translation connects the world, and to be able to communicate with others. it transfers knowledge between the languages. to enable to communication between different people, and through translation, we help to understand each other.
This slide provides useful information about a controversial issue in translation concerning domestication and foreignization in translation practice and how the functionalist approach tried to solve this issue through suggesting the Skopos Theory.
The position of Translated Literature within the Literary PolysystemHassnae Salek
Itamar Even-Zohar: "The position of Translated Literature within The Literary Polysystem." Poetics Today (1990)
Presented by Hassnae Salek, Master student of Communication, Culture and Translation
This slide provides useful information about a controversial issue in translation concerning domestication and foreignization in translation practice and how the functionalist approach tried to solve this issue through suggesting the Skopos Theory.
The position of Translated Literature within the Literary PolysystemHassnae Salek
Itamar Even-Zohar: "The position of Translated Literature within The Literary Polysystem." Poetics Today (1990)
Presented by Hassnae Salek, Master student of Communication, Culture and Translation
Standard Language Theory and Its Analytical Application on New Idioms and Idi...paperpublications3
Abstract: Theories are organizing principles by which thought processes are clearly set out in such a way that enable various studies to explain issues relating to them explicitly. Over the years, linguists have provided theories that have been used to capture some aspects of language descriptions and analysis. This is owing to the fact that no single theory has been found to capture all of the aspects of language(s) explicitly all of the time. Practitioners of theories have taken them to heights that even the original exponents have never thought of. One of these theories is the theory of Standard Language, the subject matter of this paper. This paper sets out to examine the origin of the theory of standard language, its principles and application on new idioms and idiomatic expressions in Yorùbá with a view to establishing its analytical strength and appropriateness.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Conflicting Discourse of Foreignizing Informative Text: The Case of Kamal Abu...FadilElmenfi1
As the title of this paper indicates, this work is concerned with the translation of Said's controversial book, Orientalism. It is a analytical study of extracts of Orientalism, as translated into Arabic by Kamal Abu Deeb (1995/1980), in relation to the difficulties that the translator encountered while dealing with this book. The reason that this translation is selected for discussion is that this translation concerned with one of the most controversial books in the world, which can be classified as a cultural (informative) text.
It is best to know the branches of literature since it evolves and involves our everyday life that connects individuals with larger truths and ideas in a society as it creates a way for people to record their thoughts and experiences that is accessible to others, through fictionalized accounts of the experience.
Knowing the critic's specific purpose may be to make value judgments on a work, to explain his or her interpretation of the work, or to provide other readers with relevant historical or biographical information and the critic's general purpose, in most cases that is to enrich the reader's understanding of the literary work presented.
Globalization represents an unavoidable phenomenon in the history of mankind, which is making the world smaller and smaller by increasing the exchange of goods, services, information, knowledge and cultures between different countries, therefore, it is very important to understand the "why, where, what and how" of our current situation.
Understanding the nature, function, and value of literature and how to critiqueCheldy S, Elumba-Pableo
It pays to know more about Literature in order to appreciate written works whether good or bad that will serve as a guiding principles for everyone and likewise have a lasting importance in ones life and experience.
media economics are the economic policies and practices of media companies and disciplines including journalism and the news industry, film production, entertainment programs, print, broadcast, mobile communications, Internet, advertising and public relations.
Media ethics are important in Journalism because they create guidelines for journalists to follow fair and unbiased information dissemination. It makes sure that media stays true and further helps journalists maintain a sense of equality.
Media management is seen as a business administration discipline that identifies and describes strategic and operational phenomena and problems in the leadership of media enterprises. Media management contains the functions strategic management, procurement management, production management, organizational management and marketing of media enterprises
Digital journalism also known as online journalism is a contemporary form of journalism where editorial content is distributed via the Internet as opposed to publishing via print or broadcast.
Public relations promotes goodwill and communication between the company and consumer. Good public relations builds relationships with your customers. It is a component of your marketing strategy; a company will be more profitable through communication and relationships with customers.
Judgment is a decision of a court regarding the rights and liabilities of parties in a legal action or proceeding. Judgments also generally provide the court's explanation of why it has chosen to make a particular court order.
when all the facts of a case are heard, and a judge or jury makes the final decision about the court case. An offender can waive their rights to a jury trial and just have the judge make the ruling in a bench trial.
Ethics concern an individual's moral judgements about right and wrong. Decisions taken within an organisation may be made by individuals or groups, but whoever makes them will be influenced by the culture of the company.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. TRANSLATION STUDIES
translation is perceived as an intrinsic part of the foreign language
teaching process, it has rarely been studied for its own sake.
translation involves the rendering of a SOURCE LANGUAGE (SL)
into the TARGET LANGUAGE (TL) so as to ensure that:
1. the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar
and
2. the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible
but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously
distorted.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
3. TRANSLATION STUDIES
SOURCE LANGUAGE: The language being
translated from.
TARGET LANGUAGE: The language being
translated to.
EXAMPLE: Turkish English
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
4. TRANSLATION STUDIES
Holmes’s paper refers to many key aspects of
translation. It talks of translation as:
1. a process – what happens in the act of
translating the ST
2. a product – analysis of the TT
3. a function – how the TT operates in a
particular context
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
5. DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSLATION
STUDIES
In the 1990s, it can best be seen as the establishment of
a series of new alliances that brought together research
into the history, practice and philosophy of translation
with other intellectual trends.
The links between Translation Studies and post-colonial
theory represent one such alliance, as do the links
between Translation Studies and corpus linguistics.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
6. DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSLATION
STUDIES
Another significant alliance is that between
Translation Studies and gender studies.
For language: SHERRY SIMON points out, does not
simply mirror reality, but intervenes in the shaping
of meaning.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
7. TRANSLATORS
are directly involved in that shaping process, whether the
text they are dealing with is an instruction manual, a legal
document, a novel or a classical drama.
Just as Gender Studies challenged the notion of a single
unified concept of culture by asking awkward questions
about the ways in which canonical traditions are formed, so
Translation Studies, through its many alliances, asks
questions about what happens when a text is transferred
from source to target culture.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
8. APPROACHES TO TRANSLATION
From Peter Newmark’s (1981) 1. A translation must give the words of
the original.
2. A translation must give the ideas of the original.
3. A translation should read like an original work.
4. A translation should read like a translation.
5. A translation should reflect the style of the original.
6. A translation should possess the style of the original.
7. A translation should read as a contemporary of the original.
8. A translation may add to or omit from the original.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
9. TRANSLATION PROPER
describes the process of transfer from SL to TL, Jakobson goes on
immediately to point to the central problem in all types: that while
messages may serve as adequate interpretations of code units or
messages, there is ordinarily no full equivalence through translation.
Even apparent synonymy does not yield equivalence, and Jakobson
shows how intralingual translation often has to resort to a combination
of code units in order to fully interpret the meaning of a single unit.
Hence a dictionary of so-called synonyms may give perfect as a
synonym for ideal or vehicle as a synonym for conveyance but in
neither case can there be said to be complete equivalence, since each
unit contains within itself a set of non-transferable associations and
connotations.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
10. 4 GENERAL AREAS OF INTEREST
(each with a degree of overlap)
1. Two are product-oriented, in that the emphasis is on the
functional aspects of the TL text in relation to the SL
text, and
2. two of them are process-oriented, in that the emphasis
is on analyzing what actually takes place during
translation
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
11. I. HISTORY OF TRANSLATION
It is a component part of literary history.
The type of work involved in this area includes:
1. investigation of the theories of translation at different times,
2. the critical response to translations,
3. the practical processes of commissioning and publishing
translations,
4. the role and function of translations in a given period,
5. the methodological development of translation and,
6. by far the most common type of study, analysis of the work of
individual translators.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
12. II. TRANSLATION IN THE TL CULTURE
extends the work on single texts or authors and
includes:
1. work on the influence of a text,
2. author or genre, on the absorption of the
norms of the translated text into the TL system
3. the principles of selection operating within that
system.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
13. III. TRANSLATION AND LINGUISTICS
It includes studies which place their emphasis on the
comparative arrangement of linguistic elements between the
SL and the TL text with regard to phonemic, morphemic,
lexical, syntagmatic and syntactic levels.
Into this category come studies of the problems of linguistic
equivalence, of language-bound meaning, of linguistic
untranslatability, of machine translation, etc. and also studies
of the translation problems of non-literary texts.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
14. IV. TRANSLATION AND POETICS
includes the whole area of literary translation, in theory and practice.
Studies may be general or genre-specific, including investigation of the
particular problems of translating poetry, theatre texts or libretti and the
affiliated problem of translation for the cinema, whether dubbing or sub-
titling.
Under this category also come studies of the poetics of individual,
translators and comparisons between them, studies of the problems of
formulating a poetics, and studies of the interrelationship between SL
and TL texts and author—translator—reader.
Above all in this section come studies attempting to formulate a theory
of literary translation.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
15. LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
The first step towards an examination of the
processes of translation must be to accept that
although translation has a central core of linguistic
activity, it belongs most properly to semiotics, the
science that studies sign systems or structures,
sign processes and sign functions (Hawkes,
Structuralism and Semiotics, London 1977).
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
16. LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
Beyond the notion stressed by the narrowly linguistic
approach, that translation involves the transfer of
‘meaning’ contained in one set of language signs into
another set of language signs through competent use of
the dictionary and grammar, the process involves a whole
set of extra-linguistic criteria.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
17. LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
EDWARD SAPIR claims that ‘language is a
guide to social reality’ and that human
beings are at the mercy of the language
that has become the medium of
expression for their society.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
18. LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
Experience, he asserts, is largely determined by the
language habits of the community, and each separate
structure represents a separate reality:
No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be
considered as representing the same social reality.
The worlds in which different societies live are distinct
worlds, not merely the same world with different labels
attached.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
19. TYPES OF TRANSLATION
In his article ‘On Linguistic Aspects of Translation’, ROMAN JAKOBSON
distinguishes three types of translation:
(1) Intralingual translation, or rewording (an interpretation of verbal
signs by means of other signs in the same language).
(2) Interlingual translation or translation proper (an interpretation of
verbal signs by means of some other language).
(3) Intersemiotic translation (an interpretation of verbal signs by
means of signs of nonverbal sign systems). or transmutation
example : music or image.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
20. INTERLINGUAL, INTRALINGUAL AND
INTERSEMIOTIC TRANSLATION
There is a potential confusion of translation with interpreting.
INTERPRETING: oral translation of a spoken message or text.
The potential field and issues covered by translation are vast and
complex.
Benvenuti! is the translation of Welcome!, but how do we explain Hi?
Translation also exists between different varieties of the same language
and into what might be considered less conventional languages, such as
sign languages and morse code.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
21. INTERLINGUAL, INTRALINGUAL AND
INTERSEMIOTIC TRANSLATION
What about the flag symbol being
understood as a country, nationality or
language – Is that ‘translation’ too? Such
visual phenomena are seen on a daily basis:
no-smoking or exit signs in public places or
icons and symbols on the computer screen.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
22. EXAMPLE
J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter children’s books have been translated into over 40
languages and have sold millions of copies worldwide.
It is interesting that a separate edition is published in the USA with some alterations.
The first book in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (Bloomsbury
1997), appeared as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone in the USA (Scholastic
1998).
As well as the title, there were other lexical changes: British biscuits, football,
Mummy, rounders and the sweets sherbet lemons became American cookies, soccer,
Mommy, baseball and lemon drops.
The American edition makes a few alterations of grammar and syntax, such as
replacing got by gotten, dived by dove and at weekends by on weekends, and
occasionally simplifying the sentence structure.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
23. INTERLINGUAL, INTRALINGUAL AND
INTERSEMIOTIC TRANSLATION
In this particular case, it is not translation between
two languages, but between two versions or dialects
of the same language.
This is termed ‘intralingual translation’ in Roman
Jakobson’s typology.
In the Hebrew translation of the same book, the
translator chose to substitute the British word with a
traditional Jewish sweet, a kind of marshmallow.
This is termed «interlingual translation».
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
25. EXAMPLES OF INTERLINGUAL
TRANSLATION
In the case of «hello»,it is pointed out that English does
not distinguish between face to face greeting or that on
the phone, whereas some other languages like French,
Italian, Japanese and German make this distinction.
In Japanese, Konichiwa is hello there, but when
answering a phone, they say mushi mushi.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
26. THREEFOLD DEFINITION OF
TRANSLATION
1. The process of transferring a written text from SL to TL,
conducted by a translator, or translators, in a specific
socio-cultural context.
2. The written product, or TT, which results from that
process and which functions in the socio-cultural
context of the TL.
3. The cognitive, linguistic, visual, cultural and ideological
phenomena which are an integral part of 1 and 2.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
27. DECODING AND RECODING
The translator, therefore, operates criteria that
transcend the purely linguistic, and a process of
decoding and recoding takes place.
Eugene Nida’s model of the translation process
illustrates the stages involved
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
28. DECODING AND RECODING DIAGRAM
SOURCE LANGUAGE TEXT RECEPTOR LANGUAGE
TRANSLATION
ANALYSIS RESTRUCTURING
TRANSFER
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
29. DECODING AND RECODING
As examples of some of the complexities involved in the interlingual
translation of what might seem to be uncontroversial items, consider the
question of translating yes and hello into French, German and Italian.
This task would seem, at first glance, to be straightforward, since all are Indo-
European languages, closely related lexically and syntactically, and terms of
greeting and assent are common to all three.
For YES standard dictionaries give:
French: oui, si
German: jo
Italian: si
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
30. PROBLEMS OF EQUIVALENCE
The translation of idioms takes us a stage further in considering
the question of meaning and translation, for idioms, like puns,
are culture bound.
The Italian idiom menare il can per l’aia provides a good example
of the kind of shift that takes place in the translation process.
Translated literally, the sentence:
Giovanni sta menando il can per I’aia.
becomes
John is leading his dog around the threshing floor.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
31. FOUR TYPES OF TRANSLATION
EQUIVALENCE
(1) Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity
on the linguistic level of both SL and TL texts, i.e.
word for word translation.
(2) Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is
equivalence of ‘the elements of a paradigmatic
expressive axis’, i.e. elements of grammar, which
Popovič sees as being a higher category than lexical
equivalence
32. FOUR TYPES OF TRANSLATION
EQUIVALENCE
(3) Stylistic (translational) equivalence, where there is
‘functional equivalence of elements in both original
and translation aiming at an expressive identity with an
invariant of identical meaning’.
(4) Textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is
equivalence of the syntagmatic structuring of a text,
i.e. equivalence of form and shape.
33. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE
ALBRECHT NEUBERT, whose work on translation is
unfortunately not available to English readers,
distinguishes between the study of translation as a
process and as a product.
He states bluntly that: ‘the “missing link” between both
components of a complete theory of translations
appears to be the theory of equivalence relations that
can be conceived for both the dynamic and the static
model.
34. LOSS AND GAIN
Once the principle is accepted that sameness cannot exist
between two languages, it becomes possible to approach the
question of loss and gain in the translation process.
It is again an indication of the low status of translation that so
much time should have been spent on discussing what is lost in
the transfer of a text from SL to TL whilst ignoring what can also
be gained, for the translator can at times enrich or clarify the SL
text as a direct result of the translation process.
Moreover, what is often seen as ‘lost’ from the SL context may
be replaced in the TL context.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
35. UNTRANSLATABILITY
When such difficulties are encountered by the
translator, the whole issue of the translatability of the
text is raised. Catford distinguishes two types of
untranslatability, which he terms linguistic and
cultural.
On the linguistic level, untranslatability occurs when
there is no lexical or syntactical substitute in the TL
for an SL item.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
36. UNTRANSLATABILITY
EXAMPLE: the German Um wieviel Uhr darf
man Sie morgen wecken? or the Danish Jeg
fondt brevet are linguistically untranslatable,
because both sentences involve structures
that do not exist in English.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
37. SCIENCE OR ‘SECONDARY ACTIVITY’?
The purpose of translation theory, then, is to reach an
understanding of the processes undertaken in the act
of translation and, not, as is so commonly
misunderstood, to provide a set of norms for
effecting the perfect translation.
In the same way, literary criticism does not seek to
provide a set of instructions for producing the
ultimate poem or novel, but rather to understand the
internal and external structures operating within and
around a work of art.
38. SCIENCE OR ‘SECONDARY ACTIVITY’?
The pragmatic dimension of translation cannot
be categorized, any more than the ‘inspiration’
of a text can be defined and prescribed.
Once this point is accepted, two issues that
continue to bedevil Translation Studies can be
satisfactorily resolved; the problem of whether
there can be ‘a science of translation’ and
whether translating is a ‘secondary activity’
39. SCIENCE OR ‘SECONDARY ACTIVITY’?
The myth of translation as a secondary activity with all the
associations of lower status implied in that assessment, can be
dispelled once the extent of the pragmatic element of translation is
accepted, and once the relationship between author/translator/reader
is outlined.
A diagram of the communicative relationship in the process of
translation shows that the translator is both receiver and emitter, the
end and the beginning of two separate but linked chains of
communication:
Author—Text—Receiver=Translator—Text—Receiver
40. TRANSLATION ACCORDING TO PAZ
The case for Translation Studies and for
translation itself is summed up by OCTAVIO PAZ
in his short work on translation.
All texts, he claims, being part of a literary
system descended from and related to other
systems, are ‘translations of translation of
translations’:
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
41. TRANSLATION
Every text is unique and, at the same time, it is the translation of another
text.
No text is entirely original because language itself, in its essence, is already
a translation: FIRSTLY, of the nonverbal world and SECONDLY, since every
sign and every phrase is the translation of another sign and another phrase.
However, this argument can be turned around without losing any of its
validity: all texts are original because every translation is distinctive.
Every translation, up to a certain point, is an invention and as such it
constitutes a unique text.
BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT
1. phonetic-level of sound
2. Morpheme-short segment of language (eg. Un-happy-ness=3morphemes)
3. lexical-Functional, or grammatical, words are the ones that it's hard to define their meaning, but they have some grammatical function in the sentence (eg.