Ferro-resonance due to interruption of magnetizing currents of a cable fed transformer
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
8 likes•3,743 views
Prof. S. Rengarajan presented a technical seminar on ferroresonance in transformers. Ferroresonance occurs when a no-load transformer is disconnected from the power source, causing overvoltages and overcurrents. It was analyzed using ATP-EMTP software, showing high voltage and triangular current waveforms. Ferroresonance can damage transformer insulation if voltages exceed ratings. Mitigation methods include connecting a load to the secondary winding or an RC suppressor to dissipate resonant energies when disconnecting no-load transformers.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Substation grounding
Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding
Substation Neutral Earthing
Substation Neutral Earthing Substation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral Earthing
Lightning Arrestar
This document discusses types of lightning arresters. It begins by explaining what lightning is and the mechanism of lightning discharge. There are two main types of lightning strokes: direct and indirect. Lightning arresters protect equipment by providing a low resistance path for surges to ground. The main types discussed are rod gap, horn gap, multigap, expulsion, and valve arresters. Valve arresters, which incorporate nonlinear resistors and spark gaps, are most effective and commonly used on high voltage systems above 66kV. The document concludes by mentioning IEC surge arrester testing standards.
Neutral grounding
1) Neutral grounding is the process of connecting the neutral point of a 3-phase system to earth to provide protection. There are several methods including solid grounding, resistance grounding, and reactance grounding.
2) Solid grounding directly connects the neutral to earth but can cause high fault currents. Resistance grounding limits fault current by connecting through a resistor.
3) Neutral grounding provides protection from earth faults by allowing fault currents to operate protective devices and isolate faults. It also improves safety, reliability, and reduces over voltages.
TDU Unit 03 Distribution Systems
The document discusses the key elements of distribution systems including feeders, distributors, service mains, and classifications based on current, construction, and connection schemes. It describes the functions of distribution substations and provides examples of radial, ring main, and interconnected systems. The document also covers voltage drop considerations for feeders and distributors, as well as objectives of distribution automation including improved reliability, power quality, and deferred capital expenses.
Power system protection devices
complete description of devices used in power system protection
such as circuit breakers, relays , ct, pt, dc supply system and other devices
Effect of grounding
This document discusses the importance of proper grounding and bonding for electrical systems. It defines key terms like grounding, bonding, and ground loops. The primary objectives of grounding are safety, fault protection, and creating a signal reference ground. Improper grounding can cause problems like earth loops, electromagnetic interference, loose connections, and reduced protection. The document outlines requirements for grounding in the National Electrical Code and describes components of effective grounding systems, including ground electrodes, conductors, and techniques like single-point and multipoint grounding. Signal reference grounds are important for sensitive equipment. Overall, the document emphasizes that proper grounding is fundamental to ensuring electrical system stability and preventing shock hazards.
Protection of transformer
This document summarizes various protection schemes for power transformers, including:
1. Differential protection compares currents entering and leaving the transformer to detect internal faults.
2. Buchholz relay detects incipient faults by sensing gases produced from insulation breakdown, and can indicate the fault type.
3. Restricted earth fault protection detects high-resistance winding-to-core faults not seen by differential relays.
4. Overcurrent protection trips for overloads or external faults not isolated by other schemes.
5. Overfluxing protection monitors the voltage-to-frequency ratio to prevent damage from sustained overvoltages.
Recommended
Substation grounding
Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding Substation grounding
Substation Neutral Earthing
Substation Neutral Earthing Substation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral EarthingSubstation Neutral Earthing
Lightning Arrestar
This document discusses types of lightning arresters. It begins by explaining what lightning is and the mechanism of lightning discharge. There are two main types of lightning strokes: direct and indirect. Lightning arresters protect equipment by providing a low resistance path for surges to ground. The main types discussed are rod gap, horn gap, multigap, expulsion, and valve arresters. Valve arresters, which incorporate nonlinear resistors and spark gaps, are most effective and commonly used on high voltage systems above 66kV. The document concludes by mentioning IEC surge arrester testing standards.
Neutral grounding
1) Neutral grounding is the process of connecting the neutral point of a 3-phase system to earth to provide protection. There are several methods including solid grounding, resistance grounding, and reactance grounding.
2) Solid grounding directly connects the neutral to earth but can cause high fault currents. Resistance grounding limits fault current by connecting through a resistor.
3) Neutral grounding provides protection from earth faults by allowing fault currents to operate protective devices and isolate faults. It also improves safety, reliability, and reduces over voltages.
TDU Unit 03 Distribution Systems
The document discusses the key elements of distribution systems including feeders, distributors, service mains, and classifications based on current, construction, and connection schemes. It describes the functions of distribution substations and provides examples of radial, ring main, and interconnected systems. The document also covers voltage drop considerations for feeders and distributors, as well as objectives of distribution automation including improved reliability, power quality, and deferred capital expenses.
Power system protection devices
complete description of devices used in power system protection
such as circuit breakers, relays , ct, pt, dc supply system and other devices
Effect of grounding
This document discusses the importance of proper grounding and bonding for electrical systems. It defines key terms like grounding, bonding, and ground loops. The primary objectives of grounding are safety, fault protection, and creating a signal reference ground. Improper grounding can cause problems like earth loops, electromagnetic interference, loose connections, and reduced protection. The document outlines requirements for grounding in the National Electrical Code and describes components of effective grounding systems, including ground electrodes, conductors, and techniques like single-point and multipoint grounding. Signal reference grounds are important for sensitive equipment. Overall, the document emphasizes that proper grounding is fundamental to ensuring electrical system stability and preventing shock hazards.
Protection of transformer
This document summarizes various protection schemes for power transformers, including:
1. Differential protection compares currents entering and leaving the transformer to detect internal faults.
2. Buchholz relay detects incipient faults by sensing gases produced from insulation breakdown, and can indicate the fault type.
3. Restricted earth fault protection detects high-resistance winding-to-core faults not seen by differential relays.
4. Overcurrent protection trips for overloads or external faults not isolated by other schemes.
5. Overfluxing protection monitors the voltage-to-frequency ratio to prevent damage from sustained overvoltages.
Transient overvoltages and currents: ferroresonance effects
The seventh and last in a series of application notes on transient overvoltages and transient currents in AC power systems and customer installations.
protection of transformer
Group 3 is presenting on transformer protection systems. The key systems used are Buchholz relays, earth fault relays, overcurrent relays, and differential protection systems. Often a combination is used depending on factors like transformer size, location in the network, and load. Buchholz relays contain gas and oil activated switches to detect faults. Earth fault relays use current transformer balancing to detect ground faults. Differential protection directly compares currents entering and leaving the transformer.
BUSBAR PROTECTION
Busbar protection uses differential protection to isolate faults on the busbar. It works by comparing the current entering and leaving the busbar using CTs - any difference indicates an internal fault. Proper CT ratios and a stabilizing resistance are needed to restrain operation for external faults. PS class CTs are preferred over other classes due to more consistent accuracy. While busbar protection is important, it is currently not implemented in line at MRSS due to some unspecified reason.
Representation of short & medium transmission lines
This document discusses the classification and modeling of overhead transmission lines. It notes that short transmission lines only consider resistance and inductance due to their lower voltages and distances. Medium and long transmission lines must account for capacitance effects. The document presents models for short lines using lumped resistance and inductance and models for medium lines using end condenser, nominal T, and nominal π methods which lump the distributed capacitance for simplified analysis. It also discusses voltage regulation and transmission efficiency calculations.
Three phase transformers
This document discusses various types of three-phase transformer connections including:
- Delta-delta, which produces no phase shift between input and output voltages.
- Delta-wye, which produces a 30 degree phase shift.
- Wye-delta, which also produces a 30 degree phase shift with primary and secondary connections reversed from delta-wye.
- Wye-wye requires special precautions like connecting the neutral or using a tertiary winding to prevent voltage distortion.
- Open-delta can transform voltage using only two transformers in an emergency situation but has lower capacity.
- Autotransformers are more economical than conventional transformers for moderate voltage changes between 0.5-2 times.
Transient overvoltages and currents: mitigation and protection techniques
The sixth in a series of application notes on transient overvoltages and transient currents in AC power systems and customer installations.
Faults on Power System
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system.
Power system protection seminar report
The document provides an overview of substation protection devices. It acknowledges the importance of safety in electrical power systems and discusses several key components used in substation protection schemes: current transformers, potential transformers, protection relays, circuit breakers, lightning arresters, and isolators. The summary describes how these devices work together to detect faults and isolate only the faulty section of the system, maintaining power to the healthy sections.
ARC PHENOMENON (Power Protection System).pptx
This document discusses arc phenomenon in circuit breakers. It describes that an arc occurs when contacts open during a short circuit, as the potential difference maintains ionized particles between contacts. There are two main methods to extinguish the arc: high resistance, by lengthening/cooling the arc to increase resistance; and low resistance, by recombining or sweeping away ionized particles to reduce conductivity. The key factors in arc extinction are potential difference, ionization level, and separation distance of contacts during opening.
PPT Fault Analysis
This power point presentation provides an overview of fault analysis and sequence networks in power systems. It defines different types of faults including open circuit faults, short circuit faults, symmetrical faults, and unsymmetrical faults. Symmetrical faults involve all three phases and remain balanced, while unsymmetrical faults involve one or two phases. Sequence networks, including positive, negative, and zero sequence networks are used for fault analysis. The presentation describes each type of fault and sequence network in detail.
BREAKDOWN MECHANISM OF LIQUID DIELECTRICS (ALL METHODS))|BREAKDOWN IN LIQUIDS...
https://youtu.be/voEpIfu3B_k
YOUTUBE LINK OF THIS VIDEO
#STRESSEDOILVOLUMETHEORY
#BREAKDOWNINLIQUIDSDIELECTRIC
#LIQUIDSDIELECTRICMATERIALS
#CONDUCTIONANDBREAKDOWNINLIQUIDSDIELECTRIC
#LIQUIDSDIELECTRICBREAKDOWN
#ELECTRONICBREAKDOWNMETHOD
#INTRODUCTIONTOHIGHVOLTAGEENGINEERING
#HIGHVOLTAGEENGINEERINGLECTURES
#HIGHVOLTAGEENGINEERINGNPTEL
#HIGHVOLTAGEENGINEERINGBASICS
#HIGHVOLTAGEENGINEERINGIMPORTANTQUESTION
#HIGHVOLTAGEENGINEERINGHINDI
#HIGHVOLTAGEENGINEERINGTAMIL
#HIGHVOLTAGEENGINEERINGUNACADEMY
#TOWNSENDSFIRSTIONIZATIONCOEFFICIENTINHINDI
#TOWNSENDSPRIMARYIONIZATIONCOEFFICIENTINHINDI
#TOWNSENDSSECONDRYONIZATIONCOEFFICIENTINHINDI
#TOWNSENDSCURRENTGROWTHEQUATIONDERIVATIONINHINDI
#TOWNSENDSTHEORYTINHINDI
#TOWNSENDSDISCHARGEINHINDI
#BREAKDOWNINGASES
#ELECTRICALBREAKDOWN
#DIELECTRICBREAKDOWN
#COLLISIONPROCESSINGAS
#ELASTICCOLLISION
#NONELESTICCOLLISIONINGAS
#GATE
#IES
#SSCJE
#RRB
#NTPC
#BHEL
#interviewelectricalengineering
#ELECTRICALENGINEERING
SUBSTATION OVERVIEW - A presentation on substation
This presentation includes a overview of substation
including all its important components and their working
Power Transformer Differential protection
This document discusses power transformer protection. It begins by explaining that transformers are static devices that transform electrical energy between circuits without changing frequency. Power transformers are vital but expensive components that are difficult to repair if damaged. Transformer protection is needed to prevent severe damage from faults and ensure continuous network operation. Common fault types and causes are then outlined, including insulation breakdown, overheating, contamination, and phase/turn faults. The document proceeds to describe the general scheme of differential protection and specific protection functions like bias differential, overfluxing, over/under voltage, and restricted earth fault protection. It provides an example calculation for setting a transformer differential relay and diagrams demonstrating differential relay operation. Finally, it reviews models from various manufacturers and presents a case study
Importance of reactive power in determining the cost of power system in futur...
This document discusses the importance of reactive power in power systems. Reactive power is necessary to control voltage and supports the voltage that must be maintained for system reliability. It is also needed to avoid circulation between the load and source. The cost of reactive power includes transmission losses and capacity requirements. Proper reactive power management can improve system efficiency and voltage stability while lowering costs.
Substation protection devices
This presentation discusses the key protection devices used in electrical substations. It introduces current transformers and potential transformers, which reduce current and voltage levels for protection relays. Relays detect faults by measuring currents and voltages. When a fault is detected, relays signal circuit breakers to isolate the faulty component. Other protection devices discussed include lightning arresters, isolators, and surge diverters. The objective of the substation protection system is to isolate only faulty parts of the network while keeping the rest operational.
transformer protection
This document discusses transformer protection. Transformers are critical and expensive components that require protection to limit damage from faults. Protection methods include Buchholz relays, which detect gases from arcing; pressure relays, which detect pressure waves from arcing; and thermal relays, which monitor hot spot temperatures. Protection aims to quickly isolate transformers under abnormal conditions like faults, overloads, or overvoltages to prevent failures and simplify repairs.
Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch that uses electromagnets to mechanically operate contacts and can control one circuit using a separate low-power signal. Relays were initially used in telegraph circuits to amplify and repeat signals. A basic electromagnetic relay consists of a coil, iron core, movable armature, and contacts. Relays are used where signal or power isolation is needed, such as controlling high power circuits with low power signals.
Alternator protection
The document discusses protection of alternators from various faults. It describes 7 types of faults that alternators require protection from: (1) failure of prime mover, (2) failure of field, (3) overcurrent, (4) overspeed, (5) overvoltage, (6) stator winding faults, and (7) unbalanced loading. It then provides details on differential protection and the Merz-Price circulating current scheme, which is commonly used to protect against stator winding faults. It also discusses limitations of this scheme and modified schemes for protection in other situations.
Protection & switchgear
This document provides information about power system protection for a course. It includes:
1. A syllabus covering introduction to protection schemes, operating principles of relays, apparatus protection, circuit interruption theory, and circuit breakers.
2. Details on apparatus protection including considerations for protecting generators, transformers, and transmission lines with zones of protection.
3. An overview of generator protection including faults that can occur and classifications of protective relays into categories based on their response time.
Earthing system
This document discusses earthing systems and the hazards of a broken neutral connection for a power transformer. It defines system earthing and equipment earthing, and explains that a broken neutral connection can cause overvoltage issues for the transformer and prevent protective relays from operating during a fault. The document also discusses the objectives and importance of proper earthing, including providing an alternative path for fault currents, ensuring safety from electric shocks, and maintaining system voltages. It provides examples of what can occur when a transformer's neutral connection to earth is broken.
Modeling and analysis of power transformers under ferroresonance phenomenon
The document discusses modeling a Fernandez surge arrester on a 132kV transmission line using ATP simulation software. It first provides background on lightning, surge arresters, and issues lightning can cause for power systems. It then discusses different surge arrester models including the Fernandez model, and describes modeling the transmission line, tower, and surge arrester in ATP. Simulation results show the output waveform of lightning surge on the line with and without a surge arrester, comparing the standard and Fernandez models. The Fernandez model better represented the surge arrester's dynamic performance during fast lightning events.
Effect of change in burden and power factor on CTs
This document discusses the effects of burden and power factor on the ratio and phase angle errors in current transformers. It explains that burden is the load imposed on the secondary winding, and errors depend on the impedance connected, known as burden. An increase in burden impedance causes ratio error to increase and phase angle to shift to more positive values. The errors also decrease with increasing primary current. The power factor and frequency of the secondary burden circuit can also impact ratio and phase angle.
More Related Content
What's hot
Transient overvoltages and currents: ferroresonance effects
The seventh and last in a series of application notes on transient overvoltages and transient currents in AC power systems and customer installations.
protection of transformer
Group 3 is presenting on transformer protection systems. The key systems used are Buchholz relays, earth fault relays, overcurrent relays, and differential protection systems. Often a combination is used depending on factors like transformer size, location in the network, and load. Buchholz relays contain gas and oil activated switches to detect faults. Earth fault relays use current transformer balancing to detect ground faults. Differential protection directly compares currents entering and leaving the transformer.
BUSBAR PROTECTION
Busbar protection uses differential protection to isolate faults on the busbar. It works by comparing the current entering and leaving the busbar using CTs - any difference indicates an internal fault. Proper CT ratios and a stabilizing resistance are needed to restrain operation for external faults. PS class CTs are preferred over other classes due to more consistent accuracy. While busbar protection is important, it is currently not implemented in line at MRSS due to some unspecified reason.
Representation of short & medium transmission lines
This document discusses the classification and modeling of overhead transmission lines. It notes that short transmission lines only consider resistance and inductance due to their lower voltages and distances. Medium and long transmission lines must account for capacitance effects. The document presents models for short lines using lumped resistance and inductance and models for medium lines using end condenser, nominal T, and nominal π methods which lump the distributed capacitance for simplified analysis. It also discusses voltage regulation and transmission efficiency calculations.
Three phase transformers
This document discusses various types of three-phase transformer connections including:
- Delta-delta, which produces no phase shift between input and output voltages.
- Delta-wye, which produces a 30 degree phase shift.
- Wye-delta, which also produces a 30 degree phase shift with primary and secondary connections reversed from delta-wye.
- Wye-wye requires special precautions like connecting the neutral or using a tertiary winding to prevent voltage distortion.
- Open-delta can transform voltage using only two transformers in an emergency situation but has lower capacity.
- Autotransformers are more economical than conventional transformers for moderate voltage changes between 0.5-2 times.
Transient overvoltages and currents: mitigation and protection techniques
The sixth in a series of application notes on transient overvoltages and transient currents in AC power systems and customer installations.
Faults on Power System
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system.
Power system protection seminar report
The document provides an overview of substation protection devices. It acknowledges the importance of safety in electrical power systems and discusses several key components used in substation protection schemes: current transformers, potential transformers, protection relays, circuit breakers, lightning arresters, and isolators. The summary describes how these devices work together to detect faults and isolate only the faulty section of the system, maintaining power to the healthy sections.
ARC PHENOMENON (Power Protection System).pptx
This document discusses arc phenomenon in circuit breakers. It describes that an arc occurs when contacts open during a short circuit, as the potential difference maintains ionized particles between contacts. There are two main methods to extinguish the arc: high resistance, by lengthening/cooling the arc to increase resistance; and low resistance, by recombining or sweeping away ionized particles to reduce conductivity. The key factors in arc extinction are potential difference, ionization level, and separation distance of contacts during opening.
PPT Fault Analysis
This power point presentation provides an overview of fault analysis and sequence networks in power systems. It defines different types of faults including open circuit faults, short circuit faults, symmetrical faults, and unsymmetrical faults. Symmetrical faults involve all three phases and remain balanced, while unsymmetrical faults involve one or two phases. Sequence networks, including positive, negative, and zero sequence networks are used for fault analysis. The presentation describes each type of fault and sequence network in detail.
BREAKDOWN MECHANISM OF LIQUID DIELECTRICS (ALL METHODS))|BREAKDOWN IN LIQUIDS...
https://youtu.be/voEpIfu3B_k
YOUTUBE LINK OF THIS VIDEO
#STRESSEDOILVOLUMETHEORY
#BREAKDOWNINLIQUIDSDIELECTRIC
#LIQUIDSDIELECTRICMATERIALS
#CONDUCTIONANDBREAKDOWNINLIQUIDSDIELECTRIC
#LIQUIDSDIELECTRICBREAKDOWN
#ELECTRONICBREAKDOWNMETHOD
#INTRODUCTIONTOHIGHVOLTAGEENGINEERING
#HIGHVOLTAGEENGINEERINGLECTURES
#HIGHVOLTAGEENGINEERINGNPTEL
#HIGHVOLTAGEENGINEERINGBASICS
#HIGHVOLTAGEENGINEERINGIMPORTANTQUESTION
#HIGHVOLTAGEENGINEERINGHINDI
#HIGHVOLTAGEENGINEERINGTAMIL
#HIGHVOLTAGEENGINEERINGUNACADEMY
#TOWNSENDSFIRSTIONIZATIONCOEFFICIENTINHINDI
#TOWNSENDSPRIMARYIONIZATIONCOEFFICIENTINHINDI
#TOWNSENDSSECONDRYONIZATIONCOEFFICIENTINHINDI
#TOWNSENDSCURRENTGROWTHEQUATIONDERIVATIONINHINDI
#TOWNSENDSTHEORYTINHINDI
#TOWNSENDSDISCHARGEINHINDI
#BREAKDOWNINGASES
#ELECTRICALBREAKDOWN
#DIELECTRICBREAKDOWN
#COLLISIONPROCESSINGAS
#ELASTICCOLLISION
#NONELESTICCOLLISIONINGAS
#GATE
#IES
#SSCJE
#RRB
#NTPC
#BHEL
#interviewelectricalengineering
#ELECTRICALENGINEERING
SUBSTATION OVERVIEW - A presentation on substation
This presentation includes a overview of substation
including all its important components and their working
Power Transformer Differential protection
This document discusses power transformer protection. It begins by explaining that transformers are static devices that transform electrical energy between circuits without changing frequency. Power transformers are vital but expensive components that are difficult to repair if damaged. Transformer protection is needed to prevent severe damage from faults and ensure continuous network operation. Common fault types and causes are then outlined, including insulation breakdown, overheating, contamination, and phase/turn faults. The document proceeds to describe the general scheme of differential protection and specific protection functions like bias differential, overfluxing, over/under voltage, and restricted earth fault protection. It provides an example calculation for setting a transformer differential relay and diagrams demonstrating differential relay operation. Finally, it reviews models from various manufacturers and presents a case study
Importance of reactive power in determining the cost of power system in futur...
This document discusses the importance of reactive power in power systems. Reactive power is necessary to control voltage and supports the voltage that must be maintained for system reliability. It is also needed to avoid circulation between the load and source. The cost of reactive power includes transmission losses and capacity requirements. Proper reactive power management can improve system efficiency and voltage stability while lowering costs.
Substation protection devices
This presentation discusses the key protection devices used in electrical substations. It introduces current transformers and potential transformers, which reduce current and voltage levels for protection relays. Relays detect faults by measuring currents and voltages. When a fault is detected, relays signal circuit breakers to isolate the faulty component. Other protection devices discussed include lightning arresters, isolators, and surge diverters. The objective of the substation protection system is to isolate only faulty parts of the network while keeping the rest operational.
transformer protection
This document discusses transformer protection. Transformers are critical and expensive components that require protection to limit damage from faults. Protection methods include Buchholz relays, which detect gases from arcing; pressure relays, which detect pressure waves from arcing; and thermal relays, which monitor hot spot temperatures. Protection aims to quickly isolate transformers under abnormal conditions like faults, overloads, or overvoltages to prevent failures and simplify repairs.
Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch that uses electromagnets to mechanically operate contacts and can control one circuit using a separate low-power signal. Relays were initially used in telegraph circuits to amplify and repeat signals. A basic electromagnetic relay consists of a coil, iron core, movable armature, and contacts. Relays are used where signal or power isolation is needed, such as controlling high power circuits with low power signals.
Alternator protection
The document discusses protection of alternators from various faults. It describes 7 types of faults that alternators require protection from: (1) failure of prime mover, (2) failure of field, (3) overcurrent, (4) overspeed, (5) overvoltage, (6) stator winding faults, and (7) unbalanced loading. It then provides details on differential protection and the Merz-Price circulating current scheme, which is commonly used to protect against stator winding faults. It also discusses limitations of this scheme and modified schemes for protection in other situations.
Protection & switchgear
This document provides information about power system protection for a course. It includes:
1. A syllabus covering introduction to protection schemes, operating principles of relays, apparatus protection, circuit interruption theory, and circuit breakers.
2. Details on apparatus protection including considerations for protecting generators, transformers, and transmission lines with zones of protection.
3. An overview of generator protection including faults that can occur and classifications of protective relays into categories based on their response time.
Earthing system
This document discusses earthing systems and the hazards of a broken neutral connection for a power transformer. It defines system earthing and equipment earthing, and explains that a broken neutral connection can cause overvoltage issues for the transformer and prevent protective relays from operating during a fault. The document also discusses the objectives and importance of proper earthing, including providing an alternative path for fault currents, ensuring safety from electric shocks, and maintaining system voltages. It provides examples of what can occur when a transformer's neutral connection to earth is broken.
What's hot (20)
Transient overvoltages and currents: ferroresonance effects
Transient overvoltages and currents: ferroresonance effects
Representation of short & medium transmission lines
Representation of short & medium transmission lines
Transient overvoltages and currents: mitigation and protection techniques
Transient overvoltages and currents: mitigation and protection techniques
BREAKDOWN MECHANISM OF LIQUID DIELECTRICS (ALL METHODS))|BREAKDOWN IN LIQUIDS...
BREAKDOWN MECHANISM OF LIQUID DIELECTRICS (ALL METHODS))|BREAKDOWN IN LIQUIDS...
SUBSTATION OVERVIEW - A presentation on substation
SUBSTATION OVERVIEW - A presentation on substation
Importance of reactive power in determining the cost of power system in futur...
Importance of reactive power in determining the cost of power system in futur...
Viewers also liked
Modeling and analysis of power transformers under ferroresonance phenomenon
The document discusses modeling a Fernandez surge arrester on a 132kV transmission line using ATP simulation software. It first provides background on lightning, surge arresters, and issues lightning can cause for power systems. It then discusses different surge arrester models including the Fernandez model, and describes modeling the transmission line, tower, and surge arrester in ATP. Simulation results show the output waveform of lightning surge on the line with and without a surge arrester, comparing the standard and Fernandez models. The Fernandez model better represented the surge arrester's dynamic performance during fast lightning events.
Effect of change in burden and power factor on CTs
This document discusses the effects of burden and power factor on the ratio and phase angle errors in current transformers. It explains that burden is the load imposed on the secondary winding, and errors depend on the impedance connected, known as burden. An increase in burden impedance causes ratio error to increase and phase angle to shift to more positive values. The errors also decrease with increasing primary current. The power factor and frequency of the secondary burden circuit can also impact ratio and phase angle.
What is current chopping
Some manufacturers claim to have zero current chopping level on their devices and in their
publications remain silent on what these levels are. Joslyn Clark has always published the
current chop level of our vacuum contactor and expressed it as a maximum current chop
as seen 10,000 operational tests. This current level is .9 of an amp and the transient
voltage generated can be calculated by the current chopping value IC times the surge
impedance Z0 of the circuit. Some manufacturers express current chop levels as low
percentages of full load current and as such are acceptable. For example, if you had a
600 amp device, the consider 4 to 5 amps being less than 1% of the devices rating as
being acceptable. This is definitely not true as we believe that current chop levels as high
as 4 to 5 amps are very dangerous to the insulation level of loads such as electric motors
and dry type transformers.
Current and Potential Transformers
This document outlines the terms and conditions for a home loan agreement between a lender and borrower. It details the loan amount, interest rate, repayment schedule, borrower responsibilities to pay property taxes and insurance, what constitutes a default, and the lender's rights if the borrower defaults including collecting fees and foreclosing on the property. The borrower agrees to these terms as a condition of receiving the loan from the lender to purchase their home.
Instrument transformer __cvt_transformer
Siemens produces capacitor voltage transformers (CVTs) that convert high transmission voltages to standardized low voltages for metering, protection, and control purposes. The CVTs consist of series connected capacitor elements housed in porcelain shells that step down the voltage, with an electromagnetic circuit in an aluminum base box that provides the final output voltages. CVTs accurately transform voltages while also coupling high frequency power line carrier signals and suppressing ferroresonance to provide reliable performance over long periods of time.
Instrument transformer CT & PT
Instrument transformers are high accuracy class electrical devices used to isolate or transform voltage or current levels.
Transformer Failures and Case Studies
Mr. Veerabrahmam from PRDC has spoken about the transformers failures and few of the case studies. Few failures and reasons for failures are also discussed.
Unit Commitment
The document proposes using semi-definite programming (SDP) to solve the security constrained unit commitment (SCUC) problem in power systems operations. SDP formulates the SCUC problem as an SDP problem that can minimize an objective function while handling constraints to provide a physically feasible and secure solution. The document describes the SCUC problem, limitations of conventional approaches, how SDP can solve SCUC while meeting operational constraints and security, and provides a case study example.
Hvdc circuit breaker
Introduction
HVDC transmission lines have become commercially successful in India and many other nations after 1980. High Voltage Direct Current Transmission is an alternative to 3 phase 50 Hz AC transmission. Particular applications of HVDC transmission lines are as follows:
Long 2 terminal Bipolar High Power HVDC systems – They have following advantages
• Economy in capital cost.
• Better power control.
• Lower transmission losses.
• Energy conservation.
• Higher stability limit.
Back to back HVDC Coupling Stations between two independently controlled AC networks
• Technically superior.
• Better stability of AC networks at both ends.
• Excellent interconnection.
• Large scale blackouts in interconnected ac networks are prevented.
Long High power submarine cable
• No continuous charging currents.
Multi terminal HVDC interconnection system between 3 or more independently controlled ac networks
• Accurate and fast control of power exchange between 3 or more ac networks.
• No total blackouts.
• Higher stability limits.
• Lower losses.
• Energy conversation.
Protection and switch gear requirements
The protection and switch gear requirements of HVDC systems is quite different from that of AC systems. In HVDC systems, protection and control functions are integrated with the thyristor converter control. There are no HVDC circuit breakers. For normal operation and control and for protection from abnormal currents and voltages etc. thyristor control is employed. In the event of single pole to ground faults which are beyond the capability of thyristor control; the AC circuit breakers of the faulty pole are tripped after reducing the power flow and fault is isolated. All the present HVDC systems are without HVDC circuit breaker in the DC poles. Circuit breakers are provided on AC side of converter transformers.
However, the HVDC Switching Devices in form of Metallic Return Transfer Breaker are necessary in the earth return path in present 2 terminal HVDC systems for interrupting earth return currents during change over from earth return to pole return.
Artificial current interruption principle
The artificial current zero principle must be employed in HVDC switching devices for interrupting of DC arcs. The artificial current zeroes are produced in the LC oscillatory circuit in the loop of circuit breaker while opening the contacts. The arc is extinguished by the circuit breaker. The HVDC circuit Breaker Pole has ZnO arresters in parallel with the main CB for absorbing switching overvoltages. Even though the development of HVDC Circuit breakers have been technically successful, they are not commercially used due to their high cost.
Schematic of DC Switching System and Waveform of Idc with Artificial Current zeroes.
As the main breaker opens at t1, the DC arc is initiated between the contacts. Idc flows through the arc in the MB. As the Triggered Vacuum Gap sparks over, the parall
Continuously variable transmission
1) A continuously variable transmission (CVT) can change through an infinite number of gear ratios between maximum and minimum values without fixed steps.
2) There are several types of CVTs including pulley-based, toroidal, magnetic, hydrostatic, and cone-based transmissions.
3) CVTs provide advantages like constant acceleration, better fuel efficiency than manual transmissions, and allowing the engine to run at optimal RPMs regardless of vehicle speed.
Economic load dispatch
This document presents an overview of economic load dispatch in power systems. It discusses the objectives of economic dispatch as generating required power at minimum cost. It describes different constraints like generator limits, transmission limits and voltage limits that need to be considered. It explains the operating costs of thermal plants using heat rate and fuel cost curves. It provides formulations for economic dispatch neglecting and including transmission losses. The document uses examples to illustrate the iterative method used to solve economic dispatch problems.
Power factor correction
This document discusses power factor correction. It defines power factor as the ratio of actual power to apparent power. Inductive loads cause low power factors by creating a phase difference between voltage and current. Low power factors increase losses and costs. Power factor can be corrected by installing capacitors to supply reactive power and improve the phase relationship. Proper power factor correction increases system capacity, reduces losses, saves costs through efficiency improvements and utility incentives, and improves voltage stability.
Power factor improvement
This document discusses power factor, causes of low power factor, disadvantages of low power factor, and methods for improving power factor. It begins by defining power factor as the ratio of active power to apparent power. Inductive loads like transformers and motors cause low power factors by introducing reactive power. Low power factor results in larger equipment sizes, greater losses, and reduced system capacity. Methods for improving power factor include installing capacitors to offset reactive power and replacing standard motors with high efficiency models. The document concludes with a case study where installing capacitors at a factory's main board improved the average power factor from 0.75 to 0.95.
Modeling of Ferro-resonance on the VT of GIS substation
This document discusses modeling ferroresonance on voltage transformers (VTs) in a 400kV gas insulated substation (GIS) in Iran. Ferroresonance can cause overheating, damage, and failure of VTs. The document analyzes the specific case of a GIS substation in Karoon 4 power plant. Simulation results using EMTP-RV software show ferroresonance occurring on VTs for different system configurations. A damping circuit consisting of a ferroresonance detecting and suppression device (FDSD) and damping reactor (ZD) is designed and shown to successfully eliminate ferroresonance oscillations when added to the model. The study aims to understand and mitigate the risks of ferroresonance in GIS sub
Power quality ppt
This document discusses power quality and defines it as the ability of a power system to supply voltage continuously within tolerances. It outlines various power quality events like sags, swells, interruptions, harmonics, and their causes and effects. It then describes various techniques to mitigate power quality issues, including dynamic voltage restorers, harmonic filters, static VAR compensators, and unified power quality conditioners. Maintaining high power quality improves system efficiency and equipment lifespan while eliminating problems like voltage fluctuations, harmonics, and reactive power issues.
Viewers also liked (15)
Modeling and analysis of power transformers under ferroresonance phenomenon
Modeling and analysis of power transformers under ferroresonance phenomenon
Effect of change in burden and power factor on CTs
Effect of change in burden and power factor on CTs
Modeling of Ferro-resonance on the VT of GIS substation
Modeling of Ferro-resonance on the VT of GIS substation
Similar to Ferro-resonance due to interruption of magnetizing currents of a cable fed transformer
Tansformer @dheeraj upadhyay
- A transformer is a static device that converts alternating current voltages to different voltages while keeping frequency the same through electromagnetic induction.
- It works on the principle of mutual induction between two coils - an alternating current in the primary coil induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil.
- Transformers are used extensively in power transmission to increase voltage for long distance transmission lines and then reduce voltage for safe distribution, as well as in electronics to step down voltages for low-voltage circuits.
Lecture 1.2.3.pptx
1. The document discusses a lecture on transformers, including their working principle, types, and construction.
2. It explains Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and how transformers work using mutual induction to transfer power between coils.
3. There are two main types of transformers - step-up transformers which increase voltage and step-down transformers which decrease voltage. Core and shell type transformers are also discussed in terms of their construction.
Transformer
A perfect PPT on Transformer including - Intro. , Defn , Construction , Working , Types , Etc. by Abhay M. Laxane
Power quality & demand side management
Disclaimer, this is only a collection of different sources and from personal knowledge/ experience, for research purposes only
CT and PT Instrument transformer | basic information with some most asked que...
This ppt contains all basic information about instrument transformer le CT and PT which is explained in baase manner. In this ppt, you will also get to learn about questions which are asked in the interview about CT and PT.
Full transformer
here all MAJOR TOPICS OF TRANSFORMER IS MAINTAIN & WHICH HELPFULL FOR REVISION AND LEANING AND TEACHING
Transformer
Transformer is a static electrical device that transforms electrical energy from one circuit to another through common magnetic fields without changing frequency. It works on Faraday's laws of induction, inducing voltage in a secondary coil through a changing magnetic field from a primary coil. The transformation ratio depends on the number of turns in each coil. Transformers are classified based on application (step-up, step-down, isolation), construction (core, shell type), number of phases, and service (distribution, power). Common applications include power transmission, distribution in buildings, and reducing voltage in devices like laptop chargers.
H06 elo g
This document provides instructions for a training course on applying power circuits and transformer theory. The training will involve using a LabVolt electrical training system to complete exercises that reinforce learning objectives around single-phase transformer operation and characteristics. Key points covered include transformer voltage and current ratios based on winding turns ratio, effects of loading and core saturation, and proper polarity when connecting transformer windings in series. Students will be evaluated on their understanding through examinations and must score at least 80% to pass.
Transformer
A single phase transformer works by electromagnetic induction to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another without a direct connection. It uses a primary coil and secondary coil wound around an iron core to induce a voltage in the secondary coil from the primary coil's magnetic field. Transformers can be used to step up or step down voltages depending on whether the secondary coil has more or fewer turns than the primary coil. They allow efficient transmission of power over long distances by increasing voltage to reduce current and transmission losses.
"high tension generator", "high tension","tension generator", "generator", ...
1. The document discusses the components of an x-ray generator, including a high tension generator and rectification system. It describes how alternating current is generated and then rectified to produce direct current needed to power the x-ray tube.
2. Key components are the step-up transformer, which increases voltage, the rectifier circuit, which converts AC to DC, and the step-down transformer to provide lower voltage for the filament.
3. The document explains different transformer types like autotransformer and the principles of electromagnetic induction that transformers use to change voltage levels in the x-ray circuit.
Electrical q
This document provides answers to various electrical engineering questions. It explains that ELCBs cannot work properly if the neutral input is not grounded because it needs the return current path to detect faults. It distinguishes between MCBs and MCCBs based on their current ratings and types of protection. It also describes why earth pins are thicker than other pins in plugs and why delta-star transformers are used for lighting loads.
substation internship report
The document provides an overview of the 33/11kV Phidim substation located in Phidim, Panchthar district, Nepal. It was established in 2058 BS by Nepal Electricity Authority. The substation steps down electricity from the national 33kV grid to 11kV to supply power to local areas. It is responsible for controlling energy exchange, load shedding, fault analysis and improving the transmission system. The substation layout, single line diagram, and organizational structure are presented. Key equipment used includes transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, lightning arrestors, and insulators.
Auto transformer 3507
This document presents information about autotransformers. It discusses that an autotransformer has a single winding that acts as both the primary and secondary winding. The document then covers the theory of operation, types (step-up and step-down), advantages like reduced copper usage and size, disadvantages like lack of input-output isolation, applications like voltage regulation, and limitations such as safety issues if the winding insulation fails. The presentation aims to provide an overview of autotransformers.
Auto transformer
Thank you very much for checking out my presentation.
If you are a student or a faculty of an engineering college and need to create a presentation, you can contact me. Check out my profile to know how.
This presentation explains in brief about the auto-transformers, their concept, math and applications.
Distribu pQ.pptx
This document discusses power quality issues related to distribution systems. It covers various power quality problems including voltage sags/interruptions, transients, flicker, and harmonic distortion. For each problem, it describes characteristics, potential causes, and impacts on equipment. It also outlines processes for evaluating power quality problems which include measurement/data collection, identifying the range of solutions, and evaluating solutions to determine the optimum for resolving issues. The document provides detailed explanations, diagrams and examples related to harmonics, transients, and their impacts on system components like transformers and AC motors.
Auto transformer
Description of Auto-Transformer working principle,Constructional features of Auto transformer,Advantages of Auto transformer,Inductional law in Auto transformer,copper saving advantage in Auto transformer,Types of Auto transformer,Conversion of two-winding transformet to Auto transformer,Disadvantages of Auto transformer,Applications of Auto transformer,Limitations of Auto transformer.
33/11 KV TRANSMISSION LINE
it is very usefull for giving presentation which based on your summer industrial training. It is basicaiiy important for Electrical Engg..
Autotransformer
The document discusses autotransformers, which are transformers with a single winding that acts on itself rather than having separate primary and secondary windings. Autotransformers can be used to step up or step down voltages and have advantages over two-winding transformers like reduced material costs. However, they pose safety risks if the common connection fails and do not provide electrical isolation between input and output. Autotransformers are commonly used to compensate for voltage drops on power lines or reduce motor voltages during starting.
orca_share_media1552831135411.pptx
This document discusses instrument transformers, which are special types of transformers used to measure voltage, current, power, and energy. It describes their two main uses: to insulate high voltage circuits from measuring circuits to protect instruments, and to allow measurement of high voltages and currents with low range meters. The document focuses on two types of instrument transformers: current transformers, which step down high current for measurement, and potential transformers, which step down high voltages. It covers their construction, operation, errors, and applications.
Similar to Ferro-resonance due to interruption of magnetizing currents of a cable fed transformer (20)
CT and PT Instrument transformer | basic information with some most asked que...
CT and PT Instrument transformer | basic information with some most asked que...
"high tension generator", "high tension","tension generator", "generator", ...
"high tension generator", "high tension","tension generator", "generator", ...
Recently uploaded
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneChapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdPhilippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Practical manual for National Examination Council, Nigeria.
Contains guides on answering questions on the specimens provided
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation results
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Recently uploaded (20)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
REASIGNACION 2024 UGEL CHUPACA 2024 UGEL CHUPACA.pdf
REASIGNACION 2024 UGEL CHUPACA 2024 UGEL CHUPACA.pdf
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Ferro-resonance due to interruption of magnetizing currents of a cable fed transformer
- 1. PROF. S. RENGARAJAN PESENTED BY K.RATHAN Aurora’s engineering college, Bhongir (TECH. SEMINAR GUIDE) 24 January 2014 1
- 2. CONTENTS ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION 1. TRANSFORMER • FERRO-RESONANCE IN TRANSFORMERS • ANALYSIS IN ATP-EMTP SOFTWARE • EFFECTS OF FERRO-RESONANCE • MITIGATING METHODS • CONCLUSION 24 January 2014 2
- 3. ABSTRACT Transformers are used in generating stations to step-up the voltage to an extra high voltage. Transformer is a static device which transforms the energy from one circuit to other circuit without change in frequency. Transformers are widely used in power system networks due to their advantages like high efficiency, low losses. But the problem is over voltages are generating due to disconnection of transformer under no load. Under no-load, transformer takes only magnetizing currents order of few amperes and their chopping factor can be very high. When disconnecting transformers or reactors, the current is low but highly inductive. Circuit breakers such as Air blast, SF6, Vacuum are high speed in operation and designed normally to interrupt very high short-circuit currents. If these circuit breakers are made to interrupt magnetizing currents of transformer, they force the current to be interrupted before its natural current zero and this phenomenon is known as current chopping. Because of this current chopping over voltages are generated in transformer and the magnitude of these over voltages depends on the capacitance and inductance values of transformer. This over voltages causes the severe problems to transformer insulation such as fast ageing of winding insulation, if generated voltages are above the BIL of transformer it leads to breakdown of winding insulation. By using a software ATP-EMTP package we can analyze this phenomenon easily. 24 January 2014 3
- 4. INTRODUCTION 1.TRANSFORMER It is a static electric device which transfers the energy from one electrical circuit to other electrical circuit through the medium of magnetic field and without change in frequency. Transformers are most widely used in power system networks because of their advantages 1. High efficiency 2. Low maintenance However transformer core tends to saturate at higher currents, there by exhibits non-linear flux-current characteristics. 24 January 2014 4
- 5. FERRO-RESONANCE IN TRANSFORMERS Ferro resonance is the disturbance that involves high levels of overvoltage and over currents generation. When a no-load cable connected transformer disconnected from the source, over voltages and currents are generated. Capacitor discharged through transformer primary winding, then the iron core is saturated. 24 January 2014 5
- 6. Conti… Due to iron core is saturation the change in flux with current decreases, due to this the inductance of the transformer decreases. The cable and transformer resonance causes a typical voltage and current oscillations called Ferro Resonance. So the voltage at the primary winding becomes as a rectangular wave due to dc component, and current is very high magnitude with triangular wave shape. 24 January 2014 6
- 7. ANALYSIS IN ATP-EMTP SOFTWARE Ferro-resonance in transformer Resonance in RLC circuit Above circuit is simulated in ATP-EMTP software , and the results voltage and current waveforms are shown below. 24 January 2014 7
- 8. Voltage at inductor 24 January 2014 8
- 9. Current at inductor 24 January 2014 9
- 10. Voltage at transformer Fig: voltage at node RD05 24 January 2014 10
- 11. Current at transformer Fig: current at node RD05 24 January 2014 11
- 12. Effects of Ferro-resonance high current flow in the primary winding of transformer causes heating and damage of insulation. hence a mitigation Ferro-resonance phenomena is warranted. 24 January 2014 12
- 13. MITIGATING METHODS Secondary winding of transformer should not be at no-load at the time of opening. RC-suppressor may be connected at secondary side of transformer. 24 January 2014 13
- 14. CONNECTING A LOAD AT SECONDARY SIDE Fig: voltage at primary side with load 24 January 2014 14
- 15. Conti… Fig: current at primary side with load 24 January 2014 15
- 16. CONCLUSION Ferro-resonant oscillations initiated by transient events such as switching operations. No-load transformer should not be disconnected from the source. If in case the transformer must be disconnected from the source, secondary side of transformer must be connected with some load or connect RC-suppressor. 24 January 2014 16
- 17. THANK YOU 24 January 2014 17