Here is the some basic information regarding Tunneling & Rock Drilling Equipments which I have collected from different resources (Internet,Professors,Experts,Engineers,Companies etc). It would be very helpful for M.Tech students of Construction Engineering & Management.
-RAJARSHI
Tunnel Engineering: Introduction to tunneling
Size and shape of tunnel and suitability
Tunneling in hard rock, and soft material
Shield method
Safety measures
Ventilation, lighting and drainage of tunneling
Here is the some basic information regarding Tunneling & Rock Drilling Equipments which I have collected from different resources (Internet,Professors,Experts,Engineers,Companies etc). It would be very helpful for M.Tech students of Construction Engineering & Management.
-RAJARSHI
Tunnel Engineering: Introduction to tunneling
Size and shape of tunnel and suitability
Tunneling in hard rock, and soft material
Shield method
Safety measures
Ventilation, lighting and drainage of tunneling
Certain Soils don’t permit the construction of specific structures on it. The alternative is to improve the strength of the soil by various methods like:
Mechanical modification
Chemical Modification
Lime stabilization
Geo textile etc.,
Tunnel-boring machines are the primary gear for the development of trenchless underground designing tasks, for example, rail travel, civil designing, railroad tunnels, and so on. This paper reviews various tunnel boring machine types, cutting tools, and machine performance through several case studies.
Tunnel-boring machines are the main equipment for the construction of trenchless underground engineering projects such as rail transit, municipal engineering, railway tunnels, etc. This paper reviews various tunnel boring machine types, cutting tools, and machine performance through several case studies. It was found that these machines are highly efficient in various projects associated with hydropower, sewerage, water supply, machination, and transportation.
During the excavation of underground tunnels with TBM of the EPB type (Earth Pressure Balance), with the possibility of being convertible into a Slurry TBM (for use with bentonite mud) to be used for excavation in rock, it is one of the largest problems for the conditioning of the soil, along its entire route, in particular in front of the rotating excavation head, especially when one is in the presence of mixed alluvial soils of the sandy-gravelly type and many times, under the aquifer.
Alluvial soils are composed of a variously assorted mixture of clay, silt or silt, sand and gravel.
These types of soils are very present in river valleys, alluvial plains and in the areas of the mouth of rivers. These are formed thanks to the deposition, during episodes of flooding, of the sediments transported by the flooded watercourses outside their riverbed.
In general, EPB-type TBMs are suitable for making tunnels in the presence of low-permeability soils and with a content of fine particles (diameter <0.075 mm) of at least 15-20%, which require an equilibrium pressure of less than 5 -6 bar. In addition, the EPB-type mechanized milling cutter is more suitable than the bentonite mud [slurry] face counter-pressure machine in the event that numerous inspections in the excavation chamber are required, as the emptying of the excavation chamber takes place through the screw conveyor takes place, in a much faster time.
Compaction of soil (for civil engineering)laxman singh
i have made all the slide according to poly diploma civil and also for civil engineering
my gmail account - laxmans227@gmail.com
these are 100% correct but in case of some error comment down or contact me
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if u have any doubt fell free to ask on comment section
software - power point presentation 2015
Horizontal Directional Drilling Reamer Selection Guide by No Dig Equipment. We are a Leading Trenchless Technology Specialists based in Perth (Australia), providing trenchless solutions since over 18 years. For more information visit our website www.nodigequipment.com.au
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. 1
A General Overview on
Tunnel Boring Machines
SRMEG-NCUS Seminar
31 January 2012
Professor Jian ZHAO
Rock Mechanics & Tunnelling
New Singapore MRT
are in tunnels
Conventional and TBM Tunnelling
2. 2
Fort Canning Tunnel by
Conventional Method
MRT Tunnel by TBM
Conventional and TBM Tunnelling
Tunnelling
Excavate a tunnel using machines
and/or explosives, and support
the tunnel using concrete and
steel.
Modern methods are
conventional and
mechanised methods
Conventional tunnelling
by drill-and-blast
Mechnised tunnelling by tunnel boring machine (TBM)
Conventional and TBM Tunnelling
3. 3
Tunnelling and
Use of TBM in
Switzerland
TBM
Singapore is the most intensive user of TBM for
tunnel construction.
Conventional and TBM Tunnelling
Mechanical Face Support
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
Open Face
Compressed Air Shield
Slurry / Hydro-Shield
Firm soil, soft rock
Firm soil, weathered and highly
fractured rock
Clay, clayey soil mixed with rock
Firm soil with groundwater, soil
mixed with rockShield TBM
Gripper TBM
Reaming Machine
Non-Shield TBM
Competent rock
Competent rock
Sand, sandy soil mixed with rock
Rock TBM
Soil TBM
Double Shield Rock-soil changing grounds
EPB-Slurry Convertible Clay-sand varying grounds
Hybrid Shield
Mix-Shield Soil-rock mixed grounds
Conventional and TBM Tunnelling
5. 5
3. Mucking the Excavated Materials
Basic Functions of TBM
ADVANTAGES
Enhanced health and safety
conditions for the workers.
Industrialization of the
tunnelling process, with
ensuing reductions in cost and
construction times.
Possibility of crossing complex
geological and hydrogeological
conditions safely and
economically.
Good quality of finished
product (surrounding ground
less altered, precast segment
lining).
RISKS
Lack of flexibility: Once the
technique has been chosen it
is virtually impossible to
change it throughout the
construction of the tunnel.
Therefore, a correct analysis of
different parameters is needed
for the choice of the correct
mechanized tunnelling
technique
Basic Functions of TBM
6. 6
Tunnel Reaming and Enlarge Machines
Mechanical Face Support
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
Open Face
Compressed Air Shield
Slurry / Hydro-Shield
Firm soil, soft rock
Firm soil, weathered and highly
fractured rock
Clay, clayey soil mixed with rock
Firm soil with groundwater, soil
mixed with rockShield TBM
Gripper TBM
Reaming Machine
Non-Shield TBM
Competent rock
Competent rock
Sand, sandy soil mixed with rock
Rock TBM
Soil TBM
Double Shield Rock-soil changing grounds
EPB-Slurry Convertible Clay-sand varying grounds
Hybrid Shield
Mix-Shield Soil-rock mixed grounds
Tunnel Bore Extender
(TBE) used at Uetliberg
Tunnel in Switzerland.
Tunnel is enlarged from a 5
m pilot tunnel to 14.4 m.
Tunnel Reaming and Enlarge Machines
7. 7
Reaming boring machine bores the final section from an axial
pilot tunnel from which it pulls itself forward by means of a
gripper unit.
With the production of large diameter TBMs, this machine is
no longer needed.
Tunnel Reaming and Enlarge Machines
Gripper TBM
Mechanical Face Support
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
Open Face
Compressed Air Shield
Slurry / Hydro-Shield
Firm soil, soft rock
Firm soil, weathered and highly
fractured rock
Clay, clayey soil mixed with rock
Firm soil with groundwater, soil
mixed with rockShield TBM
Gripper TBM
Reaming Machine
Non-Shield TBM
Competent rock
Competent rock
Sand, sandy soil mixed with rock
Rock TBM
Soil TBM
Double Shield Rock-soil changing grounds
EPB-Slurry Convertible Clay-sand varying grounds
Hybrid Shield
Mix-Shield Soil-rock mixed grounds
8. 8
Rock excavation machine for competent and hard rocks.
Movement of machine uses the grippers.
Gripper
Cutterhead
Gripper TBM
Rock is fragmented by fracturing
and chipping between cutters.
Gripper TBM
9. 9
Single gripper TBM
Double gripper TBM
MOVIE
Gripper TBM
ADVANTAGES
Rapid excavation rate in
hard rocks.
Capable to excavate hard
rocks of UCS up to 300
MPa.
For tunnels of diameter up
to 14 m (largest 14.4 m,
2008).
Flexible rock support
measure according to
ground conditions.
LIMITATIONS
No protection or support
given to the rock while
excavating. Limited to
stable ground.
Gripper may have difficult
in poor rock masses with
low strength.
Dedusting is needed.
Gripper TBM
10. 10
Open Face Shield TBM
Mechanical Face Support
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
Open Face
Compressed Air Shield
Slurry / Hydro-Shield
Firm soil, soft rock
Firm soil, weathered and highly
fractured rock
Clay, clayey soil mixed with rock
Firm soil with groundwater, soil
mixed with rockShield TBM
Gripper TBM
Reaming Machine
Non-Shield TBM
Competent rock
Competent rock
Sand, sandy soil mixed with rock
Rock TBM
Soil TBM
Double Shield Rock-soil changing grounds
EPB-Slurry Convertible Clay-sand varying grounds
Hybrid Shield
Mix-Shield Soil-rock mixed grounds
Open Face Shield TBM
Open Face Shield TBM
has no face support.
When needed,
compressed air pressure
can be used to support
the face.
It is used limited and
only in very consistent
firm ground requires no
face support.
11. 11
TBM with Mechanical Face Support
Mechanical Face Support
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
Open Face
Compressed Air Shield
Slurry / Hydro-Shield
Firm soil, soft rock
Firm soil, weathered and highly
fractured rock
Clay, clayey soil mixed with rock
Firm soil with groundwater, soil
mixed with rockShield TBM
Gripper TBM
Reaming Machine
Non-Shield TBM
Competent rock
Competent rock
Sand, sandy soil mixed with rock
Rock TBM
Soil TBM
Double Shield Rock-soil changing grounds
EPB-Slurry Convertible Clay-sand varying grounds
Hybrid Shield
Mix-Shield Soil-rock mixed grounds
Open face TBM can be for rock and firm soil without the
need of face pressure.
12. 12
It usually does not have a chamber to
generate pressure support to the
excavation face. Excavated materials can
be transported directly from the
cutterhead.
It can often to be combined with
compressed air pressure when needed.Flood doors closed
Flood doors open
Compressed Air Shield
Mechanical Face Support
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
Open Face
Compressed Air Shield
Slurry / Hydro-Shield
Firm soil, soft rock
Firm soil, weathered and highly
fractured rock
Clay, clayey soil mixed with rock
Firm soil with groundwater, soil
mixed with rockShield TBM
Gripper TBM
Reaming Machine
Non-Shield TBM
Competent rock
Competent rock
Sand, sandy soil mixed with rock
Rock TBM
Soil TBM
Double Shield Rock-soil changing grounds
EPB-Slurry Convertible Clay-sand varying grounds
Hybrid Shield
Mix-Shield Soil-rock mixed grounds
13. 13
When open face shield excavating groundwater-bearing soil,
water penetration can be prevented by having the shield and
a section of the tunnel protected by a lock system using
compressed air.
The required pressure is
monitored continuously
and adjusted automatically
where necessary by a
compressed air system
consisting of two control
circuits.
The health consideration
under compressed air
pressure limits the usage.
Compressed Air Shield
Slurry / Hydro-Shield
Mechanical Face Support
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
Open Face
Compressed Air Shield
Slurry / Hydro-Shield
Firm soil, soft rock
Firm soil, weathered and highly
fractured rock
Clay, clayey soil mixed with rock
Firm soil with groundwater, soil
mixed with rockShield TBM
Gripper TBM
Reaming Machine
Non-Shield TBM
Competent rock
Competent rock
Sand, sandy soil mixed with rock
Rock TBM
Soil TBM
Double Shield Rock-soil changing grounds
EPB-Slurry Convertible Clay-sand varying grounds
Hybrid Shield
Mix-Shield Soil-rock mixed grounds
14. 14
Slurry / Hydro-Shield
Large diameter slurry shield (15.43m, 2006), used for the
Shanghai Changjiang River Tunnel Project.
TBM excavation face is supported by pressurizing bentonite
in cutterhead chamber. Circulation of the fluid flushes out
the muck. Pressure is maintained by controlling discharge
rates.
1. Cutting wheel
2. Air bubble
3. Bentonite suspension
4. Drive unit
5. Stone crusher
6. Push cylinder
7. Air lock
8. Steer cylinder/ shield tail
9. Segment erector
10. Segment conveyor
MOVIE
Slurry / Hydro-Shield
15. 15
ADVANTAGES
Equal distribution of
pressures against mixed-
face conditions.
Good performance in sands
and gravels.
Gives better face stability
(formation of mud-cake).
Allows access to the face
with compressed air.
LIMITATIONS
Need of large separation
plants for bentonite
separation and treatment.
Not suitable for clayey-silty
grounds.
Slurry / Hydro-Shield
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
Mechanical Face Support
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
Open Face
Compressed Air Shield
Slurry / Hydro-Shield
Firm soil, soft rock
Firm soil, weathered and highly
fractured rock
Clay, clayey soil mixed with rock
Firm soil with groundwater, soil
mixed with rockShield TBM
Gripper TBM
Reaming Machine
Non-Shield TBM
Competent rock
Competent rock
Sand, sandy soil mixed with rock
Rock TBM
Soil TBM
Double Shield Rock-soil changing grounds
EPB-Slurry Convertible Clay-sand varying grounds
Hybrid Shield
Mix-Shield Soil-rock mixed grounds
16. 16
Large diameter EPB machine (15.2 m, 2006) for Madrid M-30
project.
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
TBM excavation
face is supported
by pressurizing soil
(earth) inside the
cutterhead
chamber. Earth
pressure in the
chamber is
regulated by the
rate of earth
discharge through
the screw
conveyer.
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
17. 17
Foams and
chemical additives
are used to
conditioning soil
for better control
of pressure and
muck discharge, in
sandy grounds.
MOVIE
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
Laboratoire de Mécanique des Roches − LMR Tunnelling
ADVANTAGES
Very well adapted for
excavating silty and clayey
grounds.
No need of separation
plant.
The use of additives
(foams) enables EPB’s to be
used with sandy-gravely
soils.
LIMITATIONS
Irregular distribution of
pressure against mixed face
conditions.
Problems when boulders
are encountered: no
possibility of fitting a rock
crusher.
Wearing of the screw can
lead to bad pressure
distribution.
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
18. 18
Selection of Shield Boring Machine
Based on Soil Grain Size Distribution
EPB
Slurry
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
Mix-Shield
Mechanical Face Support
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
Open Face
Compressed Air Shield
Slurry / Hydro-Shield
Firm soil, soft rock
Firm soil, weathered and highly
fractured rock
Clay, clayey soil mixed with rock
Firm soil with groundwater, soil
mixed with rockShield TBM
Gripper TBM
Reaming Machine
Non-Shield TBM
Competent rock
Competent rock
Sand, sandy soil mixed with rock
Rock TBM
Soil TBM
Double Shield Rock-soil changing grounds
EPB-Slurry Convertible Clay-sand varying grounds
Hybrid Shield
Mix-Shield Soil-rock mixed grounds
19. 19
Mix-Shield
The cutterhead has combined features for hard rock and soil
excavation. It enables the shield TBM to excavate through
both rocks and soils, and rock-soil mixed face. Mix-shield
can be EPB or slurry based. The largest shield is a mix-shield
of 19.25 m.
Mix-Shield Slurry Mix-Shield EPB
Laboratoire de Mécanique des Roches − LMR Tunnelling
ADVANTAGES
Flexible in excavation of
rock, soil, and mixed
ground.
Face pressure features are
maintained by either EPB
or slurry.
Other advantages of EPB or
slurry shields.
LIMITATIONS
Maintaining face pressure
may be difficult,
particularly for EPB based
machine.
Cutter wear and damage is
generally high.
Muck discharge may be
difficult due to mixing of
rock and soil.
Other limitations of EPB or
slurry shields.
Mix-Shield
20. 20
Double Shield
Mechanical Face Support
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
Open Face
Compressed Air Shield
Slurry / Hydro-Shield
Firm soil, soft rock
Firm soil, weathered and highly
fractured rock
Clay, clayey soil mixed with rock
Firm soil with groundwater, soil
mixed with rockShield TBM
Gripper TBM
Reaming Machine
Non-Shield TBM
Competent rock
Competent rock
Sand, sandy soil mixed with rock
Rock TBM
Soil TBM
Double Shield Rock-soil changing grounds
EPB-Slurry Convertible Clay-sand varying grounds
Hybrid Shield
Mix-Shield Soil-rock mixed grounds
It combines the features of gripper and shield in one TBM,
and enables fast excavation even in varying rock formations.
Gripper
Double Shield
21. 21
In poor ground condition, it works as a single
shield machine. When in rocks, grippers are used
for forward movement, so segment can be
simultaneously installed while excavating.
MOVIE
Double Shield
ADVANTAGES
Good flexibility for varying
grounds.
High advancement rates.
The increase depends on
operation.
Possibility to have different
support measures, e.g.,
segmental lining, and bolts-
shotcrete.
Possibility of ground
treatment and/or probing
through the gap between
shields.
LIMITATIONS
Maintenance problems of
articulation between the
shields.
Long shield length: possible
drawback for squeezing
grounds.
More expensive than
conventional shields.
Double Shield
22. 22
EPB-Slurry Convertible Shield
Mechanical Face Support
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
Open Face
Compressed Air Shield
Slurry / Hydro-Shield
Firm soil, soft rock
Firm soil, weathered and highly
fractured rock
Clay, clayey soil mixed with rock
Firm soil with groundwater, soil
mixed with rockShield TBM
Gripper TBM
Reaming Machine
Non-Shield TBM
Competent rock
Competent rock
Sand, sandy soil mixed with rock
Rock TBM
Soil TBM
Double Shield Rock-soil changing grounds
EPB-Slurry Convertible Clay-sand varying grounds
Hybrid Shield
Mix-Shield Soil-rock mixed grounds
It is a machine has both EPB and slurry system installed. It
can convert between EPB mode and slurry mode, to cope
with grounds suitable for both type of machines.
Slurry Mode EPB Mode
EPB-Slurry Convertible Shield
23. 23
Open
Mode EPB Slurry EPB
EPB-Slurry Convertible Shield
It allow the machine to change the mode to suit the ground
condition.
Support of TBM Tunnels
For non-shield TBMs, typical rock support are applied, using
bolts, shotcrete, wire mesh or steel sets, as determined by
the ground condition.
Cutterhead
Rock
bolt
Weir
mesh Gripper
Shotcrete
24. 24
Support of TBM Tunnels
Segments transportation
For shield TBMs, precasted concrete segments are erected
inside the shield to form a ring to support the ground.
Support of TBM Tunnels
The segments are jointed by bolts. Gap between ground and
ring is filled. Rubber gaskets are used to stop water inflow.
Gasket
25. 25
Difference cross section shape to optimize space: double-
circle, square, rectangular etc.
New TBM Technologies
Optimizing advancement by continuing face excavation
during segment installation.
New TBM Technologies
26. 26
Optimizing machine with variable and complex ground
condition, aiming towards Universal TBM.
New TBM Technologies
e-Tunnelling and Smart TBM
• Focus on the use of information technology in
tunnelling;
• Instrumentation and real-time monitoring of
ground condition, ground movement, TBM
reaction;
• Data and information management to guide the
best operation of TBM;
• Future toward self-learning and smart TBM.
New TBM Technologies
27. 27
TBM Machines at a Glance
Mechanical Face Support
Earth Pressure Balance Shield
Open Face
Compressed Air Shield
Slurry / Hydro-Shield
Firm soil, soft rock
Firm soil, weathered and highly
fractured rock
Clay, clayey soil mixed with rock
Firm soil with groundwater, soil
mixed with rockShield TBM
Gripper TBM
Reaming Machine
Non-Shield TBM
Competent rock
Competent rock
Sand, sandy soil mixed with rock
Rock TBM
Soil TBM
Double Shield Rock-soil changing grounds
EPB-Slurry Convertible Clay-sand varying grounds
Hybrid Shield
Mix-Shield Soil-rock mixed grounds