Mr. Veerabrahmam from PRDC has spoken about the transformers failures and few of the case studies. Few failures and reasons for failures are also discussed.
The document summarizes a failure analysis of a dry type cast resin medium voltage/low voltage transformer. It describes the chronological events of the failure, a visual inspection showing damage to the windings, and analyzes the causes of failure which were likely partial discharges that damaged the insulation of the medium voltage windings. The conclusions recommend replacing the failed windings, checking other windings for damage, and modifying the electrical layout to avoid power loss to half the building if another failure occurs.
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
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Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
The document discusses protection schemes for transformers. It describes faults that can occur in transformers such as open circuits, overheating, and winding short circuits. It then discusses different protection systems for transformers including Buchholz relays, earth fault relays, overcurrent relays, and differential protection systems. Differential protection systems operate by comparing currents from current transformers on both sides of the transformer and tripping the circuit breaker if a difference is detected, indicating an internal fault. The combination of protection schemes provides comprehensive protection for transformers.
How is power transformer protected??? This provides a basic understanding of power transformer. Furthermore, the protective relay application on power transformer is included.
This document discusses power quality and defines it as the ability of a power system to supply voltage continuously within tolerances. It outlines various power quality events like sags, swells, interruptions, harmonics, and their causes and effects. It then describes various techniques to mitigate power quality issues, including dynamic voltage restorers, harmonic filters, static VAR compensators, and unified power quality conditioners. Maintaining high power quality improves system efficiency and equipment lifespan while eliminating problems like voltage fluctuations, harmonics, and reactive power issues.
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system.
The document summarizes a failure analysis of a dry type cast resin medium voltage/low voltage transformer. It describes the chronological events of the failure, a visual inspection showing damage to the windings, and analyzes the causes of failure which were likely partial discharges that damaged the insulation of the medium voltage windings. The conclusions recommend replacing the failed windings, checking other windings for damage, and modifying the electrical layout to avoid power loss to half the building if another failure occurs.
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
The document discusses protection schemes for transformers. It describes faults that can occur in transformers such as open circuits, overheating, and winding short circuits. It then discusses different protection systems for transformers including Buchholz relays, earth fault relays, overcurrent relays, and differential protection systems. Differential protection systems operate by comparing currents from current transformers on both sides of the transformer and tripping the circuit breaker if a difference is detected, indicating an internal fault. The combination of protection schemes provides comprehensive protection for transformers.
How is power transformer protected??? This provides a basic understanding of power transformer. Furthermore, the protective relay application on power transformer is included.
This document discusses power quality and defines it as the ability of a power system to supply voltage continuously within tolerances. It outlines various power quality events like sags, swells, interruptions, harmonics, and their causes and effects. It then describes various techniques to mitigate power quality issues, including dynamic voltage restorers, harmonic filters, static VAR compensators, and unified power quality conditioners. Maintaining high power quality improves system efficiency and equipment lifespan while eliminating problems like voltage fluctuations, harmonics, and reactive power issues.
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system.
This PPT explains about the circuit breaker, and its types. Then about the need and purpose of the circuit breaker. And finally the testing and types of testing of circuit breakers.
This document discusses the testing and maintenance of power transformers. It outlines the various routine tests performed on transformers according to standards, including winding resistance measurement, insulation resistance measurement, high voltage tests, no load and load loss measurements. It also describes type tests such as lightning impulse and short circuit tests. Finally, it discusses the importance of preventive maintenance through regular checks of oil levels, insulation resistance, bushings, connections and other components.
System protection is used to detect problems in power system components and isolate faulty equipment to maintain reliable power. The key elements of a protection system include differential relays to protect generators and transformers from internal faults, overcurrent and distance relays to protect transmission lines from external faults, and bus differential relays to protect distribution buses. Protective devices are needed to maintain acceptable operation, isolate damaged equipment, and minimize harm to personnel and property.
This document discusses procedures for operation and maintenance of electrical equipment. It outlines steps to monitor voltages, check breaker trip circuits, observe battery performance, ensure communication equipment is working, monitor transformer loading and temperatures, check diesel generators, inspect the substation yard, test gas pressures in SF6 breakers, and check additional equipment. Precautions are provided for testing procedures and limits are given for acceptable pole discrepancies when measuring circuit breaker operation times.
The document discusses transformer protection. It describes various failures that can occur in transformers such as winding failures, bushing failures, and tap changer failures. It provides statistics on historical transformer failures. It also discusses different types of protection for transformers including electrical protection methods like differential protection, overcurrent protection, overexcitation protection and thermal protection. Internal short circuits, system short circuits, and abnormal conditions are some of the issues addressed by transformer protection schemes.
Busbar protection uses differential protection to isolate faults on the busbar. It works by comparing the current entering and leaving the busbar using CTs - any difference indicates an internal fault. Proper CT ratios and a stabilizing resistance are needed to restrain operation for external faults. PS class CTs are preferred over other classes due to more consistent accuracy. While busbar protection is important, it is currently not implemented in line at MRSS due to some unspecified reason.
The document discusses shunt reactors used in power systems. Shunt reactors are installed to reduce grid voltage during off-peak periods when excess reactive power leads to high voltages. They absorb reactive power through magnetizing currents, thereby reducing voltage. The document recommends installing 25 additional shunt reactors of 63 MVAR each in the southern grid to maintain voltages between 416-420 kV during off-peak hours. It provides background on why reactors are needed and describes the basic operating principles and components of shunt reactors.
This document provides details on substation layout and busbar arrangements. Part A discusses substation layout, including a single line diagram and descriptions of common switchyard accessories like lightning arrestors, CVTs, isolators, circuit breakers, transformers, and other equipment. It also covers PLCC and SCADA systems. Part B covers various busbar arrangements like the single bus system, double bus system, one and a half breaker system, and ring main bus system. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each configuration. In summary, the document is a technical report that outlines and compares different substation and busbar designs.
Maintenance of Substation Equipment | Operation And Maintenance Of SubstationSystem Protection
We work with the latest tools and equipment’s ensuring the delivery of highest quality of Services. We have served over 200 major industrial clients, in Oil & Gas, Cement, Government, Fertilizers and various other core and non-core Sectors. We are headquartered in Vadodara (Gujarat), India, but our exposure is not limited to National Industries. We are leaving a global footprint with clients in various nations like Tanzania, Paraguay, UAE, Kuwait, Nepal, Bangladesh, etc.
SF6 and vacuum circuit breakers are described. SF6 breakers use sulfur hexafluoride gas to rapidly absorb electrons in an electric arc, restoring insulation. Vacuum breakers extinguish arcs quickly due to the fast recovery of dielectric strength in a vacuum. Both breaker types have advantages like compact size, reliability, and lack of maintenance requirements, making them suitable for outdoor applications. Circuit breaker ratings include breaking capacity, making capacity, and short-time capacity to safely interrupt faults.
This document discusses different types of directional over current relays. It explains that directional over current relays operate when fault current flows in a particular direction and will not operate if power flows in the opposite direction. It provides details on 30 and 90 degree connections for directional relays and describes the construction and operation of non-directional over current relays and shaded pole type directional over current relays.
This case study describes the key components of an electric transmission substation. It discusses transformers that change voltage levels, conductors that transmit electricity, insulators that prevent arcing, isolators for safety during maintenance, busbars for distributing power, lightning arresters for overvoltage protection, and circuit breakers for interrupting faults. The document provides details on the working principles and applications of these various substation equipment.
The document discusses various power quality problems such as harmonic distortion, voltage sags, swells, and interruptions. It then discusses solutions for power quality problems including maintaining grid adequacy, using distributed resources like distributed generation and energy storage, and implementing enhanced interface devices. The document also describes the operation of the Merus A-series Active Filter, which can be used to compensate for harmonics and reactive power in an electrical system.
The document discusses transformer protection. It describes different types of faults that can occur in transformers, both internal and external. It then discusses various protection methods for transformers, including differential protection, sudden pressure relays, overcurrent protection, and thermal protection. It also provides details on magnetizing inrush current and how it is influenced by factors like transformer size, system resistance, and residual flux levels.
This document describes various protection schemes for transformers, including differential, restricted earth fault, overcurrent, and thermal protection.
1) Differential protection compares currents entering and leaving the transformer zone to detect internal faults. It provides the best protection for internal faults.
2) Restricted earth fault protection is used to detect high-resistance winding-to-core faults not detectable by differential relays. It uses a neutral current transformer and is sensitive to internal earth faults.
3) Overcurrent protection uses relays with current coils to detect overloads and faults above a pickup threshold. It also includes ground-fault protection.
The document discusses generator protection systems. It introduces the basic electrical quantities used for protection like current, voltage, phase angle and frequency. Protective relays use one or more of these quantities to detect faults. The document then discusses different types of relays and circuit breakers used for protection. It describes various protection zones like generator, transformer, bus, line and utilization equipment zones. The rest of the document elaborates on different protection schemes for generators including stator protection, rotor protection, loss of excitation protection and reverse power protection.
This document discusses power system protection settings. It begins by introducing the functions of protective relays and the information needed to calculate settings, such as line parameters, transformer parameters, fault studies results, and CT and VT ratios. It then describes the protection settings process and functional elements of protective relays. The document discusses the operating characteristics of overcurrent, directional, and distance protection elements. It explains concepts like current grading, time grading, and directional elements as they relate to achieving selectivity in protection schemes. Finally, it provides more details on distance protection principles and operating characteristics.
Edwin Newsletter on transformer failures on 13 October 2015Edwin Low
The document discusses transformer failures and their investigation. It provides details on transformer types, components, and typical tests conducted during failure analysis. Two specific failure cases are described:
1) A dry transformer in a wind turbine failed during commissioning due to a manufacturing defect - a conductive winding turn was displaced and overlapped another turn, causing arcing during energization.
2) An oil-filled transformer failed due to inadequate mechanical strength holding the winding turns. An external fault caused electromechanical forces, displacing windings and exposing conductors between turns, leading to arcing at multiple points. The root cause was a manufacturing defect in the winding assembly.
This PPT explains about the circuit breaker, and its types. Then about the need and purpose of the circuit breaker. And finally the testing and types of testing of circuit breakers.
This document discusses the testing and maintenance of power transformers. It outlines the various routine tests performed on transformers according to standards, including winding resistance measurement, insulation resistance measurement, high voltage tests, no load and load loss measurements. It also describes type tests such as lightning impulse and short circuit tests. Finally, it discusses the importance of preventive maintenance through regular checks of oil levels, insulation resistance, bushings, connections and other components.
System protection is used to detect problems in power system components and isolate faulty equipment to maintain reliable power. The key elements of a protection system include differential relays to protect generators and transformers from internal faults, overcurrent and distance relays to protect transmission lines from external faults, and bus differential relays to protect distribution buses. Protective devices are needed to maintain acceptable operation, isolate damaged equipment, and minimize harm to personnel and property.
This document discusses procedures for operation and maintenance of electrical equipment. It outlines steps to monitor voltages, check breaker trip circuits, observe battery performance, ensure communication equipment is working, monitor transformer loading and temperatures, check diesel generators, inspect the substation yard, test gas pressures in SF6 breakers, and check additional equipment. Precautions are provided for testing procedures and limits are given for acceptable pole discrepancies when measuring circuit breaker operation times.
The document discusses transformer protection. It describes various failures that can occur in transformers such as winding failures, bushing failures, and tap changer failures. It provides statistics on historical transformer failures. It also discusses different types of protection for transformers including electrical protection methods like differential protection, overcurrent protection, overexcitation protection and thermal protection. Internal short circuits, system short circuits, and abnormal conditions are some of the issues addressed by transformer protection schemes.
Busbar protection uses differential protection to isolate faults on the busbar. It works by comparing the current entering and leaving the busbar using CTs - any difference indicates an internal fault. Proper CT ratios and a stabilizing resistance are needed to restrain operation for external faults. PS class CTs are preferred over other classes due to more consistent accuracy. While busbar protection is important, it is currently not implemented in line at MRSS due to some unspecified reason.
The document discusses shunt reactors used in power systems. Shunt reactors are installed to reduce grid voltage during off-peak periods when excess reactive power leads to high voltages. They absorb reactive power through magnetizing currents, thereby reducing voltage. The document recommends installing 25 additional shunt reactors of 63 MVAR each in the southern grid to maintain voltages between 416-420 kV during off-peak hours. It provides background on why reactors are needed and describes the basic operating principles and components of shunt reactors.
This document provides details on substation layout and busbar arrangements. Part A discusses substation layout, including a single line diagram and descriptions of common switchyard accessories like lightning arrestors, CVTs, isolators, circuit breakers, transformers, and other equipment. It also covers PLCC and SCADA systems. Part B covers various busbar arrangements like the single bus system, double bus system, one and a half breaker system, and ring main bus system. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each configuration. In summary, the document is a technical report that outlines and compares different substation and busbar designs.
Maintenance of Substation Equipment | Operation And Maintenance Of SubstationSystem Protection
We work with the latest tools and equipment’s ensuring the delivery of highest quality of Services. We have served over 200 major industrial clients, in Oil & Gas, Cement, Government, Fertilizers and various other core and non-core Sectors. We are headquartered in Vadodara (Gujarat), India, but our exposure is not limited to National Industries. We are leaving a global footprint with clients in various nations like Tanzania, Paraguay, UAE, Kuwait, Nepal, Bangladesh, etc.
SF6 and vacuum circuit breakers are described. SF6 breakers use sulfur hexafluoride gas to rapidly absorb electrons in an electric arc, restoring insulation. Vacuum breakers extinguish arcs quickly due to the fast recovery of dielectric strength in a vacuum. Both breaker types have advantages like compact size, reliability, and lack of maintenance requirements, making them suitable for outdoor applications. Circuit breaker ratings include breaking capacity, making capacity, and short-time capacity to safely interrupt faults.
This document discusses different types of directional over current relays. It explains that directional over current relays operate when fault current flows in a particular direction and will not operate if power flows in the opposite direction. It provides details on 30 and 90 degree connections for directional relays and describes the construction and operation of non-directional over current relays and shaded pole type directional over current relays.
This case study describes the key components of an electric transmission substation. It discusses transformers that change voltage levels, conductors that transmit electricity, insulators that prevent arcing, isolators for safety during maintenance, busbars for distributing power, lightning arresters for overvoltage protection, and circuit breakers for interrupting faults. The document provides details on the working principles and applications of these various substation equipment.
The document discusses various power quality problems such as harmonic distortion, voltage sags, swells, and interruptions. It then discusses solutions for power quality problems including maintaining grid adequacy, using distributed resources like distributed generation and energy storage, and implementing enhanced interface devices. The document also describes the operation of the Merus A-series Active Filter, which can be used to compensate for harmonics and reactive power in an electrical system.
The document discusses transformer protection. It describes different types of faults that can occur in transformers, both internal and external. It then discusses various protection methods for transformers, including differential protection, sudden pressure relays, overcurrent protection, and thermal protection. It also provides details on magnetizing inrush current and how it is influenced by factors like transformer size, system resistance, and residual flux levels.
This document describes various protection schemes for transformers, including differential, restricted earth fault, overcurrent, and thermal protection.
1) Differential protection compares currents entering and leaving the transformer zone to detect internal faults. It provides the best protection for internal faults.
2) Restricted earth fault protection is used to detect high-resistance winding-to-core faults not detectable by differential relays. It uses a neutral current transformer and is sensitive to internal earth faults.
3) Overcurrent protection uses relays with current coils to detect overloads and faults above a pickup threshold. It also includes ground-fault protection.
The document discusses generator protection systems. It introduces the basic electrical quantities used for protection like current, voltage, phase angle and frequency. Protective relays use one or more of these quantities to detect faults. The document then discusses different types of relays and circuit breakers used for protection. It describes various protection zones like generator, transformer, bus, line and utilization equipment zones. The rest of the document elaborates on different protection schemes for generators including stator protection, rotor protection, loss of excitation protection and reverse power protection.
This document discusses power system protection settings. It begins by introducing the functions of protective relays and the information needed to calculate settings, such as line parameters, transformer parameters, fault studies results, and CT and VT ratios. It then describes the protection settings process and functional elements of protective relays. The document discusses the operating characteristics of overcurrent, directional, and distance protection elements. It explains concepts like current grading, time grading, and directional elements as they relate to achieving selectivity in protection schemes. Finally, it provides more details on distance protection principles and operating characteristics.
Edwin Newsletter on transformer failures on 13 October 2015Edwin Low
The document discusses transformer failures and their investigation. It provides details on transformer types, components, and typical tests conducted during failure analysis. Two specific failure cases are described:
1) A dry transformer in a wind turbine failed during commissioning due to a manufacturing defect - a conductive winding turn was displaced and overlapped another turn, causing arcing during energization.
2) An oil-filled transformer failed due to inadequate mechanical strength holding the winding turns. An external fault caused electromechanical forces, displacing windings and exposing conductors between turns, leading to arcing at multiple points. The root cause was a manufacturing defect in the winding assembly.
Dr. Shamasundar spoke about the thermal management in transformers, different cooling methods and how simulation through JMAG can help you design an Efficient Transformer.
This document summarizes research on condition monitoring of transformers using dissolved gas analysis (DGA). It discusses how DGA works by extracting dissolved gases from transformer oil using gas chromatography and analyzing the concentrations of different gases. Common fault gases are identified along with their causes such as partial discharge, thermal heating, and arcing. Guidelines for interpreting DGA results from standards like IEC and IEEE are presented. A case study demonstrates how DGA identified a thermal fault in a transformer which was later investigated and repaired. Finally, fuzzy inference systems are proposed to improve upon limitations of existing DGA interpretation methods for diagnosing multiple transformer faults.
This document discusses condition monitoring techniques for power transformers, focusing on partial discharge monitoring. It provides background on partial discharge and how it can be detected through both acoustic and electrical methods. The acoustic method uses sensors to detect ultrasonic waves propagating through the transformer from partial discharge sources. The electrical method senses the high frequency electrical pulses generated by partial discharges. Both methods have advantages and limitations, and using multiple sensors can help reject external noise and more accurately locate discharges.
Installation, Testing and Troubleshooting of TransformersLiving Online
The document discusses the installation, testing, and troubleshooting of transformers. It describes the different types of tests performed on transformers, including routine tests, type tests, and special tests. Routine tests check characteristics like winding resistance, voltage ratios, losses, and insulation. Special tests examine properties such as dielectric strength, capacitance, and harmonics. The document also outlines standards and procedures for testing, as well as limits for temperature rise and requirements for insulating oil.
Differential protection of power transformerSaad Muftah
This thesis analyzes traditional and improved transformer differential protective relays. It proposes a technique using DC harmonic restraining combined with 2nd harmonic blocking to prevent relay tripping during transformer energization while maintaining security during faults. Simulation results show the method can distinguish between inrush and fault currents, with no unnecessary delays for faults. Testing of various parameter settings found blocking for 15-25% 2nd harmonic content over 3-20 cycles minimized misoperations without reducing security. The improved differential relay performance was validated through simulations and laboratory tests.
A transformer is a static device that changes alternating current (AC) at one voltage level to AC at another voltage level through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two coils, the primary and secondary windings, wrapped around a laminated iron core. When an alternating current is applied to the primary winding, it produces an alternating magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary winding. This allows the transformer to step up or step down voltages without changing the frequency. The transformer transfers power between its two coils through electromagnetic coupling between the coils wound around the iron core.
Transient voltage distribution in transformer winding (experimental investiga...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this work, the non-liner voltage distribution in transformer winding is investigated that occurs due switching and lightning. Transformer winding is modeled in the alternative transients program (ATP) version of Electromagnetic transients program (EMTP-RV). EMTP software is used to simulate the very fast transient overvoltage. An experimental setup that consist of , Recurrent surge generator, CRO and transformer winding model has been developed and voltages measured at different point along the transformer winding. Simulation results show good agreement with the experimental result. Index Terms: Very fast transient overvoltages, internal resonance, impulse voltage distribution, disc winding
Electrical test and measurement range of products from Josts ensures performance & reliability in power generation, transmission & distribution equipments
The document discusses common causes of power transformer failures based on Doble PowerTest's teardown inspections of over 100 large power transformers. It finds that most transformer failures are due to localized damage or aging from design, manufacturing, application or maintenance issues rather than old age alone. The key failure modes include reduction in dielectric strength, mechanical strength, thermal integrity, and electromagnetic integrity. Specific faults can include abnormal paper or oil aging, partial discharges, excessive water or oil contamination, loose clamping, winding displacement, short circuits, and local overheating. Being able to detect and address developing faults through condition monitoring can help prevent unexpected transformer failures.
The document discusses modeling transformer response to surges. It describes how surges induce non-uniform voltage distributions in transformer windings, potentially damaging insulation. It presents two modeling approaches: classical distributed circuit models and field-based solutions. Distributed circuit models using ladder networks are feasible and provide voltages to input into field solutions for calculating electrical stresses. Proper modeling of network elements like inductances and capacitances requires considering effects of winding geometry, neighboring conductors, and the transformer core. Numerical simulations can help evaluate network parameters and model surge distribution for transformer insulation design.
Ferro-resonance due to interruption of magnetizing currents of a cable fed tr...Rathan Yadav
Prof. S. Rengarajan presented a technical seminar on ferroresonance in transformers. Ferroresonance occurs when a no-load transformer is disconnected from the power source, causing overvoltages and overcurrents. It was analyzed using ATP-EMTP software, showing high voltage and triangular current waveforms. Ferroresonance can damage transformer insulation if voltages exceed ratings. Mitigation methods include connecting a load to the secondary winding or an RC suppressor to dissipate resonant energies when disconnecting no-load transformers.
The document discusses weapons used by US and North Vietnamese forces during the Vietnam War. It describes small arms, vehicles, and aircraft used on both sides including the M16 rifle, M60 machine gun, AK-47, and MIG-21 jet fighter. It also discusses dangerous booby traps laid by Viet Cong forces in tunnels beneath Cu Chi and the tactics used by North Vietnamese troops who received supplies from the Soviet Union and China.
Analysis of Transformer Loadings and Failure Rate in Onitsha Electricity Dist...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
This study analyzed transformer loadings and failure rates in the Onitsha electricity distribution network in Nigeria from 2011-2015. Electrical data from the network was simulated using ETAP software to determine transformer loadings, while questionnaires assessed failure rates. The findings showed an average transformer failure rate of 11.7% during the study period, higher than rates in developed countries. Major causes of failure included insulation issues (24.2%), overloading (22.5%), and inadequate maintenance (16.4%). The Army Barracks substation had the highest failure rate of 23.8%. The study recommends installing more transformers, using high quality transformers, balancing loads, and improving maintenance to increase reliability.
Unit-II
Voltage Sag: Sources of voltage sag: motor starting, arc furnace, fault clearing etc; estimating voltage sag performance and principle of its protection; solutions at end user level- Isolation Transformer, Voltage Regulator, Static UPS, Rotary UPS, Active Series Compensator
The document discusses DC machines and induction machines. It provides details on the construction and working of DC generators and motors, including their important parts, methods of excitation, EMF equations, and speed control methods. It also discusses the construction of three-phase induction motors, including squirrel cage and wound rotors. It provides information on synchronous speed, slip, torque-slip characteristics, and compares single phase and three phase induction motors. Starter types for motors like DOL, star-delta, and autotransformer are also explained.
Finite Element Method for Designing and Analysis of the Transformer – A Retro...idescitation
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using Finite Element Method (FEM) was
developed over 70 years to solve the complex elasticity and structural analysis problem in
civil and aeronautical engineering. Application of FEA is being expanded to simulation in
electrical engineering also to solve the complex design problems. The circuit theory models
for designing transformers are not much accurate in determining the transformer
parameters such as winding impedance, leakage inductance, hot spot temperature etc. The
physical realization of these parameters is needed on a prototype unit. The finite element
method can play a vital role in deriving these parameters without any physical verification.
An effort has been made in this paper to show the effectiveness of finite element method in
determining the above said parameters while designing the transformers - both oil cooled as
well as dry type - for power and distribution sectors as well as to analyze and detect the
internal faults in the transformer.
Analsis of very fast transient over voltages in gas insulated substationseSAT Journals
Abstract Due to the opening or closing of circuit breakers and disconnect switches in Gas Insulated Substations (GIS), Very Fast Transient Over-voltages (VFTO) are generated. This paper describes the 500 kV and 750 kV GIS of power system. The variations of VFTO magnitudes at different points in 500 kV and 750 kV GIS during different switching operations have been calculated and compared by using Matlab/Simulink. In this paper the effective factors on the level of VFTO is investigated and the beneficial approaches for the industry to finding the optimum approaches for VFT mitigation is presented. These factors are included residual charges, resistance, spark resistance and entrance capacitance of transformer. Index Terms: Gas Insulated Substation, Very Fast Transient Over voltages, Matlab/Simulink.
Ohm's Law V = I x R (Volts = Current x Resistance). The Ohm (Ω) is a unit of electrical resistance equal to that of a conductor in which a current of one ampere is produced by a potential of one volt across its terminals. 1)Measurement of Low resistance: 1) Ammeter Voltmeter method: This is very popular method for measurement of medium resistances since ...
Transformer Diagnostics | Sweep Frequency Response AnalysisHamedPasha1
Proper commissioning and periodic testing of high voltage equipment is vital to the longevity of your valuable assets. Research shows that improper commissioning along with “set-and-forget” mentality has been the leading causes of premature failures.
Sweep frequency response analysis (SFRA) is one of the most powerful diagnostic tools for assessing mechanical damage to a transformer winding. Analysis of the results, which are in the form of frequency response traces can, however, be daunting to new users.
Power System Transient - Introduction.pptxssuser6453eb
This document provides an introduction to power system transients. It discusses the sources of transients, both internal like capacitor switching and external like lightning. It classifies transients into three categories based on speed: ultrafast surges, medium-fast short-circuit phenomena, and slow transient stability issues. The effects of transients are outlined, such as damage to insulation, semiconductors, and contacts. The importance of studying transients for insulation design is emphasized to prevent breakdown under overvoltage conditions.
This document discusses power quality issues such as voltage sags, interruptions, spikes, swells, and harmonics. It explains the causes and consequences of each issue. Solutions discussed include improving the electric grid, using distributed energy resources like generators and energy storage, following standards, installing enhanced interface devices, and making equipment less sensitive. The key is preventing power quality problems through various measures to avoid losses.
Module 1 Power System Protection(18EE72).pptxssuser139a56
This document provides an overview of a course on power system protection. It introduces topics that will be covered, including introduction to power systems, causes and effects of faults, protection schemes, and types of relays. The course textbook is also listed. The document provides definitions of key terms and concepts in power system protection.
The document discusses protection of transformers, generators, and motors from various faults. It describes:
1) Types of faults that can occur in transformers, generators, and motors such as winding failures, overloads, and short circuits.
2) Protection devices used such as Buchholz relays, differential relays, overcurrent relays, and thermal overload relays. Settings must coordinate with equipment thermal limits.
3) Generator protection is complex due to large size and connections; methods include neutral grounding resistors, field suppression, and differential relays. Faults can damage windings if not cleared quickly.
This document discusses transformer protection. Transformers are critical and expensive components that require protection to limit damage from faults. Protection methods include Buchholz relays, which detect gases from arcing; pressure relays, which detect pressure waves from arcing; and thermal relays, which monitor hot spot temperatures. Protection aims to quickly isolate transformers under abnormal conditions like faults, overloads, or overvoltages to prevent failures and simplify repairs.
This document discusses power quality issues, their causes and impacts. It outlines several power quality problems like voltage sags, harmonics, transients etc. and their major causes and consequences. It highlights the economic costs of power quality disturbances and issues. The document also presents several solutions to mitigate power quality problems at the transmission, distribution and end-use levels. These include use of distributed energy resources, energy storage systems, power conditioning equipment and making equipment less sensitive. It emphasizes that ensuring high quality power is important for modern society and selection of less sensitive equipment can play a key role in preventing power quality problems.
This document provides an overview of the EE2402 Protection & Switchgear course presented by C.Gokul. It includes the course syllabus, units covered, textbook references and introductory content on power system basics, components, faults, protection elements, relay terminology and essential qualities of protection systems. The key topics discussed are types of faults in power systems, importance of protective schemes, elements of a protection system including current transformers, voltage transformers, relays and circuit breakers. Neutral earthing methods with a focus on Peterson coil are also introduced.
This document discusses power quality and power quality disturbances. It defines power quality as the set of parameters defining the properties of power supply in normal operating conditions. Common power quality disturbances include steady-state variations like voltage fluctuations, harmonics, and high frequency noise as well as events like interruptions, sags, swells, and transients. Solutions to power quality problems include distributed generation, energy storage systems, codes and standards, interface devices, and making equipment less sensitive.
This document discusses various topics related to signal integrity in digital circuits, including:
- Types of terminators for cables like end, series, and middle terminators.
- Considerations for selecting terminator resistors like impedance matching and power handling.
- Sources of cross-talk and techniques to reduce it.
- Basics of power distribution systems including bypass capacitors and avoiding common path noise.
- Fundamentals of clock distribution like minimizing skew and adjusting delays to meet timing requirements.
This document discusses issues with contactors and relays in the field, including common customer complaints and causes of failures. It also covers the high costs associated with components and manufacturing processes. The desire for design changes to reduce costs while maintaining reliability is expressed. Standards and customer requirements that may limit design improvements are outlined. Finally, the document provides details on magnetic circuits, coil design considerations, and terms related to AC contactor coils.
This document provides an overview of the course EEE 6903: Advanced Protective Relays. It discusses the contents of the course, which includes reviewing different types of relays and their principles of operation, the effects of transients on relays, harmonic relaying, and applications of static and digital relays. It also provides background on power systems, the need for protective relays, common faults in power systems, and desirable qualities for protective relays such as selectivity, speed, sensitivity, reliability and economy. Key terms related to protective relaying are defined.
Current wind turbine component design and certification methods may underestimate the effects of low-cycle fatigue (LCF), contributing to premature structural failures. LCF refers to high-amplitude stresses that occur at low cycle counts and can induce crack growth faster than predicted. Guidelines do not fully account for transient loads from emergency stops or faults, which analysis shows can significantly reduce fatigue life. Future research is needed to better model LCF effects, manufacturing defects, and increase load spectra resolution to improve structural design and certification methods.
This document discusses common failures in contactors and relays seen in the field, including burned contacts, burned coils, open coils, and loose connections. It describes the causes and severity of these failures, and notes the high cost of replacing failed components in installed equipment. The document also outlines expensive materials and processes used in contactors, such as silver contacts and coil manufacturing. It proposes potential design changes to reduce costs while maintaining reliability.
Equipment and Stability Constraints : System OperationRidwanul Hoque
There are two types of constraints which limit the capability of a power system: If the overloading exceeds limits, the equipment is tripped out by protection systems. b) Stability Constraints: A power system may not be able to cater to power flows beyond a certain point due to stability constraints.
In a generating station the generator and transformer are the most expensive equipments and hence it is desirable to employ protective system to isolate the faulty equipment as quickly as possible to keep the healthy section in normal operation and to ensure uninterruptable power supply.
Failure analysis provides important benefits like finding the root cause of product failures to eliminate causes and improve equipment reliability. It examines failure modes, mechanisms, and root causes. While qualification testing can find some failures, it may miss fatigue failures requiring correctly designed programs. Field return analysis faces challenges like high costs and unreliable results from replaced parts. Lot acceptance testing of incoming parts can help verify supplier quality in a more efficient way than other options.
Pro sim nuclear offerings engineering design-siesmic-qualificationProSIM R & D Pvt. Ltd.
We @ ProSIM study in an integrated manner, the interactions between design, materials, manufacturing process and performance.
ProSIM is a total Engineering Solution Provider, providing collaborative engineering and R&D services in product and process design / development / re-engineering / analysis and optimization.
ProSIM has been providing engineering design, and R&D services to OEMs, Operators, EPC contractors, System Integrators and vendors of nuclear power sector. ProSIM has assisted in the design and seismic evaluation/ analysis of systems, structures and components (SSCs) of nuclear power plants (NPP). Driven by its competence and focus on quality and project management processes, ProSIM has delivered value to its customers. ProSIM has interacted with regulatory bodies and code committees related to nuclear design codes. Methodologies for seismic analysis of mechanical equipment (rotary and static), electrical engineering, instrumentation and control, and structures have been developed by ProSIM using ASME boiler and pressure vessel (B&PV), RCC, IEEE, ASCE and similar codes. Several hundreds of reports of seismic analysis/ evaluation submitted by ProSIM have been approved by the operators or regulatory bodies. ProSIM has taken up several detailed engineering projects. Worked on design optimisation of structures/ equipment, pipelines, supports etc. ProSIM has also supported seismic qualification of equipment/ systems by physical testing by coordinating with agencies.
In addition to the seismic analysis during engineering stage for structural integrity assessment, ProSIM has worked on seismic margin assessment, seismic re-evaluation, fitness for service (FFS), remaining life assessment and extension (RLA/RLE), and failure analysis.
Seismic evaluation of nuclear power plants - ICNPG - 2018 - Invited lecture b...ProSIM R & D Pvt. Ltd.
A lecture by Dr. Shamasundar at ICNPG 2018, Hyderabad about Seismic evaluation of nuclear power plants. Pepole from DAE entities and many multi national nuclear companies were present.
Siesmic Evaluation for Structural Integrity Assessment of Nuclear Power PlantsProSIM R & D Pvt. Ltd.
Lecture Delivered by Dr. Shamasundar at ICNPG, Hyderabad on Siesmic Evaluation for Structural Integrity Assessment of Systems, Structures and Components (SSCs) of Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs)
The document discusses structural integrity challenges in India's nuclear energy sector and proposed solutions. It covers (1) research and development facilities that promote structural integrity of nuclear plant components; (2) use of remote tooling for inspections and repairs; (3) benefits of indigenization in manufacturing critical materials; (4) how modular construction can enhance quality and integrity; and (5) challenges like ensuring economic viability of plants and timely resolution of issues during construction that impact delays. Potential engineering approaches are proposed to address challenges and ensure structural integrity of upcoming 700MWe pressurized heavy water reactors.
This document discusses fatigue analysis and fracture mechanics in engineering. It provides an overview of BiSS operations in testing services and collaborations in various industries. It then summarizes that fatigue analysis involves accounting for variable load amplitudes and stresses through methods like rainflow cycle counting. Fracture mechanics characterizes crack stresses using stress intensity factors determined from geometry and materials toughness testing. Finally, it emphasizes that structural integrity assurance requires considering long-term material behavior under service loads to ensure safe and economical operations over a structure's lifetime.
This document discusses fluid-induced vibration (FIV) in heat exchangers. It covers topics like vortex shedding, synchronization, critical velocity, fluid-elastic instability, and vibration damage patterns. The key points are:
- Vortex shedding from cylindrical structures can cause fluid excitation forces at the shedding frequency, and fluid-structure coupling forces if that frequency matches structural natural frequencies.
- There is a critical cross-flow velocity at which fluid-elastic instability occurs, causing rapid increases in vibration amplitude.
- Vibration damage in heat exchangers can include tube collisions, baffle damage, tube sheet effects, and acoustic resonance failures.
INTEGRITY REQUIREMENTS OF SHIELDING FLASK FOR TRANSPORTATION THROUGH PUBLIC D...ProSIM R & D Pvt. Ltd.
The document discusses the structural integrity requirements for shielding flasks used to transport radioactive materials between nuclear installations. Shielding flasks must maintain their integrity during transport to safely contain radioactive materials. International regulations establish package design requirements to withstand normal and accident conditions of transport to protect public health and safety. Package integrity is important to ensure radiation exposures are kept as low as reasonably achievable during all transport conditions.
Qualification under hypothetical accident conditions during transport-R PalProSIM R & D Pvt. Ltd.
The document discusses the design and testing of a pressure tube section transportation flask for KAPS-1 to qualify it under hypothetical accident conditions during transport. It describes the flask's design including shielding, size, and weight. It also summarizes the results of various drop tests, including end drops, corner drops, and horizontal drops, showing the flask passed qualification and experienced no failures.
The document discusses a workshop on structural integrity assessment of nuclear energy assets held by the Indian Structural Integrity Society. It summarizes various simulations performed to qualify nuclear equipment like diesel generator sets, valves, coolers, and support structures for loads and stress limits according to codes like ASME and IS1893. It also mentions the development of macros and customized tools in Abaqus for post-processing, qualification calculations, and evaluating components, welds, bolts, and supports as per nuclear codes.
The document discusses seismic qualification of pressure vessels and strainers according to ASME and PNAE codes. It provides an overview of typical workflows for seismic qualification, including creating CAD and FE models. Load cases like dead weight, pressure, thermal loads, operational basis earthquake and safe shutdown earthquake are considered. Allowable stress intensities and acceptable limits for different service levels are compared between the codes. A case study demonstrates seismic analysis of a tank for various load combinations and service levels. Results are shown to comply with allowable limits from both ASME and PNAE codes.
Business opportunities in PHWR and technical preparedness from vendors Philip...ProSIM R & D Pvt. Ltd.
The document outlines NPCIL's plans to build nuclear reactors in India in a "fleet mode" whereby 10 reactors of 700MWe each will be constructed simultaneously over the next 10-12 years, presenting challenges for standardized engineering, establishing a robust supply chain, and developing adequate human resources for the nuclear industry to support the rapid expansion.
The document discusses seismic analysis methods for nuclear assets according to Russian methodology. It describes analyzing structural response to seismic loads using time history and response spectrum methods. The Russian approach models systems as spatial structures and uses SRSS and CQC methods to combine modal responses. Pipelines are modeled as 3D rod systems and damping is assumed to be 2% of critical. The methodology is similar to American approaches but with some differences like a lower cut-off frequency for static analysis.
This document discusses various forms of corrosion that can impact nuclear reactors, including stress corrosion cracking, pitting corrosion, and flow accelerated corrosion. It focuses on the role of materials selection and water chemistry in mitigating these corrosion mechanisms. Specifically, it examines corrosion issues affecting reactor pressure vessels and piping made of carbon steel and stainless steel, and discusses how material properties, water chemistry parameters, and operating conditions can influence corrosion rates and cracking susceptibility in boiling water and pressurized water reactors.
Business Opportunity in LWR program and technical preparedness for Indian Ven...ProSIM R & D Pvt. Ltd.
The document discusses business opportunities and technical preparedness for Indian vendors in India's nuclear energy program. It provides an overview of India's Light Water Reactor (LWR) capacity, plans for additional LWR units, and efforts to increase localization through expanding the scope of design, manufacturing, and supply by Indian vendors for new projects. Specifically, the scope of supply by Indian vendors is increasing from Kudankulam units 1 and 2 to units 3-4 and is planned to increase further for units 5-6.
The document summarizes methods for seismic qualification of equipment through testing. Key points include:
- Equipment is tested on a shake table that simulates earthquake ground motions to show it can withstand forces and perform safety functions.
- Tests are conducted under operating loads while monitoring for structural integrity and functional performance.
- Acceptance is based on no failures, within performance limits, and the test response spectrum enveloping the required response spectrum.
Safety and Criticality of Nuclear Systems-Regulatory perspectives-Bhardwaj ProSIM R & D Pvt. Ltd.
The document discusses ionizing radiation and its uses and effects on human health. It provides background on the discovery of radioactivity and x-rays. It describes ionizing radiation as radiation that can ionize atoms and molecules and potentially damage DNA. It notes the fundamental safety objective for nuclear power is to protect workers, public and environment from harmful radiation effects. It also summarizes some of the known human carcinogens from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, including various types of radiation.
Overview of structural Integrity Requirements for SSCs of Nuclear Power plant...ProSIM R & D Pvt. Ltd.
The document summarizes a workshop organized by the Indian Structural Integrity Society on structural integrity assessment of nuclear energy assets. It discusses India's nuclear power program targets and plant types. It outlines the key safety functions in nuclear plants and the levels of defense-in-depth. Structural integrity requirements are formulated based on safety classification and seismic categorization. Major equipment are analyzed and qualified according to codes. Testing and qualification ensure structural integrity is maintained throughout the life of nuclear assets.
This document provides an overview of earthquake resistant design for nuclear power plants. It discusses generating design basis ground motions, safety classification and seismic categorization of systems, seismic qualification by analysis and testing, issues with hard rock and soil sites, and concludes that structures, systems and components must be qualified for two levels of earthquakes through analysis, testing or a combination.
Z-set software provides tools for advanced material modeling, damage analysis, and 3D crack propagation simulations. It was developed by a team of PhD engineers specialized in numerical modeling and simulation. The software includes the Z-mat material modeling library, Z-post data processing tools, and other modules to help engineers simulate material behavior, durability, and fracture mechanics.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
1. TRANSFORMER FAILURES AND
CASE STUDIES
By
Veerabrahmam Bathini
Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd.,
#5, 11th Cross, 2nd Stage, West of Chord Road,
Bangalore – 560086, Karnataka, India
2. OUTLINE
• Classification of Transformer Failures
• Major Failures in Transformers
• Design Aspects of Transformers
• Protection of Transformers against Problems
• Case Studies
• Conclusions
3. Classification of Transformer Failures
1. Failure Attributed by Users
Prolonged over loading
Single phase loading
Un-balanced loading
Faulty terminations
Power theft by hooking
Faulty earth connection to tank body as well as LV terminal
Failures due to external short-circuit
Less maintenance
Improper installation
4. Classification of Transformer Failures
2. Failure Causes at Manufacturer’s end
Faulty design
Poor quality of material
Bad workmanship
Improper transportation
Sharp edges of conductor
Incomplete drying
Bad insulation covering on conductor
Improper joints or connection
6. Classification of Transformer Failures
3. Failure During Working Condition
Deterioration of oil
Faults in magnetic circuit
Inadequate pre shrinkage of the winding
Inter turn faults
System Transients and Overvoltages,
7. Fig. 3. Failure due to Moisture
content in Oil
Fig. 4. Internal Faults
8. Fig. 5. Core Insulation Failure Fig. 6. Failure due to Paper Block
Shrinkage
9. Transients in Power Systems
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
Frequency f in Hz
FrequencyRange2FrequencyRange1
Very Fast Transients, SF6 Transients
Fast Transients, Lightning
Slow Front Transients, Switching
Temporary Overvoltages, ferroresonance
Steady State Overvoltages
Subsynchronous resonance
Transient Stability: Machine–rotor
Dynamics
Interarea Oscillations
Mid term & long term Stability:
Automatic Generation Control
ElectromagneticPhenomenaElectromechanicalPhenomena
11. Major Failures in Power Transformers
• Winding Failure
• Bushing Flashover
• Tap Changer Failure
• Core Failure
• Tank Failures
• Protection System Failure
• Cooling System Failure
12. Design Aspects of Power Transformers
• Accurate electromagnetic field calculations
—Minimization eddy and stray losses
—High rate of loss capitalization
• Withstanding against system Overvoltages
—Reliable high voltage insulation design
• Stray loss evaluation and Control
• Short Circuit Stresses and Strength
—Analysis of Dynamic Behavior
• Elimination of hotspots in
—Core , Winding and structural parts
• Robust Structural Design
—Seismic withstand, transport induced stresses
• Design of Cooling Systems
• Lower Noise Levels
13. Protection of Transformers against
problems
• Overfluxing Conditions
• Part winding resonance
• System generated Overvoltages
(FFO,VFTO, SFO)
• Ferroresonance
• Power System harmonics
• Geomagnetic Disturbances
• Static electrification phenomenon