary (Symphyses)
5. CLASSIFICATION OF DIARTHROSES
These are cavitated joints also called Synovial joints
1) According to plane of movements
2) According to number of articulating bones
3) According to shape of articulating surfaces
6. According to plane of movements
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
According to number of articulating bones
Simple joint
Compound joint
Complex joint
7. According to shape of articulating surfaces
Plane joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condylar joint
Ellipsoid joint
Saddle joint
Ball and socket joint
9. Cartilaginous joints
Cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united
by cartilage, a tough but somewhat flexible type
of connective tissue.
These types of joints lack a joint cavity and
involve bones that are joined together by either
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
12. Fibrous joint
Bones united by fibrous tissue
Fixed or immovable joints
Fibrous joints have no joint cavity
13. Sutures
A suture is a type of fibrous joint bound by fibers that only
occurs in the skull (cranium).
Depending on the shape of edge joining edge the sutures are
further classified into various type
Serrate suture
Denticulate Suture
Squamous Suture
Plane Suture
14. Serrate suture
Bony edges are saw like
E.g Sagittal suture
Denticulate Suture
Bony edges have tooth like processes
E.g Lambdoid Suture
15. Squamous Suture
Bony edges overlap each other and beveled reciprocally
Eg Temporo-Parietal suture
Plane Suture
Bony edges which fuse have flat surface
Eg Intermaxillary suture
16. Gomphoses
Peg and socket joint
Fibrous joint in which a
conical process or peg of one
bone fits into a hole or socket
in another bone.
Roots of the teeth and
alveolar socket of the jaw
bones
17. Syndesmoses
A syndesmoses joint is a
fibrous joint where two
bones are connected by
band of strong ligaments
or membrane
(Interosseous membrane)
19. According to plane of movements
Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial
Allows for a motion in a
single plane
Allow movements in
two planes
Allows for the several
directions of movement
elbow joint
flexion and extension
wrist joint. (adduction
and abduction)
(flexion and extension).
The shoulder and
hip joints
20. According to number of articulating bones
Simple joint Compound joint Complex joint
Two articulating
surfaces
More then two
articulating surfaces
a joint with a disc or
a joint with 3 or more
elements
E.G Shoulder joint E.G Elbow joint E.G Knee joint
21. According to shape of articulating surfaces
Plane Joints
Articulating surfaces that are
flat or slightly curved faces
Movements
Gliding movements
Eg
Carpal bones joint
22. Hinge Joints
Slightly rounded end of one
bone fits into the slightly
hollow end of the other bone
Movements
Permit movement in one plane
Eg
Elbow joint
23. Pivot joints
Pivot joints consist of the
rounded end of one bone
fitting into a ring formed by
the other bone.
Movements
This structure allows
rotational movement
Eg
Radioulnar joint
24. Condyloid joints
An oval-shaped end of one bone
fitting into a similarly oval-
shaped hollow of another bone.
Movements
Allow in two planes
Eg
Radiocarpal joint
25. Saddle joints
Are so named because the ends of
each bone resemble a saddle, with
concave and convex portions that
fit together.
Movements
Allow in two planes
Eg
Carpometacarpal joint
26. Ball-and-socket joints
A rounded, ball-like end
of one bone fitting into a
cup-like socket of another
bone
Movements
multiaxial joints
Eg
Shoulder joint
27. Key structure of Synovial joint
The three main features of a synovial joint are:
(i) articular capsule,
(ii) articular cartilage,
(iii) synovial fluid
28.
29. Articular capsule
A fibrous connective tissue structure that is attached to each bone
just outside the area of the bone’s articulating surface.
Synovial joints are characterized by the presence of a joint
cavity. The walls of this space are formed by the articular
capsule.
Synovial membrane
Lining the inner surface of the articular capsule is a thin synovial
membrane.
The cells of this membrane secrete synovial fluid
30. Articular Cartilage
The articulating surfaces of a synovial joint are covered by
a thin layer of hyaline cartilage.
Functions
The articular cartilage has two main roles:
(i) minimizing friction upon joint movement
(ii) absorbing shock.
31. Synovial fluid
(synovia = “a thick fluid”), a thick, slimy fluid that
provides lubrication to further reduce friction
between the bones of the joint.
This fluid also provides nourishment to the articular
cartilage, which does not contain blood vessels.
Volume of synovial fluid in large joint: 0.5 ml
32. Ligament
Strong bands of fibrous connective tissue.
Functions
These strengthen and support the joint by anchoring the
bones together and preventing their separation.
Ligaments allow for normal movements at a joint, but limit
the range of these motions, thus preventing excessive or
abnormal joint movements.
33. Ligaments are classified based on their relationship
to the fibrous articular capsule.
Extrinsic ligament is located outside of the articular
capsule
Intrinsic ligament is fused to into the wall of the
articular capsule
Intracapsular ligament is located inside of the
articular capsule.
34. Additional Structures Associated with Synovial
Joints
A few synovial joints of the body have a fibrocartilage structure
located between the articulating bones. This is called
an articular disc, which is generally small and oval-shaped, or
a meniscus, which is larger and C-shaped.
Functions
Act as shock absorber
They facilitate the occurrence of combined movement
Adjust the unequal articulating surfaces
35. Bursae
A bursa is a small sac lined by synovial membrane, and
filled with synovial fluid.
They are located in regions where skin, ligaments, muscles,
or muscle tendons can rub against each other, usually near
a body joint .
Function
Bursae reduce friction by separating the adjacent structures,
preventing them from rubbing directly against each other.
36. Bursae are classified by their location
Subcutaneous
bursa
Submuscular
bursa
Subtendinous
bursa
between the skin and an
underlying bone
Eg prepatellar bursa
(knee joint)
between a muscle and an
underlying bone
Eg trochanteric bursa
(hip joint)
between a tendon and a bone
Eg subacromial bursa
(shoulder joint)
37.
38. Vasculature
Arterial supply to synovial joints is via articular arteries,
which arise from the vessels around the joint. The articular
arteries are located within the joint capsule, mostly in the
synovial membrane.
The articular veins accompany the articular arteries and
are also found in the synovial membrane.
39. Nerve supply of Synovial joint
Synovial joints have a rich supply from
articular nerves.
The innervations of a joint can be determined using
Hilton's Law –
'the nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles
moving the joint and the skin covering their distal
attachments.