Mobile genetic elements called transposons can move within genomes. There are three mechanisms for transposition: conservative, replicative, and retrotransposition. Transposons are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, common transposons include insertion sequences and Tn transposons, which can be composite or non-composite. Transposons can cause chromosomal rearrangements like deletions, inversions, and duplications through recombination.
This presentation provides an overview of What is a transposon,different types of transposons, their mechanism of action, examples for each type of transposons, changes caused due to insertion of transposon into the target gene and applications of Transposons. They are controlling factors in gene expression. Jumping genes is a special area of interest in Genetic research.
This presentation provides an overview of What is a transposon,different types of transposons, their mechanism of action, examples for each type of transposons, changes caused due to insertion of transposon into the target gene and applications of Transposons. They are controlling factors in gene expression. Jumping genes is a special area of interest in Genetic research.
Transportable elements are DNA Sequences that move from one location in a chromosome to another within the same chromosome or into another chromosome.
These are DNA Sequences that move from one location in a chromosome to another within the same chromosome or into another chromosome.
These are DNA Sequences that move from one location in a chromosome to another within the same chromosome or into another chromosome.
These are also known as “Jumping genes”.
Riboswitches and RNA interference (RNAi)JanmoniBorah1
Riboswitches are the control buttons of mRNAs. They control the expression of gene by regulating transcription and translation.
Gene silencing by RNA interference is a mechanism of post transcriptional regulation of gene expression that involves mainly siRNA and miRNA.
Transportable elements are DNA Sequences that move from one location in a chromosome to another within the same chromosome or into another chromosome.
These are DNA Sequences that move from one location in a chromosome to another within the same chromosome or into another chromosome.
These are DNA Sequences that move from one location in a chromosome to another within the same chromosome or into another chromosome.
These are also known as “Jumping genes”.
Riboswitches and RNA interference (RNAi)JanmoniBorah1
Riboswitches are the control buttons of mRNAs. They control the expression of gene by regulating transcription and translation.
Gene silencing by RNA interference is a mechanism of post transcriptional regulation of gene expression that involves mainly siRNA and miRNA.
The process of movement and integration of a piece of DNA into different sites in the chromosomes called transposition.
DNA segments that carry the genes required for transposition are transposable elements or transposons, or jumping genes.
It is present in procaryotes, viruses, and eucaryotic chromosomes.
It generates new gene combinations.
It does not require extensive areas of homology between the transposon and its destination/target site.
Presentation contents: Discovery and Definition of Transposon, Simple transposon and Composite transposons. Here I have explained Barbara McClintock Study of Transposable elements in Corn(Ac and Ds elements). After that Types of Transposable Elements. Then In Simple Transposons or IS elements introduction and how they mediate recombination between two different Plasmids. Introduction of Composite Transposons and their organization (Tn 5 and Tn 10). Introduction of Non-Composite Transposons(Tn 3) and Replicative Transposons.
Transposable elements (TEs), also known as "jumping genes" or transposons, are sequences of DNA OR Mobile DNA elements that move (or jump) from one location in the genome to another. They are also known as jumping gene.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
BIOREMEDIATION OF OIL SPILLS
CASE STUDY
CONCLUSION
Subtopics
Bio remediation in hot and cold environments
Use of Nitrogen fixing Bacteria
Bio remediation using fungi from soil samples
Bio remediation using bacteria and case studies
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
3. THREE DIFFERENT MECHANISMS FOR
TRANSPOSITION
• Conservative transposition: The element itself moves
from the donor site into the target site. Also called cut-
and-paste transposons
• Replicative transposition: The element moves a copy of
itself to a new site via a DNA intermediate
• Retrotransposition: The element makes an RNA copy of
itself which is reversed-transcribed into a DNA copy
which is then inserted (cDNA) 3
8. INSERTION SEQUENCE (IS) ELEMENTS
• Simplest type of transposable element found in bacterial
chromosomes and plasmids
• Encode only genes for mobilization and insertion
• Range in size from 768 bp to 5 kb
• IS1 first identified in E. coli’s glactose operon is 768 bp long
and is present with 4-19 copies in the E. coli chromosome
• Ends of all known IS elements show inverted terminal
repeats (ITRs) 8
10. • Generation of short direct repeats flanking the newly inserted element
• This results from a staggered cut being made in the DNA strands at the site of insertion
10
common feature of mobile elements
13. TN TRANSPOSONS
• Similar to IS elements but are more complex
structurally and carry additional genes
• 2 types of transposons:
• Composite transposons
• Noncomposite transposons
13
14. COMPOSITE TRANSPOSONS
• The transposon is a composite transposon, composed of IS-
elements flanking an included sequence, in this case
containing an antibiotic resistance gene
• Composite transposons probably evolved from IS elements
by the chance location of a pair in close proximity to one
another.
14
15. 15
IS10R is an autonomous element, while IS10L is non-autonomous
16. NONCOMPOSITE TRANSPOSONS
• Carry genes (e.g., a gene for antibiotic resistance)
• Ends are non-IS element repeated sequences
• Tn3 is 5 kb with 38-bp ITRs and includes 3 genes; bla (-
lactamase), tnpA (transposase), and tnpB (resolvase,
which functions in recombination)
16
18. TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS IN EUKARYOTES
• Ac / Ds Elements in maize
• AC is a full-length autonomous copy
• DS is a truncated copy of AC that is non-autonomous, requiring AC in order to
transpose
• P elements in Drosophila
• Paternal P type mating with maternal M type causes Hybrid Dysgenesis in offspring
19. AC / DS ELEMENTS IN MAIZE
When Ac is present, Ds may be transposed to a region adjacent to W. Ds can
induce chromosome breakage, leading to loss of function of the W gene – no
anthocyanine pigment is produced
20. P ELEMENTS IN DROSOPHILA
P elements code a repressor, which makes them stable in the P strain in
male (but unstable when crossed to the wild type female/; female lacks
repressor in cytoplasm)
21. RETROTRANSPOSONS
• Retrovirus-like transposons
• Long terminal repeats
• Homologs of gag, pol, and env genes
• E.g. LTR retrotransposons
• Retroposons
• Poly(A) tails
• HeT-A and TART (telomere associated retroposon) in drosophila counter telomere
shortening
24. TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS IN
HUMANS – MOSTLY RETROPOSONS
• Long Interspresed Nuclear Repeats – LINEs
• L1 elements
• 6kb
• 2 ORFs
• 3000 to 5000 copies
• Short Interspresed Nuclear Repeats – SINEs
• Alu elements
• 350 base pairs long
• do not contain any coding sequences
• Can be recognized by the restriction enzyme AluI
• 5% of the human genome
25. TRANSPOSON MEDIATED CHROMOSOMAL
REARRANGEMENTS
• Deletions – intrachromosomal recombination
between two transposons in the same orientation
• Inversions - intrachromosomal recombination
between two transposons in the opposite
orientation
• Duplications – unequal crossing over
