The document discusses various tunnel construction methods. It begins with an introduction to tunnels and their purposes. It then covers traditional/classical methods that were used until the late 19th century such as the English, German, and Austrian systems which involved hand excavation and timber supports. More modern methods discussed include cut-and-cover, drill-and-blast, tunnel boring machines (TBMs), immersed tunnels, and tunnel jacking. Factors in choosing a method include geological conditions, tunnel size/length, surface impacts, and construction speed/costs.

1. TUNNELING
METHODS
BY
DEEPAK JAISWAL
MOHAMMAD SALIK

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 REQUIREMENTS OF TUNNEL
 MAIN PURPOSES
 PROCEDURES INVOLVED
 METHODS OF TUNELLING
 METHOD TO SELECTION
 THE OTHER SIDE

3. INTRODUCTION
A tunnel is an underground
passageway, completely enclosed except for
openings for egress, commonly at each end.
A tunnel may be for road traffic,road
traffic,canal,hydroelectric station,sewer etc.
The Delaware Aqueduct in New York USA is the
longest tunnel, of any type, in the world at 137 km
(85 mi)

4. REQUIRMENTS OF
TUNNEL
 IT IS VERY USEFUL WHERE BRIDGE FAIL TO FULFILL
REQUIRMENTS LIKE IN SEA ,IN URBAN AREA ,AND IN
MOUNTAINS.
 EFFICIENT COPARED TO BRIDGES.

 IN WAR TIME IT IS MUCH DIFFICULT TO DESTROY A
TUNNEL BUT DESTRUCTION OF BRIDGE IS TOO EASY.
 LOTS OF LAND AND TIME IS SAVED.

5. MAIN PURPOSES
1.IN ROAD TRAFFICS
2.IN SEWERS
3.IN MININGS
4.IN RAIL TRAFFICS
5.IN HYDROELECTRIC
STATIONS etc.

6. The process for bored tunnelling
involves all or some of the
following operations:
 Probe drilling (when needed)
 Grouting (when needed)
 Excavation (or blasting)
 Supporting
 Transportation of muck
 Lining or coating/sealing
 Draining
 Ventilation

7. PROBE DRILLING
 This type of drilling is done in order to find
out suitable method for drilling .
 It
consist of drilling in sample, by various
method to find most suitable .
 It is necessary part of all drilling operation .

8. GROUTING
 Itis the process of providing additional
support to drilled mine.
 Itis done by a liquid called grout ,consist of
water ,cement ,color tint and sometime fine
gravel .
 Good surface is achieved .

9. EXCAVATION
 Excavation is the digging and recording of
artifacts at an archaeological site.
 Itis necessary to know the archaeological
importance of a site before digging .
 This is performed by experts in a scientific
way.
 Many governments grants permission for
tunneling after finding a go certificate in
excavation.

10. SUPPORTING
 Afterinitial mining , tunnel need supports for
further processing .
 For
the sake of life a perfect planning is
needed for support.
 In
ancient time timber and masonry were the
main methods.
 Today support is provided by injecting final
pipe or building it completely before further
tunneling

11. TRANSPORTATION OF MUCK
 Inancient time transportation was done by
steam engine and by Manual transport.
 Todayit is done by modern methods and
process is automatic .
 TBMs are also come with proper
arrangment for the transport of muck.

12. LINING OR COATING
 Lining
of proper material is done by modern
methods like polishing ,painting to prevent
wear and tear and corrosion.
 Verynecessary part where corrosive metals
are being used.

13. DRAINING
 Draining is the process to remove the water
or other liquid from working site .
 Very important where water level is very
high.
 Pumps and pipes are used for this purpose.

14. VENTILATION
 Proper ventilation is required for safety of
workers.
 This is done by proper checking of oxygen
and other parameters .
 Proper installations for exit of hazardous
gasses coming out from tunneling .

15. tunnel construction methods:
 Classical methods
 Cut-and-cover
 Drill and blast
 Tunnel boring machines (TBMs)
 Immersed tunnels
 Tunnel jacking
 Other methods .

16. Classical Methods
 Among the classical methods are
the
Belgian, English, German, Austrian,
Italian and American systems.
These methods had much in
common with early mining methods
and were used until last half of the
19th century.
 Excavation was done by hand or
simple drilling equipment.
 Supports were predominantly
timber, and transportation of muck
was done on cars on narrow gauge
tracks and powered by steam.
 Progress was typically in multiple
stages i.e. progress in one
drift, then support, then drift in
another drift, and so on.
 The lining would be of brickwork.
These craft-based methods are no
longer applicable, although some of
their principles have been used in
combination up to present day.
Nevertheless some of the world’s
great tunnels were built with these
methods.

17. The English method (crown-bar
method, figure left) started from a
central top heading which allowed
two timber crown bars to be
hoisted into place, the rear ends
supported on a completed length
of lining, the forward ends propped
within the central heading.
Development of the heading then
allowed additional bars to be
erected around the perimeter of
the face with boards between each
pair to exclude the ground. The
system is economical in
timber, permits construction of the
arch of the tunnel in full-face
excavation, and is tolerant of a
wide variety of ground
conditions, but depends on
relatively low ground pressures.

18.  The Austrian (cross-bar)
method required a strongly
constructed central bottom
heading upon which a crown
heading was constructed. The
timbering for full-face excavation
was then heavily braced against
the central headings, with
longitudinal poling boards built on
timber bars carried on each frame
of timbering. As the lining
advanced, so was the timbering
propped against each length to
maintain stability. The method
was capable of withstanding high
ground pressures but had high
demand for timber.

19.  The German method (core-leaving method) provided a series of box
headings within which the successive sections of the side walls of the
tunnel were built from the footing upwards, thus a forerunner of the
system of multiple drifts. The method depends on the central dumpling
being able to resists without excessive movement pressure transmitted
from the side walls, in providing support to the top 'key' heading prior to
completion of the arch and to ensuring stability while the invert arch is
extended in sections.
 The Belgian system (underpinning or flying arch method) started
from the construction of a top heading, propped approximately to the
level of the springing of the arch for a horseshoe tunnel. This heading
was then extended to each side to permit construction of the upper part
of the arch, which was extended by under- pinning, working from side
headings. The system was only practicable where rock loads were not
heavy.
 The first sizeable tunnel in soft ground was the Tronquoy tunnel on the
St Quentin canal in France in 1803, where the method of
construction, based on the use of successive headings to construct
sections of the arch starting from the footing, was a forerunner to the
German system described above.

20. ROAD HEADERS

21. CUT AND COVER METHOD

22. CUT & COVER METHOD
The principal problem to be solved in connection with
this construction method is to how to maintain surface
traffic, with the least disturbance during the
construction period. One method is to restrict traffic to a
reduced street width, another to direct traffic to a
bypassing street.
 Another way of supporting the sidewalls of open
trenches is to substitute sheet-pile walls by concrete
curtain walls cast under bentonite slurry (ICOS
method), and using steel struts. This is especially a
requisite in narrower streets trimmed with old sensitive
buildings with their foundation plane well above the
bottom level of the pit. This type of trench wall
becomes a requirement for maintenance of surface
traffic due to the anticipation of vibration effects
potentially harmful to the stability of buildings with
foundations lying on cohesionless soils.

23. DRILL AND BLAST
1.Before the advent of tunnel boring
machines, drilling and blasting was the only
economical way of excavating
long tunnels through hard rock, where digging
is not possible.
2.Even today, the method is still used in the
construction of tunnels.

24. HOW DRILL AND BLAST IS BEING DONE.

25. MECHANICAL DRILLING AND CUTTING-CRUSHING STRENGTH
OF ROCK

26. TBM
 Invarious size Tunnel Boring
Machines(TBM) are used for drilling a vast
type of tunnels .
 Transportationof muck , supporting and all
other actions are done automatically.
 Very
useful in boring tunnel where all other
methods fail.
A main method in use in now a days.

28. IMMERSED TUNNELS
1.THIS TYPE OF TUNNELS ARE
PARTLY OR WHOLLY ARE
UNDERWATWER.
2.THEY DO NOT BLOCK THE ROOT
FOR SHIPS SO THERE IS NO
PROBLEM OF CONGESSION OF
TRAFFIC AS IN CASE OF BRIDGES
OVER RIVERS OR SEAS.

29. TUNNEL JACKING
1.IT IS A PROCESS TO MAKE
TUNNELS IN ALREADY EXISTING
BOADIES SUCH AS ROADS
,RAILWAYS.
2.IN THIS METHOD ESPECIALLY
MADE PIPES ARE PUSHED BY A
HYDRAULIC RAM IN GROUND .
3.MAXIMUM DIAMETER OF TUNNEL
BY THIS METHOD IS AROUND 2.4
METER.

31. The choice of tunnelling method
may be dictated by:
 geological and hydrological conditions,
 cross-section and length of continuous tunnel,
 local experience and time/cost considerations (what is the
value of time in the project),
 limits of surface disturbance, and many others factors.
 Tunnel methods .
 Required speed of construction.
 Shape of tunnel.
 Managing the risk of variations in ground quality

32. THE OTHER SIDE
 Beside of many security measures
, tunnelling is still not full proof.
 Failure
of automatic system will cause
deadly results as depicted in Hollywood flick
Die Hard 4.0.
 Highcost than bridges , but more fruitful
from previous.

33. .
.

34. QUERIES PLEASE !!!!