This document discusses transformer design and design parameters. It covers topics such as transformer ratings, core design, insulation coordination, voltages, impedance, forces, losses, temperature limits, and cooling. Standards from organizations like IEEE, ANSI, and NEMA are also referenced. Transformer design involves selecting appropriate ratings and parameters to meet requirements while considering factors like performance, reliability, insulation, cooling, and costs.
This document discusses power quality issues and potential solutions. It describes various power quality problems like voltage sags, swells, transients, and harmonic distortion. It then outlines several methods to address these problems, including using hybrid filters, transformer methods, coil clocks, power factor correction, and unified switched capacitor compensators. The benefits of improved power quality are also summarized.
This document discusses power quality and methods to enhance it. It defines power quality and common power quality problems such as voltage sags, swells, transients, and harmonic distortion. It then describes several methods to solve power quality problems, including using hybrid filters, transformer methods, coil clocks, power factor correction, and unified switched capacitor compensators. The benefits of improved power quality are also covered.
This document discusses power quality and methods to enhance it. It defines power quality and common power quality problems such as voltage sags, swells, transients, and harmonic distortion. It then describes several methods to solve power quality problems, including using hybrid filters, transformer methods, coil clocks, power factor correction, and unified switched capacitor compensators. The benefits of improved power quality are also covered.
This document discusses electrical fundamentals and covers several topics related to electric power systems and electricity basics. It introduces different types of power generation sources and describes the fundamentals of voltage, current, resistance and their relationships. The document also covers DC and AC voltage, generators, transformers, motors including their classifications and operating principles. Circuit breakers and motor starters are also discussed along with reduced voltage starting methods.
This document discusses power quality issues and solutions. It describes several common power quality problems including voltage sags, micro-interruptions, long interruptions, voltage spikes, voltage swells, and harmonic distortion. It then discusses various solutions such as improving the transmission and distribution grid, using distributed generation and energy storage systems, following codes and standards, and installing enhanced interface devices or making equipment less sensitive. The overall message is that both utilities and customers must work to ensure a high quality of electric power.
This document discusses power quality issues and solutions. It describes several common power quality problems including voltage sags, micro-interruptions, long interruptions, voltage spikes, voltage swells, and harmonic distortion. It then discusses various solutions such as improving the transmission and distribution grid, using distributed generation and energy storage systems, following codes and standards, and installing enhanced interface devices or making equipment less sensitive. The overall message is that both utilities and customers must work to ensure a high quality of electric power.
Sources of Power Dissipation
Dynamic Power Dissipation
Static Power Dissipation
Power Reduction Techniques
Algorithmic Power Minimization
Architectural Power Minimization
Logic and Circuit Level Power Minimization
Control Logic Power Minimization
System Level Power Management.
This document discusses transformer design and design parameters. It covers topics such as transformer ratings, core design, insulation coordination, voltages, impedance, forces, losses, temperature limits, and cooling. Standards from organizations like IEEE, ANSI, and NEMA are also referenced. Transformer design involves selecting appropriate ratings and parameters to meet requirements while considering factors like performance, reliability, insulation, cooling, and costs.
This document discusses power quality issues and potential solutions. It describes various power quality problems like voltage sags, swells, transients, and harmonic distortion. It then outlines several methods to address these problems, including using hybrid filters, transformer methods, coil clocks, power factor correction, and unified switched capacitor compensators. The benefits of improved power quality are also summarized.
This document discusses power quality and methods to enhance it. It defines power quality and common power quality problems such as voltage sags, swells, transients, and harmonic distortion. It then describes several methods to solve power quality problems, including using hybrid filters, transformer methods, coil clocks, power factor correction, and unified switched capacitor compensators. The benefits of improved power quality are also covered.
This document discusses power quality and methods to enhance it. It defines power quality and common power quality problems such as voltage sags, swells, transients, and harmonic distortion. It then describes several methods to solve power quality problems, including using hybrid filters, transformer methods, coil clocks, power factor correction, and unified switched capacitor compensators. The benefits of improved power quality are also covered.
This document discusses electrical fundamentals and covers several topics related to electric power systems and electricity basics. It introduces different types of power generation sources and describes the fundamentals of voltage, current, resistance and their relationships. The document also covers DC and AC voltage, generators, transformers, motors including their classifications and operating principles. Circuit breakers and motor starters are also discussed along with reduced voltage starting methods.
This document discusses power quality issues and solutions. It describes several common power quality problems including voltage sags, micro-interruptions, long interruptions, voltage spikes, voltage swells, and harmonic distortion. It then discusses various solutions such as improving the transmission and distribution grid, using distributed generation and energy storage systems, following codes and standards, and installing enhanced interface devices or making equipment less sensitive. The overall message is that both utilities and customers must work to ensure a high quality of electric power.
This document discusses power quality issues and solutions. It describes several common power quality problems including voltage sags, micro-interruptions, long interruptions, voltage spikes, voltage swells, and harmonic distortion. It then discusses various solutions such as improving the transmission and distribution grid, using distributed generation and energy storage systems, following codes and standards, and installing enhanced interface devices or making equipment less sensitive. The overall message is that both utilities and customers must work to ensure a high quality of electric power.
Sources of Power Dissipation
Dynamic Power Dissipation
Static Power Dissipation
Power Reduction Techniques
Algorithmic Power Minimization
Architectural Power Minimization
Logic and Circuit Level Power Minimization
Control Logic Power Minimization
System Level Power Management.
This document discusses the key considerations for designing large-scale solar PV systems. It covers selecting appropriate module, inverter and mounting technologies based on factors like efficiency, temperature coefficient, and warranty. Layout is important to minimize shading effects using optimal tilt angle, orientation and inter-row spacing. The electrical design section explains sizing PV arrays and strings, inverters, cables, switchgear, transformers and setting up the substation for metering and monitoring. The document emphasizes optimizing the overall system design to reduce losses and balance annual energy yield with economic returns.
The document discusses networked control and power management in AC/DC hybrid microgrids. Key points include:
1) Cooperative control is proposed where converters take decentralized control decisions based on local measurements but cooperate through communication to balance system variables and ensure stability even if communication links fail.
2) Stability analysis is performed using small-signal modeling and averaging of the converter. Routh-Hurwitz criterion is used to check stability of the complete system including input filter.
3) Sensitivity analysis is done to study the effect of parameter variations on stability using a Lyapunov function approach, showing the system remains locally asymptotically stable under certain conditions.
This document discusses power quality issues, their causes and impacts. It outlines several power quality problems like voltage sags, harmonics, transients etc. and their major causes and consequences. It highlights the economic costs of power quality disturbances and issues. The document also presents several solutions to mitigate power quality problems at the transmission, distribution and end-use levels. These include use of distributed energy resources, energy storage systems, power conditioning equipment and making equipment less sensitive. It emphasizes that ensuring high quality power is important for modern society and selection of less sensitive equipment can play a key role in preventing power quality problems.
Next105 Ases Power Point Presentation Internal FinalNextronex Inc
Nextronex has developed a new distributed solar inverter and wiring system that improves on traditional centralized designs. Their system uses low profile inverters placed throughout the solar array, connected by an integrated DC bus and zone boxes, to minimize voltage drops and copper use. This distributed architecture provides improved efficiency, fault tolerance, monitoring and maintenance capabilities compared to conventional large central inverters. Nextronex has also developed smart switching and control algorithms to optimize inverter-level efficiencies and response to changing conditions.
This document provides guidelines for the design and production of low voltage power factor correction cubicles. It discusses key considerations for component selection and installation, including applicable standards, effects of harmonics, capacitor and reactor selection, contactor requirements, protection devices, power factor controller functions, and testing procedures. The document aims to help panel builders design and produce power factor correction panels that comply with relevant standards and address specific application needs and constraints.
The document discusses low power design techniques in VLSI. It begins by explaining why low power has become important, especially with the rise of mobile devices. It then discusses the different sources of power consumption, including dynamic and static power. Several low power design techniques are covered, such as clock gating, multi-Vt libraries, multi-voltage design, and power gating. The document emphasizes analyzing power at the system level and using EDA tools to implement low power techniques throughout the design flow. Overall, it provides an overview of analyzing power consumption and the goals and methods of low power VLSI design.
This document discusses high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission technology. It begins with a brief history of HVDC and explains the advantages it has over alternating current (AC) transmission, such as the ability to transmit power over long distances and between asynchronous AC networks. It then describes the main components of HVDC systems including converters, transmission lines, cables, and control systems. The two main types of HVDC configurations are also summarized - back-to-back converters for interconnecting AC networks and monopolar systems with ground or metallic return paths for long-distance bulk power transmission.
Design of a generating substation with the description of designing a transformer. Here we show some basic components of a substation. and we also show the parameters and calculation to design a transformer of a specific ratings.
This document provides an introduction to basic electrical concepts. It discusses various electrical careers including electricians, residential electricians, industrial/commercial electricians, telecommunications technicians, outside linemen, and electronics technicians. It also describes common electrical components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, switches, fuses, and circuit breakers. Additionally, it covers electrical meters, units of measurement, engineering notation, and how to use a digital multimeter and volt-ohm-meter to measure electrical properties. The document provides examples and questions to check the reader's understanding of these foundational electrical concepts.
Power electronics deals with controlling and converting electric power through solid-state devices. It is used to improve efficiency in applications like motor drives, renewable energy systems, power transmission and distribution. Power electronics converters allow flexible control of AC motors for variable speed drives. Major applications include industrial motor drives, electric vehicles, renewable energy, and power supplies. Power electronics improves efficiency in energy conversion and transmission, enables control of electric power, and supports increasing use of renewable energy.
HVDC systems remain the best option for long-distance bulk power transmission and connecting asynchronous grids. They allow for more economical and environmentally friendly power transmission compared to HVAC systems in these conventional applications. However, advances in technology, deregulation of electricity markets, and environmental protection efforts are increasing the viability of HVDC systems for additional situations where high voltage AC transmission was previously preferred.
In today circumstance, rapid development of power system network cause the fault current of the system increased greatly .
The levels of fault current in many places have often exceeded the withstand capacity of existing power system equipment.
As implication to this matter ; security , stability and reliability of power system will be negatively affected .
Thus , limiting the fault current of the power system to a safe level can greatly reduce the risk of failure to the power system equipment due to high fault current flowing through the system. Because of that, there is no surprise to fault current limiter (FCL) become a most favourite research since this technology can limit the fault current .
This document provides an introduction to basic electrical concepts. It discusses various electrical careers including electricians, residential electricians, industrial/commercial electricians, telecommunications technicians, outside linemen, and electronics technicians. It also describes common electrical components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, switches, fuses, and circuit breakers. Additionally, it covers electrical meters, units of measurement, and engineering notation for representing large and small numbers. Check questions are included to test the reader's understanding.
This document provides an overview of power inverters. It defines an inverter as a device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). It describes the main components of a typical inverter system and how inverters are used in applications such as renewable energy, electric vehicles, and industrial machinery. The document also discusses factors that affect inverter design such as switching components, heat dissipation, and protection from voltage spikes or grid faults.
This document discusses power quality issues such as voltage sags, interruptions, spikes, swells, and harmonics. It explains the causes and consequences of each issue. Solutions discussed include improving the electric grid, using distributed energy resources like generators and energy storage, following standards, installing enhanced interface devices, and making equipment less sensitive. The key is preventing power quality problems through various measures to avoid losses.
POWER SYSTEMS – II chapter 1 transmission line modelling.pptxMaipaliJyoshnaDevi
- Power systems involve the generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power. Most transmission lines are high-voltage alternating current (AC).
- Electricity is transmitted at high voltages like 115kV or above to reduce energy losses over long distances.
- Transmission systems can be AC or DC. AC is more common and can generate power at high voltages easily using transformers, while DC is used for longer distances.
- Key components of transmission lines include conductors, insulators, and supports to carry the lines overhead or underground. The document discusses different types of conductors, insulators, and overhead line configurations.
Electrical & MEP Design - Study material.pdfsureshrajan38
The document provides information on mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems for buildings. It discusses the roles of mechanical, electrical, and public health engineering in building design and construction. It also outlines some common challenges in MEP coordination and design, including limited building space, construction schedules, and lack of skilled workers. Additionally, it provides cost breakdowns for typical MEP systems, lists various electrical components and their specifications, and discusses standards and best practices for electrical design, installation, and testing.
Distributed Generation By Roland DesouzaIEEEP Karachi
The document discusses distributed generation and the use of aluminum cables for power distribution. It notes that distributed generation is connected to utility distribution networks, privately owned, and based on renewable or waste fuels. The challenges of distributed generation include protection schemes, voltage control, and two-directional power flows. The document also outlines the cost savings of using aluminum cables for building and industrial power cabling compared to copper, noting connectivity issues need to be addressed but overall it is a cost-effective solution.
This document provides a summary of a project presentation on improving power quality in a distribution system using a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). The presentation was given by 5 students and covered the background, problem statement, objectives, methodology, and work schedule of the project. The document discusses various power quality issues like voltage sags, swells, harmonics, and transients. It describes how a DVR works to inject voltage and regulate the load voltage during disturbances. The methodology section explains the basic components and operating mode of a DVR. The work schedule outlines a 16 week plan for the project simulation, testing, and reporting.
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara Aliotta
In this slides I explain how I have used storytelling techniques to elevate websites and brands and create memorable user experiences. You can discover practical tips as I showcase the elements of good storytelling and its applied to some examples of diverse brands/projects..
Connect Conference 2022: Passive House - Economic and Environmental Solution...TE Studio
Passive House: The Economic and Environmental Solution for Sustainable Real Estate. Lecture by Tim Eian of TE Studio Passive House Design in November 2022 in Minneapolis.
- The Built Environment
- Let's imagine the perfect building
- The Passive House standard
- Why Passive House targets
- Clean Energy Plans?!
- How does Passive House compare and fit in?
- The business case for Passive House real estate
- Tools to quantify the value of Passive House
- What can I do?
- Resources
This document discusses the key considerations for designing large-scale solar PV systems. It covers selecting appropriate module, inverter and mounting technologies based on factors like efficiency, temperature coefficient, and warranty. Layout is important to minimize shading effects using optimal tilt angle, orientation and inter-row spacing. The electrical design section explains sizing PV arrays and strings, inverters, cables, switchgear, transformers and setting up the substation for metering and monitoring. The document emphasizes optimizing the overall system design to reduce losses and balance annual energy yield with economic returns.
The document discusses networked control and power management in AC/DC hybrid microgrids. Key points include:
1) Cooperative control is proposed where converters take decentralized control decisions based on local measurements but cooperate through communication to balance system variables and ensure stability even if communication links fail.
2) Stability analysis is performed using small-signal modeling and averaging of the converter. Routh-Hurwitz criterion is used to check stability of the complete system including input filter.
3) Sensitivity analysis is done to study the effect of parameter variations on stability using a Lyapunov function approach, showing the system remains locally asymptotically stable under certain conditions.
This document discusses power quality issues, their causes and impacts. It outlines several power quality problems like voltage sags, harmonics, transients etc. and their major causes and consequences. It highlights the economic costs of power quality disturbances and issues. The document also presents several solutions to mitigate power quality problems at the transmission, distribution and end-use levels. These include use of distributed energy resources, energy storage systems, power conditioning equipment and making equipment less sensitive. It emphasizes that ensuring high quality power is important for modern society and selection of less sensitive equipment can play a key role in preventing power quality problems.
Next105 Ases Power Point Presentation Internal FinalNextronex Inc
Nextronex has developed a new distributed solar inverter and wiring system that improves on traditional centralized designs. Their system uses low profile inverters placed throughout the solar array, connected by an integrated DC bus and zone boxes, to minimize voltage drops and copper use. This distributed architecture provides improved efficiency, fault tolerance, monitoring and maintenance capabilities compared to conventional large central inverters. Nextronex has also developed smart switching and control algorithms to optimize inverter-level efficiencies and response to changing conditions.
This document provides guidelines for the design and production of low voltage power factor correction cubicles. It discusses key considerations for component selection and installation, including applicable standards, effects of harmonics, capacitor and reactor selection, contactor requirements, protection devices, power factor controller functions, and testing procedures. The document aims to help panel builders design and produce power factor correction panels that comply with relevant standards and address specific application needs and constraints.
The document discusses low power design techniques in VLSI. It begins by explaining why low power has become important, especially with the rise of mobile devices. It then discusses the different sources of power consumption, including dynamic and static power. Several low power design techniques are covered, such as clock gating, multi-Vt libraries, multi-voltage design, and power gating. The document emphasizes analyzing power at the system level and using EDA tools to implement low power techniques throughout the design flow. Overall, it provides an overview of analyzing power consumption and the goals and methods of low power VLSI design.
This document discusses high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission technology. It begins with a brief history of HVDC and explains the advantages it has over alternating current (AC) transmission, such as the ability to transmit power over long distances and between asynchronous AC networks. It then describes the main components of HVDC systems including converters, transmission lines, cables, and control systems. The two main types of HVDC configurations are also summarized - back-to-back converters for interconnecting AC networks and monopolar systems with ground or metallic return paths for long-distance bulk power transmission.
Design of a generating substation with the description of designing a transformer. Here we show some basic components of a substation. and we also show the parameters and calculation to design a transformer of a specific ratings.
This document provides an introduction to basic electrical concepts. It discusses various electrical careers including electricians, residential electricians, industrial/commercial electricians, telecommunications technicians, outside linemen, and electronics technicians. It also describes common electrical components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, switches, fuses, and circuit breakers. Additionally, it covers electrical meters, units of measurement, engineering notation, and how to use a digital multimeter and volt-ohm-meter to measure electrical properties. The document provides examples and questions to check the reader's understanding of these foundational electrical concepts.
Power electronics deals with controlling and converting electric power through solid-state devices. It is used to improve efficiency in applications like motor drives, renewable energy systems, power transmission and distribution. Power electronics converters allow flexible control of AC motors for variable speed drives. Major applications include industrial motor drives, electric vehicles, renewable energy, and power supplies. Power electronics improves efficiency in energy conversion and transmission, enables control of electric power, and supports increasing use of renewable energy.
HVDC systems remain the best option for long-distance bulk power transmission and connecting asynchronous grids. They allow for more economical and environmentally friendly power transmission compared to HVAC systems in these conventional applications. However, advances in technology, deregulation of electricity markets, and environmental protection efforts are increasing the viability of HVDC systems for additional situations where high voltage AC transmission was previously preferred.
In today circumstance, rapid development of power system network cause the fault current of the system increased greatly .
The levels of fault current in many places have often exceeded the withstand capacity of existing power system equipment.
As implication to this matter ; security , stability and reliability of power system will be negatively affected .
Thus , limiting the fault current of the power system to a safe level can greatly reduce the risk of failure to the power system equipment due to high fault current flowing through the system. Because of that, there is no surprise to fault current limiter (FCL) become a most favourite research since this technology can limit the fault current .
This document provides an introduction to basic electrical concepts. It discusses various electrical careers including electricians, residential electricians, industrial/commercial electricians, telecommunications technicians, outside linemen, and electronics technicians. It also describes common electrical components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, switches, fuses, and circuit breakers. Additionally, it covers electrical meters, units of measurement, and engineering notation for representing large and small numbers. Check questions are included to test the reader's understanding.
This document provides an overview of power inverters. It defines an inverter as a device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). It describes the main components of a typical inverter system and how inverters are used in applications such as renewable energy, electric vehicles, and industrial machinery. The document also discusses factors that affect inverter design such as switching components, heat dissipation, and protection from voltage spikes or grid faults.
This document discusses power quality issues such as voltage sags, interruptions, spikes, swells, and harmonics. It explains the causes and consequences of each issue. Solutions discussed include improving the electric grid, using distributed energy resources like generators and energy storage, following standards, installing enhanced interface devices, and making equipment less sensitive. The key is preventing power quality problems through various measures to avoid losses.
POWER SYSTEMS – II chapter 1 transmission line modelling.pptxMaipaliJyoshnaDevi
- Power systems involve the generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power. Most transmission lines are high-voltage alternating current (AC).
- Electricity is transmitted at high voltages like 115kV or above to reduce energy losses over long distances.
- Transmission systems can be AC or DC. AC is more common and can generate power at high voltages easily using transformers, while DC is used for longer distances.
- Key components of transmission lines include conductors, insulators, and supports to carry the lines overhead or underground. The document discusses different types of conductors, insulators, and overhead line configurations.
Electrical & MEP Design - Study material.pdfsureshrajan38
The document provides information on mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems for buildings. It discusses the roles of mechanical, electrical, and public health engineering in building design and construction. It also outlines some common challenges in MEP coordination and design, including limited building space, construction schedules, and lack of skilled workers. Additionally, it provides cost breakdowns for typical MEP systems, lists various electrical components and their specifications, and discusses standards and best practices for electrical design, installation, and testing.
Distributed Generation By Roland DesouzaIEEEP Karachi
The document discusses distributed generation and the use of aluminum cables for power distribution. It notes that distributed generation is connected to utility distribution networks, privately owned, and based on renewable or waste fuels. The challenges of distributed generation include protection schemes, voltage control, and two-directional power flows. The document also outlines the cost savings of using aluminum cables for building and industrial power cabling compared to copper, noting connectivity issues need to be addressed but overall it is a cost-effective solution.
This document provides a summary of a project presentation on improving power quality in a distribution system using a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). The presentation was given by 5 students and covered the background, problem statement, objectives, methodology, and work schedule of the project. The document discusses various power quality issues like voltage sags, swells, harmonics, and transients. It describes how a DVR works to inject voltage and regulate the load voltage during disturbances. The methodology section explains the basic components and operating mode of a DVR. The work schedule outlines a 16 week plan for the project simulation, testing, and reporting.
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara Aliotta
In this slides I explain how I have used storytelling techniques to elevate websites and brands and create memorable user experiences. You can discover practical tips as I showcase the elements of good storytelling and its applied to some examples of diverse brands/projects..
Connect Conference 2022: Passive House - Economic and Environmental Solution...TE Studio
Passive House: The Economic and Environmental Solution for Sustainable Real Estate. Lecture by Tim Eian of TE Studio Passive House Design in November 2022 in Minneapolis.
- The Built Environment
- Let's imagine the perfect building
- The Passive House standard
- Why Passive House targets
- Clean Energy Plans?!
- How does Passive House compare and fit in?
- The business case for Passive House real estate
- Tools to quantify the value of Passive House
- What can I do?
- Resources
Technoblade The Legacy of a Minecraft Legend.Techno Merch
Technoblade, born Alex on June 1, 1999, was a legendary Minecraft YouTuber known for his sharp wit and exceptional PvP skills. Starting his channel in 2013, he gained nearly 11 million subscribers. His private battle with metastatic sarcoma ended in June 2022, but his enduring legacy continues to inspire millions.
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CAPCUT BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
CapCut is an easy-to-use video editing app perfect for beginners. To start, download and open CapCut on your phone. Tap "New Project" and select the videos or photos you want to edit. You can trim clips by dragging the edges, add text by tapping "Text," and include music by selecting "Audio." Enhance your video with filters and effects from the "Effects" menu. When you're happy with your video, tap the export button to save and share it. CapCut makes video editing simple and fun for everyone!
PDF SubmissionDigital Marketing Institute in NoidaPoojaSaini954651
https://www.safalta.com/online-digital-marketing/advance-digital-marketing-training-in-noidaTop Digital Marketing Institute in Noida: Boost Your Career Fast
[3:29 am, 30/05/2024] +91 83818 43552: Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida also provides advanced classes for individuals seeking to develop their expertise and skills in this field. These classes, led by industry experts with vast experience, focus on specific aspects of digital marketing such as advanced SEO strategies, sophisticated content creation techniques, and data-driven analytics.
Explore the essential graphic design tools and software that can elevate your creative projects. Discover industry favorites and innovative solutions for stunning design results.
Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
changes.
Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
ARENA - Young adults in the workplace (Knight Moves).pdfKnight Moves
Presentations of Bavo Raeymaekers (Project lead youth unemployment at the City of Antwerp), Suzan Martens (Service designer at Knight Moves) and Adriaan De Keersmaeker (Community manager at Talk to C)
during the 'Arena • Young adults in the workplace' conference hosted by Knight Moves.
Visual Style and Aesthetics: Basics of Visual Design
Visual Design for Enterprise Applications
Range of Visual Styles.
Mobile Interfaces:
Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Design
Approach to Mobile Design
Patterns
Revolutionizing the Digital Landscape: Web Development Companies in Indiaamrsoftec1
Discover unparalleled creativity and technical prowess with India's leading web development companies. From custom solutions to e-commerce platforms, harness the expertise of skilled developers at competitive prices. Transform your digital presence, enhance the user experience, and propel your business to new heights with innovative solutions tailored to your needs, all from the heart of India's tech industry.
Fonts play a crucial role in both User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design. They affect readability, accessibility, aesthetics, and overall user perception.
2. Topics to be covered
• What is a Transformer
• Transformer principle
• Basic design concepts
• Construction features
• Materials used and improvements
• Types of failures and diagnostics
• Challenges to Transformer Designers
• Reactors
3. IF YOU HAVE NO DOUBTS
YOU HAVE NOT
UNDERSTOOD ANYTHING.
- a Spanish proverb.
4. What is a Transformer
• A transformer is a static equipment
which transformers power from one
circuit to another by stepping up or down
the primary voltage without any change
in the frequency.
• The two circuits may or may not be
connected but are magnetically coupled.
5.
6. Features of Power Transformers
• Single Phase
• Three phase
– Star or Delta connected Primary
– Star or Delta connected Secondary
– With or without Tertiary winding
• Provided with Off-circuit tap switch or
On-load Tap Changer for voltage
regulation
11. Design Principles - Core
Higher the number of steps in cross section, better is space
utilization and smaller is the core diameter.
90 to 95 % utilization factor is optimal.
Core area (A) is determined by the Flux Density (B) which in
turn depends on many factors - like loss capitalization and
overall design economics.
As the no load losses attract very high capitalization,
attempts are continuously made to reduce them.
12. Design Principles - Core
• Improved manufacturing techniques like
core building with 2-lamination packets, step-
lap joints, v-notched laminations,
bolt-less cores are used.
• Hi-β core steels like M0H, ZDKH, etc are
available in which the specific core losses are
lower than normal grades.
• Amorphous steels drastically reduce no-load
losses, but are now being used only in
distribution transformers.
13.
14. Design Principles
Windings- L.V winding
L.V Windings in Transformers are either
Spiral wound for for low current ratings
Helical Wound with radial cooling ducts
for higher ratings.
The conductor used is paper insulated
rectangular copper (PICC)
For higher currents, transposed conductors are
used, to uniformly distribute the current across
the cross section of the wire of coil.
16. Design Principles
H.V Winding/1
HV winding is invariably uses PICC or CTC.
Type of winding used is
- Disc winding up to 132 kV
- Layer winding or
- Interleaved winding or
- Rib shielded winding
17. Cg
Cs
α = K √ Cg/Cs
Design Principles
Impulse Voltage Distribution
22. Design Principles
Tertiary Winding/1
In Star-Star Connected Transformers and Auto-
transformers, Tertiary Winding is used-
- to stabilize phase to phase voltages in case of
unbalanced load
- Suppressing third harmonic currents in earthed
neutral
- reducing zero sequence reactance
- for supplying auxiliary load or for connecting
capacitors.
23. Design Principles
Tertiary Winding/2
Tertiary is required to be designed for a
power rating equal to one-third the rated
power, it increases the cost of the
transformer by 10- 12 percent.
Tertiary winding is known to fail due to
transferred surges and Short circuits
Present practice is to do away with
tertiary up to 100 MVA for 3 phase 3
limbed core transformers.
24. Design Principles
Cooling
Most Common Cooling Methods Symbol
Natural Circulation of Air and Oil ONAN
Natural Oil Circulation and forced
Air Circulation ONAF
Forced Oil and Forced Air Circulation OFAF
Forced Air Circulation and Directed
Oil Flow through Windings ODAF
28. By canalizing oil in the radial ducts, effect of cooling further
improves. Velocity of oil in windings increases several times.
29. Design Basis - Capitalization
CBIP Capitalization Formula:
Capitalized Cost = Initial Cost (IC) + Capitalized
{ No-load Loss (N) + Load Loss (L) + Auxiliary
Losses (A) }
Capitalized Cost = IC + Cn.N + Cl.L + Ca.A
Factors affecting Cn; Cl and & Ca
Rate of Interest
Rate of Electrical Energy
Life of Transformer
30. Design Principles
The design of a transformer aims at achieving
lowest capitalized cost.
Low Iron Loss means higher magnetic
material cost but lower capitalized cost and
vice-versa
Low Load Loss means higher material cost
but lower capitalized cost and vice-versa.
Extensive use of digital computer programs is
needed for finalizing design.
31. Improvements in Materials
Transposed Conductors
Transposed conductors (CTC) are used to improve current distribution in the
cross section of the winding wire.
Individual cable can be coated with epoxy so that the cured and finished
conductor is mechanically stronger and withstand short circuit forces better.
32. Improvements in materials
Insulating Paper
Insulating Paper continues to be Cellulose
Kraft Paper (Temperature Class 135ºC)
Thermally upgraded paper ( Nomex , Aramid
155º) is used in hot spot regions
in transformers with space constraints, like
Traction Transformers.
33. Improvements in Materials
Insulating Oils
Paraffin T.O.B.S Based transformer oil is used in
almost all Transformers in India. Naphtha based
transformer oils are available.
Silicone Fluids are used in regions where fire
hazard is present- e.g., E.S.P Transformers.
Silicones are low viscosity fluids and require special
processing plant- besides new types of gaskets and
components.
37. Poor Quality of Processes
Design or
Production or
Maintenance
results in …
38. Types of failures
Infant failures: Early life failures are the result of
latent or delivered defects.
- Latent defects are abnormalities that cause failure,
depending on degree of abnormality and amount of
applied stress.
- Delivered defects are those that escape test /
inspection within the factory
- They are directly proportional to total defects in
the entire processes.
39. Types of failures
Mid life failures: These are results of –
- Freak system disturbances
- Wrong specifications
- Poor maintenance
40. Types of failures
Old age failures: These are results of –
- Ageing of insulation system
- Wear & tear
44. Electrical
* Over-voltages
* Part winding resonance
* Partial Discharge
* Arcing
* Magnetizing in-rush current
* Over-fluxing
MAIN FACTORS CAUSING STRESSES IN
THE WINDING
45. • Mechanical * Core Vibration
* Force due to Short Circuit or Faults
• Thermal * Winding Temperature
* Core loss
* Core Shorting
* Malfunctioning of Cooling System
* Hot Spot (Local overheat)
* Arcing
MAIN FACTORS CAUSING STRESS (continued)
46. • Hot Spot Temperature
• Tan Delta and Capacitance
• Insulation Resistance
• Moisture and Polarization Index
• Partial Discharge Detection
• Frequency Response Analysis
DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR
TRANSFORMERS
47. • Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA)
• Degree of Polymerization
• Furfural in Oil
• Particles/fibers in Oil
DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR
TRANSFORMERS …(continued)
48. Challenges in Transformer
Design & Manufacturing
• Structures design (tank etc.)
– To be designed for: Lifting & Jacking
Full or partial vacuum
Internal Pressure
Seismic Load
– Tests conducted: Leakage test
Vacuum test
Radiography (if specified)
DPT on load bearing items
49. • Short-circuit withstand capability
• Adequate radial supports
• Use of pre-compressed press-board to minimize
shrinkage in service
• Proper stabilization of coils
• Use of glued conductors
• Springs or hydraulic dampers if required
Challenges in Transformer
Design & Manufacturing
50. Challenges in Transformer
Design & Manufacturing
Stray losses :
• Stray losses due to linkage of high magnitude
of flux with magnetic materials
• Stray losses form a large part, more than 20%
of total load losses
• These may cause hot spots
51. Stray losses control :
Measures for stray loss control
– Use of laminated material
– By breaking the magnetic path
– By providing non-magnetic shield
– By providing parallel low reluctance
magnetic path
Challenges in Transformer
Design & Manufacturing
52. High Voltage stresses
– Design of Insulation system to ensure withstand
capability for
• Lightning Impulse and Switching Surges.
• Long duration high voltage system disturbances
• Internal Partial Discharges
Challenges in Transformer
Design & Manufacturing
53. This is done by -
• Choosing type of windings
• Calculation/plotting of impulse / switching
surges and long duration voltage stress
distribution
• Provision of adequate major and minor
insulation by using angle rings, moulded
components etc.
• Corona shielding where required
Challenges in Transformer
Design & Manufacturing
54. Reactors
• Series Reactors
– For limiting fault currents
• Smoothing Reactors
– For filtration of harmonics
• Shunt Reactors
– For capacitive VARs compensation.
55. Reactors
• Series Reactors:
Used for limiting fault currents
Connected in series with generators or feeders and
transmission lines.
Capability for short-time high currents
They should have linear magnetic characteristics under
fault conditions.
They are designed to withstand mechanical and thermal
effects of short circuits.
They have fully insulated windings since both ends
should be able to withstand the lightning impulse
voltages.
56. Reactors
• Smoothing Reactors:
For filtration of harmonics
Dry type or oil filled
• Shunt Reactors:
Used for capacitive VARs compensation.
Should have constant impedance upto 1.3
times rated voltage
57. Inductance of a Coil
• Inductance of a coil is calculated by the
formula –
Inductance = K x Mean dia of coil x
Square of number of turns.
• Factor K depends on the physical
dimensions of the coil –
– Coil height
– Radial height
58. Constructional features
• Oil immersed
• Dry type
• Coreless
• Gapped core
• With or without non-magnetic shields
• With or without magnetic shields
59. Reactor Construction
• Coreless Construction:
– In a coreless reactor, there is no magnetic
material inside the coil
• Gapped Construction:
– To achieve high impedance of reactor in a
core type construction, gaps having suitable
size are inserted in the magnetic circuit.
– Core can be conventional or involute disc
type or radially arranged moulded type.