The document discusses ionizing radiation and its uses and effects on human health. It provides background on the discovery of radioactivity and x-rays. It describes ionizing radiation as radiation that can ionize atoms and molecules and potentially damage DNA. It notes the fundamental safety objective for nuclear power is to protect workers, public and environment from harmful radiation effects. It also summarizes some of the known human carcinogens from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, including various types of radiation.
Visible Light Assisted Degradation of Eosin Yellow using Heteroatom Functiona...IJERA Editor
10 ppm EY dye were successfully photodegraded using visible light active 0.75wt% Ba & 0.25wt% Zr codoped
TiO2 nanomaterial that were synthesized by Sol-gel method as nanomaterials under irradiation for 20
minutes and characterized by various advanced instrumental techniques. The X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopic
showed that the prepared nanomaterial were in the anatase phase with 2θ at 25.3º. UV-visible Diffuse
Reflectance Spectra analysis explained that the dopants found in the TiO2, imparts a significance absorption
shift towards visible region and their exisistance were confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectral data.
Quantitatively the formation of hydroxyl radical by the nanomaterial in aqueous solution under visible
light irradiation was investigated by the photoluminiscent technique. Finally the effects of different parameters
in the photocatalytic degradation of EY were established in aqueous solution
Abstract— 2, 4-dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenol were successfully photodegraded using visible light active monoclinic BiVO4 as photocatalyst. 10ppm of dinitrophenol is photodegraded using 50mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. 10ppm trinitrophenol is photodegraded using 100mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. Ease of photodegradation of DNP and TNP varied in the order DNP > TNP for the same amount of photocatalyst. Photoluminescence studies confirmed the formation of •OH free radicals due to irradiation. Synergetic effect is noticed between BiVO4 and H2O2.
This document provides information about radiopharmaceuticals. It defines radiopharmaceuticals as medicinal formulations containing radioisotopes that emit radiation and are used for diagnosis or therapy. The document discusses the types of radioisotopes and radioactive decay, the history of radioactivity discoveries, units of radioactivity measurement, quality control of radiopharmaceuticals, uses of radioisotopes in diagnosis and therapy, and potential adverse effects.
Radiopharmaceuticals are medical formulations containing radioactive isotopes. They consist of a radionuclide paired with a pharmaceutical compound. Radiopharmaceuticals can be used for both diagnostic imaging and cancer treatment. The document discusses radioactive decay, ideal properties for diagnostic radiotracers, production methods, quality control testing, and applications of radiopharmaceuticals like PET and SPECT imaging. It also provides an overview of the journey of a radiopharmaceutical from production to use in the human body and detection via scanning equipment.
This document provides an overview of radioactivity including its discovery, sources, applications, and health effects. It discusses how radioactivity was discovered by Becquerel and the Curies. Sources include primordial radionuclides in the Earth, cosmogenic radionuclides from cosmic rays, and anthropogenic radionuclides from nuclear activities. Applications include uses in medicine, industry, electricity generation, space exploration and food preservation. Examples of nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and Fukushima are provided along with effects of radiation exposure.
A brief intoducation on Radiopharmaceutical including types of radiation, isotopes, manufacturing, Quality control , and equipments for measurement of radioactivity and Application of radiopharmaceuticals.
The document summarizes evaluations from the IARC Monograph Working Group volumes 100 and 101. Some key findings:
- Volume 100 assessed hormonal treatments, pharmaceuticals, biological agents, metals/dusts/fibres, and lifestyle factors. It found sufficient evidence that all forms of asbestos, including talc with asbestiform fibers, cause cancers like mesothelioma and lung cancer.
- Volume 101 specifically evaluated formaldehyde, occupational exposures as a painter, and maternal exposure to painting before/during pregnancy and childhood leukemia risk in offspring. It confirmed formaldehyde's carcinogenicity and found an increased risk of several cancers from painting occupations.
Visible Light Assisted Degradation of Eosin Yellow using Heteroatom Functiona...IJERA Editor
10 ppm EY dye were successfully photodegraded using visible light active 0.75wt% Ba & 0.25wt% Zr codoped
TiO2 nanomaterial that were synthesized by Sol-gel method as nanomaterials under irradiation for 20
minutes and characterized by various advanced instrumental techniques. The X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopic
showed that the prepared nanomaterial were in the anatase phase with 2θ at 25.3º. UV-visible Diffuse
Reflectance Spectra analysis explained that the dopants found in the TiO2, imparts a significance absorption
shift towards visible region and their exisistance were confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectral data.
Quantitatively the formation of hydroxyl radical by the nanomaterial in aqueous solution under visible
light irradiation was investigated by the photoluminiscent technique. Finally the effects of different parameters
in the photocatalytic degradation of EY were established in aqueous solution
Abstract— 2, 4-dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenol were successfully photodegraded using visible light active monoclinic BiVO4 as photocatalyst. 10ppm of dinitrophenol is photodegraded using 50mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. 10ppm trinitrophenol is photodegraded using 100mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. Ease of photodegradation of DNP and TNP varied in the order DNP > TNP for the same amount of photocatalyst. Photoluminescence studies confirmed the formation of •OH free radicals due to irradiation. Synergetic effect is noticed between BiVO4 and H2O2.
This document provides information about radiopharmaceuticals. It defines radiopharmaceuticals as medicinal formulations containing radioisotopes that emit radiation and are used for diagnosis or therapy. The document discusses the types of radioisotopes and radioactive decay, the history of radioactivity discoveries, units of radioactivity measurement, quality control of radiopharmaceuticals, uses of radioisotopes in diagnosis and therapy, and potential adverse effects.
Radiopharmaceuticals are medical formulations containing radioactive isotopes. They consist of a radionuclide paired with a pharmaceutical compound. Radiopharmaceuticals can be used for both diagnostic imaging and cancer treatment. The document discusses radioactive decay, ideal properties for diagnostic radiotracers, production methods, quality control testing, and applications of radiopharmaceuticals like PET and SPECT imaging. It also provides an overview of the journey of a radiopharmaceutical from production to use in the human body and detection via scanning equipment.
This document provides an overview of radioactivity including its discovery, sources, applications, and health effects. It discusses how radioactivity was discovered by Becquerel and the Curies. Sources include primordial radionuclides in the Earth, cosmogenic radionuclides from cosmic rays, and anthropogenic radionuclides from nuclear activities. Applications include uses in medicine, industry, electricity generation, space exploration and food preservation. Examples of nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and Fukushima are provided along with effects of radiation exposure.
A brief intoducation on Radiopharmaceutical including types of radiation, isotopes, manufacturing, Quality control , and equipments for measurement of radioactivity and Application of radiopharmaceuticals.
The document summarizes evaluations from the IARC Monograph Working Group volumes 100 and 101. Some key findings:
- Volume 100 assessed hormonal treatments, pharmaceuticals, biological agents, metals/dusts/fibres, and lifestyle factors. It found sufficient evidence that all forms of asbestos, including talc with asbestiform fibers, cause cancers like mesothelioma and lung cancer.
- Volume 101 specifically evaluated formaldehyde, occupational exposures as a painter, and maternal exposure to painting before/during pregnancy and childhood leukemia risk in offspring. It confirmed formaldehyde's carcinogenicity and found an increased risk of several cancers from painting occupations.
Radiopharmaceuticals are a combination of a radioactive molecule (radionuclide) and a biologically active molecule that determines localization in the body. Technetium-99m is commonly used due to its ideal gamma emissions and half-life. It is produced via elution from a molybdenum-99/technetium-99m generator, where molybdenum-99 decays to produce technetium-99m over time. Quality control is required with each generator elution to test for contaminants like molybdenum-99 and ensure the eluted technetium-99m meets regulatory standards for patient safety and diagnostic accuracy.
The document discusses various topics related to radioactivity including its sources, types of radiation emitted, units of radioactivity, applications in medicine, and examples of nuclear disasters. It provides background on radioactivity and its discovery. Key points include that radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation from unstable atomic nuclei, the three main types of radiation are alpha, beta, and gamma, and applications of radioactivity include uses in medicine such as medical imaging and carbon dating. Nuclear disasters discussed include Chernobyl and Fukushima.
This document discusses radioactivity and its applications. It begins with an introduction to radioactivity, sources of radionuclides, and background radiation. It then discusses several applications of radioactivity including medical uses in diagnosis and treatment, food preservation, crop improvement, and space exploration. The document also summarizes several nuclear disasters and accidents involving radioactivity. It concludes with information on radiation dose limits and additional references.
Treatment of industrial waste water biological remediation of cyanidesArvind Kumar
This document discusses the treatment of industrial waste water containing cyanides through biological remediation. It provides background information on cyanides, their classification, toxicity, sources in industrial waste streams, and standards for cyanide levels in water. It then summarizes two treatment methods studied - adsorption of cyanides onto activated carbon and their biodegradation by microorganisms. The pathways and various microbes capable of biodegrading cyanides through specific enzymatic reactions are also outlined.
The document discusses different types of nuclear waste, including from various parts of the nuclear fuel cycle, medical and industrial uses of nuclear materials, and naturally occurring radioactive materials. It then discusses some of the health and environmental risks posed by nuclear waste, providing examples of radioactive materials entering the body and causing cancer. The document concludes by describing a radiation incident in Delhi, India where cobalt-60 from an orphan source was dismantled in a scrap yard, exposing workers to radiation and causing injuries.
Radioactive contamination occurs when radioactive material is deposited on or in an object or a person. Radioactive materials released into the environment can cause air, water, surfaces, soil, plants, buildings, people, or animals to become contaminated.
Radioactive pollution occurs when radioactive materials are released into the environment unintentionally through activities like nuclear weapons production, mining radioactive ores, coal ash, medical waste disposal, and accidents at nuclear power plants. Exposure to radiation from these sources can cause DNA damage leading to cancers or other health issues depending on the level and duration of exposure. Prevention methods include proper disposal of nuclear waste, minimizing production of radioactive materials, and treating contaminated sites using bacteria found in distillery wastewater sludge that convert uranium into a less soluble and more removable form.
This document discusses different types of radiation and their sources. It describes two main types - non-ionizing radiation which does not have enough energy to ionize atoms, and ionizing radiation which does. Ionizing radiation includes alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays and neutron radiation. Sources of ionizing radiation include natural background radiation from cosmic rays, radioactive elements in the earth's crust, and radon gas; as well as artificial sources like nuclear weapons testing, medical equipment, industrial uses, and the nuclear fuel cycle.
Radioactive waste comes from several sources including nuclear power industries, mining, medicine, and scientific research. It is classified as low-level, intermediate-level, or high-level waste depending on its radiation level. Low-level waste is suitable for shallow land burial while intermediate waste requires shielding and may be solidified in concrete. High-level waste arises from spent nuclear fuel and requires disposal deep underground or in secure above-ground storage until a permanent disposal solution is available. Proper management and disposal of radioactive waste is important to prevent harmful exposure and dispersion into the environment.
Radioactive pollution refers to the release of ionizing radiation into the environment from unstable atomic nuclei that decompose. Key sources of radioactive pollution include nuclear accidents from power plants, usage of radioisotopes, atomic bombs, mining, and experimental studies. Radioactive pollution can affect humans by increasing risks of diseases like leukemia and genetic damage, and can inhibit plant growth, development, and seed germination. Preventive measures include not exploding nuclear devices in air, carefully disposing of contaminated wastes, minimizing radioisotope production, and using shielding and protective equipment when working with radioactive materials.
Radioisotopes are unstable atoms that decay radioactively. They have applications in dating artifacts to determine their age, tracking metabolic processes using radiotracers, and diagnosing and treating diseases in nuclear medicine. Radioisotopes like carbon-14 and potassium-40 are used in radioactive dating to measure the age of materials up to billions of years old. Medical isotopes like technetium-99m, iodine-131, and fluorine-18 are used in diagnostic imaging and to treat conditions like thyroid cancer. Other uses include food preservation and sterilization using cobalt-60, smoke detector ionization with americium-241, and industrial radiography for quality control.
Physics Of A Magritek Nmr SpectrometerLaura Martin
The document discusses techniques used to identify an unknown compound, including NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. NMR spectroscopy involves dissolving a sample in a deuterated solvent and obtaining a spectrum that shows proton or carbon chemical shifts. IR spectroscopy subjects molecules to infrared light which produces a spectrum indicating functional groups based on frequencies and transmittance. Mass spectrometry breaks molecules into ions and provides molecular mass information. These spectroscopy techniques are useful in pharmaceutical development for determining chemical and physical properties and identifying active ingredients.
Occupational and environmental causes of lung cancerBikash Singh
This document discusses occupational and environmental causes of lung cancer. It states that smoking causes 80% of lung cancers worldwide, while 2-8% are caused by occupational exposures. Several specific occupational exposures are classified as known (Group 1) human lung carcinogens by IARC, including arsenic, asbestos, beryllium, cadmium, chloromethyl ethers, chromium, coal-related products, mustard gas, nickel, radon, and vinyl chloride. The document provides details on the lung cancer risks and evidence for each of these exposures. It also discusses some Group 2 lung carcinogens and notes several occupations and industries associated with increased lung cancer risks.
The lanthanide series of chemical elements consist of the fifteen metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum through lutetium. These fifteen lanthanide elements, along with the chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are often collectively known as the rare earth elements.
Radioactive pollution refers to the release of ionizing radiation into the environment from unstable atomic nuclei that decompose and release particles or rays. Key sources of radioactive pollution include nuclear accidents, mining, atomic bombs, and certain industrial and scientific uses of radioisotopes. Radioactive materials can accumulate up the food chain and negatively impact humans, plants, and animals by causing diseases, genetic damage, inhibited growth, and reduced yields. Preventive measures include limiting nuclear explosions and emissions, careful disposal of wastes, and shielding during work with radioisotopes.
Radiopharmaceuticals are compounds or substances containing radioactive materials that are used for medical purposes. They can be used for radiotherapy to treat cancer by emitting radiation directly at tumor sites. They can also be used diagnostically as radioactive tracers to track physiological processes in the body. Some common radiopharmaceuticals include radioactive gold and iodine isotopes to treat and diagnose thyroid conditions, and radioactive cobalt to diagnose pernicious anemia. Radiopharmaceuticals must be carefully handled and stored due to their radioactive emissions.
Radiopharmaceuticals are sterile pharmaceutical drugs containing radionuclides used for diagnostic, therapeutic, or sterilization purposes. They are produced using nuclear reactors, particle accelerators like cyclotrons, or generators. Nuclear reactors produce radionuclides via fission or neutron activation, while cyclotrons use charged particles to induce nuclear reactions. Generators contain a long-lived parent nuclide that decays to a short-lived daughter nuclide, allowing weekly extraction of the daughter. Radiopharmaceuticals must have characteristics like specific activity and stability suited to their diagnostic or therapeutic application, while minimizing radiation exposure according to ALARA principles.
Han 476 basic radiation safety training awarenessloum31945
This document provides an overview of radiation safety. It discusses the history of radiation and natural and man-made background sources. It also covers fundamentals, exposure limits and regulations, detection of radiation, safe practices, and biological effects. Specific topics include types of radiation, radioactive sources, allowable exposure limits, ensuring compliance, detection methods, and a summary of biological effects. The goal is to educate about radiation safety practices and regulations.
Pro sim nuclear offerings engineering design-siesmic-qualificationProSIM R & D Pvt. Ltd.
We @ ProSIM study in an integrated manner, the interactions between design, materials, manufacturing process and performance.
ProSIM is a total Engineering Solution Provider, providing collaborative engineering and R&D services in product and process design / development / re-engineering / analysis and optimization.
ProSIM has been providing engineering design, and R&D services to OEMs, Operators, EPC contractors, System Integrators and vendors of nuclear power sector. ProSIM has assisted in the design and seismic evaluation/ analysis of systems, structures and components (SSCs) of nuclear power plants (NPP). Driven by its competence and focus on quality and project management processes, ProSIM has delivered value to its customers. ProSIM has interacted with regulatory bodies and code committees related to nuclear design codes. Methodologies for seismic analysis of mechanical equipment (rotary and static), electrical engineering, instrumentation and control, and structures have been developed by ProSIM using ASME boiler and pressure vessel (B&PV), RCC, IEEE, ASCE and similar codes. Several hundreds of reports of seismic analysis/ evaluation submitted by ProSIM have been approved by the operators or regulatory bodies. ProSIM has taken up several detailed engineering projects. Worked on design optimisation of structures/ equipment, pipelines, supports etc. ProSIM has also supported seismic qualification of equipment/ systems by physical testing by coordinating with agencies.
In addition to the seismic analysis during engineering stage for structural integrity assessment, ProSIM has worked on seismic margin assessment, seismic re-evaluation, fitness for service (FFS), remaining life assessment and extension (RLA/RLE), and failure analysis.
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This document discusses different types of radiation and their sources. It describes two main types - non-ionizing radiation which does not have enough energy to ionize atoms, and ionizing radiation which does. Ionizing radiation includes alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays and neutron radiation. Sources of ionizing radiation include natural background radiation from cosmic rays, radioactive elements in the earth's crust, and radon gas; as well as artificial sources like nuclear weapons testing, medical equipment, industrial uses, and the nuclear fuel cycle.
Radioactive waste comes from several sources including nuclear power industries, mining, medicine, and scientific research. It is classified as low-level, intermediate-level, or high-level waste depending on its radiation level. Low-level waste is suitable for shallow land burial while intermediate waste requires shielding and may be solidified in concrete. High-level waste arises from spent nuclear fuel and requires disposal deep underground or in secure above-ground storage until a permanent disposal solution is available. Proper management and disposal of radioactive waste is important to prevent harmful exposure and dispersion into the environment.
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Pro sim nuclear offerings engineering design-siesmic-qualificationProSIM R & D Pvt. Ltd.
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Safety and Criticality of Nuclear Systems-Regulatory perspectives-Bhardwaj
1. INDIAN STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY SOCIETY
Workshop on Structural Integrity
Assessment of Nuclear Energy Assets
9th – 10th May 2018
AERB Auditorium, Niyamak Bhavan-B, Mumbai
3. FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY OBJECTIVE
All stages in the lifetime of a nuclear power plant, including
planning, siting, design, manufacture, construction, commissioning
and operation, as well as decommissioning Protection of workers,
public and the environment from harmful effects of ionising
radiation .
4. Discovery of Radioactivity
• In late 1895, a German physicist, W. C.
Roentgen while working with a cathode ray
tube found that the rays generated would pass
through most substances casting shadows of
solid objects on pieces of film. He named the
new ray X-ray, because in mathematics "X" is
used to indicated the unknown quantity.
• One of Roentgen’s first experiments late in
1895 was a film of his wife Bertha's hand with
a ring on her finger
5. Discovery of Radioactivity
• In 1896, Henri Becquerel, France, accidentally
discovered the radioactivity, when he noticed
that uranium emitted invisible rays that were
able to pass through protective black paper and
left an impression on photographic plates.
• In 1898, Dr. Pierre and Marie Curie, France
discovered that uranium ore contained two
other elements, radium and polonium, which
were much more radioactive than uranium.
• All three were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize
in 1903.
8. Ionising Radiation
• Radiation is said to be “ionizing” when it has enough
energy to eject one or more electrons from the atoms or
molecules in the irradiated medium.
• Produces ion pair.
• The ions will upset chemical bond.
• Can result in cell damage by affecting the DNA.
9. 200 Mev
The fission of an atom of uranium produces million times the
energy produced by the combustion of an atom of carbon
from coal.
FISSION
10. Ionizing Radiation
Radiation emitted from radiation sources
(i.e. radioactive material and radiation generating
machines such as X-ray) can cause ionization.
Ionizing radiation
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
X-Rays
Neutron particles
13. WHAT IS FERTILE MATERIAL
Fertile U-238 + Neutron Pu-239 Fissile
Fertile Th-232 + Neutron U-233 Fissile
Since fuel contains both, fissile and fertile materials, additional fissile
material is invariably produced in a reactor along with power generation.
15. Leftovers of Fission reaction
in Natural U
-Fission products (Radioactive)
-Unused Uranium
-Pu-239
By REPROCESSING
unused U & Pu-239 can be separated for
further use.
16. STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3
U- 233
ELECTRICITY
Depleted U
Pu
300 GWe, 30 Yr
Pu FUELLED
FAST BREEDERS
Th
500 GWe, 500 Yr
ELECTRICITY
U- 233 FUELLED
BREEDERS
Natural
Uranium
ELECTRICITY
PHWR
12 GWe, 30 Yr
Th
Pu
U- 233
Overview of Three Stage Nuclear
Power Programme
22. Acetaldehyde (from consuming alcoholic beverages)
Acheson process, occupational exposure associated with
Acid mists, strong inorganic
Aflatoxins
Alcoholic beverages
Aluminum production
4-Aminobiphenyl
Areca nut
Aristolochic acid (and plants containing it)
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds
Asbestos (all forms) and mineral substances (such as talc or vermiculite) that contain asbestos
Auramine production
Azathioprine
Benzene
Benzidine and dyes metabolized to benzidine
Benzo[a]pyrene
Beryllium and beryllium compounds
Betel quid, with or without tobacco
Bis(chloromethyl)ether and chloromethyl methyl ether (technical-grade)
Busulfan
1,3-Butadiene
Cadmium and cadmium compounds
Chlorambucil
Chlornaphazine
Chromium (VI) compounds
Clonorchis sinensis (infection with), also known as the Chinese liver fluke
Coal, indoor emissions from household combustion
Coal gasification
Coal-tar distillation
Coal-tar pitch
Coke production
Cyclophosphamide
Cyclosporine
1,2-Dichloropropane
Diethylstilbestrol
Engine exhaust, diesel
Epstein-Barr virus (infection with)
Erionite
Estrogen postmenopausal therapy
Estrogen-progestogen postmenopausal therapy (combined)
Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined) (Note: There is also convincing evidence in humans that these agents
confer a protective effect against cancer in the endometrium and ovary)
Ethanol in alcoholic beverages
Ethylene oxide
Etoposide
Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin
Fission products, including strontium-90
Fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole
Formaldehyde
Haematite mining (underground)
Helicobacter pylori (infection with)
Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with)
Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) (infection with)
Human papilloma virus (HPV) types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 (infection with) (Note: The HPV types that have
been classified as carcinogenic to humans can differ by an order of magnitude in risk for cervical cancer)
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) (infection with)
Ionizing radiation (all types)
Iron and steel founding (workplace exposure)
Isopropyl alcohol manufacture using strong acids
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) (infection with)
Leather dust
Lindane
Magenta production
Melphalan
Methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) plus ultraviolet A radiation, also known as PUVA
4,4'-Methylenebis(chloroaniline) (MOCA)
Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated
MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents
2-Naphthylamine
Neutron radiation
Nickel compounds
N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)
Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with), also known as the Southeast Asian liver fluke
Outdoor air pollution (and the particulate matter in it)
Painter (workplace exposure as a)
3,4,5,3',4'-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126)
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
Phenacetin (and mixtures containing it)
Phosphorus-32, as phosphate
Plutonium
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxin-like, with a Toxicity Equivalency Factor according to WHO (PCBs 77, 81, 105, 114, 118,
123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, 189)
Processed meat (consumption of)
Known human carcinogens Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
23. •Ionizing radiation (all types)
•Iron and steel founding (workplace exposure)
•Isopropyl alcohol manufacture using strong acids
•Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) (infection with)
•Leather dust
•Lindane
•Magenta production
•Melphalan
•Methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) plus ultraviolet A radiation, also known as PUVA
•4,4'-Methylenebis(chloroaniline) (MOCA)
•Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated
•MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents
•2-Naphthylamine
•Neutron radiation
•Nickel compounds
•N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)
•Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with), also known as the Southeast Asian liver fluke
•Outdoor air pollution (and the particulate matter in it)
•Painter (workplace exposure as a)
•3,4,5,3',4'-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126)
•2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
•Phenacetin (and mixtures containing it)
•Phosphorus-32, as phosphate
•Plutonium
•Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxin-like, with a Toxicity Equivalency Factor according to WHO (PCBs 77, 81, 105, 114, 118,
123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, 189)
•Processed meat (consumption of)
•Radioiodines, including iodine-131
•Radionuclides, alpha-particle-emitting, internally deposited (Note: Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for
carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents)
•Radionuclides, beta-particle-emitting, internally deposited (Note: Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for
carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents)
Known human carcinogens Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans (contd.)
•Radium-224 and its decay products
•Radium-226 and its decay products
•Radium-228 and its decay products
•Radon-222 and its decay products
•Rubber manufacturing industry
•Salted fish (Chinese-style)
•Schistosoma haematobium (infection with)
•Semustine (methyl-CCNU)
•Shale oils
•Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite
•Solar radiation
•Soot (as found in workplace exposure of chimney sweeps)
•Sulfur mustard
•Tamoxifen (Note: There is also conclusive evidence that tamoxifen reduces the risk of
contralateral breast cancer in breast cancer patients)
•2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin
•Thiotepa
•Thorium-232 and its decay products
•Tobacco, smokeless
•Tobacco smoke, secondhand
•Tobacco smoking
•ortho-Toluidine
•Treosulfan
•Trichloroethylene
•Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, including UVA, UVB, and UVC rays
•Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices
•Vinyl chloride
•Wood dust
•X- and Gamma-radiation
24. • Long term effects of low doses of radiation are still
unknown and is a topic for research/debate.
• Current assumption is of Linear non-threshold (LNT)model
assuming
“Radiation is harmful at all doses, even low ones”
• A very conservative model (Does not account for
cellular repair process in human body)
Stochastic Effects of low Radiation Doses
25. Regulations are based on “reduce
radiation to
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
(ALARA),”
26. uses of ionising radiation
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Sterilisation medical, health, industry, agriculture,
sewage waste and research purposes.
• Non Destructive Testing
• Nucleonic gauges
• Security monitoring
• Oil and Gas exploration
• Manufacturing
• ……..
38. Some important Fission Products
ISOTOPE HALF LIFE
I-131 8.01 d
I-132 2.23 hr
I-133 20.8 hr
I-134 52.5 min
I-135 6.57 hr
Cs-134 2.07 y
Cs-137 30.14 y
Kr-85 10.7 y
Kr-87 1.27 hr
Kr-88 2.83 hr
Xe-133 5.24 d
Xe-135 9.1 hr
Xe-138 14.17 min
40. CONSTRAINTS DUE TO RADIATION IN LIFE
MANAGEMENT/MAINTENANCE OF NUCLEAR PLANTS
• normal maintenance,
• special maintenance,
• Refuelling,
• in-service inspection, and
• radioactive waste handling, decommissioning.
45. Loss of coolant Accident &
Emergency Core Cooling
Pre-Test Configuration (radial) Post-Test Configuration (radial)
37-
ELEMENT
BUNDLE
Post-Test
Configuration (axial)
46.
47. Fission Products
ISOTOPE HALF LIFE
I-131 8.01 d
I-132 2.23 hr
I-133 20.8 hr
I-134 52.5 min
I-135 6.57 hr
Cs-134 2.07 y
Cs-137 30.14 y
Kr-85 10.7 y
Kr-87 1.27 hr
Kr-88 2.83 hr
Xe-133 5.24 d
Xe-135 9.1 hr
Xe-138 14.17 min
48. Hydrogen Formation
•Reactors are cooled by water.
•Water is hydrogen and oxygen.
•Any corrosion process (as slow rusting in iron)
absorbs oxygen from water and releases hydrogen
free.
•The corrosion reaction on zircaloy, a metal used to
cover fuel, becomes excessive at high temperature.
•Therefore when fuel over heats, because of lack of
cooling, any interaction with water or its vapour
provides oxygen for the corrosion reaction and
hydrogen is left free at a fast rate.
51. MULTIPLE PHYSICAL BARRIERS
and APPLICATION OF DEFENSE IN DEPTH
The defence in depth approach is
about creating multiple layers, each
independent of other as far as
practicable, of safety provisions to
ensure public safety.
.
DID
Level 5
Level 4
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
52. LEVEL 1 prevent deviations from normal operation and the failure of items important to safety
Enhance prevention by selection of appropriate design codes and materials, and to the quality
control of the manufacture of components and construction of the plant, as well as to its
commissioning, use of proven engineering practices, ease of access, appropriate design options etc
LEVEL 2 to detect and control deviations from normal operational states in order to prevent
anticipated operational occurrences at the plant from escalating to accident conditions.
Give priority to advanced control and monitoring systems with enhanced reliability,
intelligence and the ability to anticipate and compensate abnormal transients.
LEVEL 3 Control of accidents within the design basis
inherent and/or engineered safety features, safety systems and procedures be capable of
preventing damage to the reactor core or preventing radioactive releases
requiring off-site protective actions and returning the plant to a safe state
53. LEVEL 4 Control of severe plant conditions; only protective actions that are limited in terms
of lengths of time and areas of application would be necessary and that off-site
contamination would be avoided or minimized
Increase reliability and capability of systems to control and monitor complex accident
sequences; decrease expected frequency of severe plant conditions;
LEVEL 5 mitigate the radiological consequences of radioactive releases that could potentially
result from accidents.
This requires the provision of adequately equipped emergency response facilities and
emergency plans and emergency procedures for on-site and off-site emergency response.
Avoid the necessity for evacuation or relocation measures outside the plant site.
54. Safety in Design
• ensure that for all the postulated credible accidents are taken into account in the design
prevent accidents with harmful consequences resulting from a loss of
control over the reactor core or other sources of radiation, and
• To mitigate the consequences of any accidents that do occur.
• ensure that the likelihood of occurrence of an accident with
serious radiological consequences is extremely low
55. DESIGN OF NPP TO ACHIEVE HIGH RELIABILITY
Safety classification: on the basis of their function and their safety significance.
Engineering design rules based on relevant national or international codes and
standards and with proven engineering practices, with due account taken of their
relevance to nuclear power technology.
Physical separation and independence of safety systems
Eliminate possibility of common cause failures
56. • Single Failure Criterion
• Fail-safe design
• Use of Passive features ( not requiring prime
movers using active power source)
57. Proven Engineering Practices
• Codes and standards that are used as design rules for items important
to safety shall be identified and evaluated to determine their
applicability, adequacy and sufficiency, and shall be supplemented or
modified as necessary to ensure that the quality of the design is
commensurate with the associated safety function.
• a new design or feature is introduced or where there is a departure
from an established engineering practice, safety shall be demonstrated
by means of appropriate supporting research programmes,
performance tests with specific acceptance criteria, or the examination
of operating experience from other relevant applications.
58. • Structures, systems, and components important to safety be designed,
fabricated, erected, and tested to quality standards commensurate with
the importance of the safety function to be performed.
• components that are part of the reactor coolant pressure boundary be
designed, fabricated, erected, and tested to the highest practical quality
standards.
• ASME standards committees develop improved methods for the
construction and in service inspection (ISI) of ASME Class 1, 2, 3, MC
(metal containment), and CC (concrete containment) nuclear power
plant components
59. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Sections
Section I - Power Boilers
Section II - Materials
Section III - Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility
Components
Section IV - Heating Boilers
Section V – Non destructive Examination
Section VI - Recommended Rules for the Care and
Operation of Heating Boilers
Section VII - Recommended Guidelines for the Care of
Power Boilers
Section VIII Pressure Vessels
Section IX - Welding and Brazing Qualifications
Section X - Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels
Section XI - Rules for In-service Inspection of Nuclear
Power Plant Components
Section XII - Rules for the Construction and Continued
Service of Transport Tanks
Division 1
– Metallic Components
• Division 2
– Code for Concrete Reactor Vessels and Containments
• Division 3
– Containment for Transportation and storage of Spent Nuclear
Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste
• Division 4
– Magnetic Confinement Fusion Energy Devices
• Division 5
– High Temperature Reactors Division 1
Subsection NB Class 1 Components
Subsection NC Class 2 Components
Subsection ND Class 3 Components
Reactor Pressure Vessel
Steam Generator
Reactor Coolant Pump casing
Reactor Coolant Piping
Subsection NB
Class 1 Components
ECCS
Containment
Storage tanks
Post accident heat removal
Subsection NC
Class 2
Components
60. Safety Assessment
• Safety assessment is the systematic process that is carried out throughout the design process to
ensure that all relevant safety requirements are met by the proposed or actual design of the
plant. Safety assessment includes, but is not limited to, the formal safety analysis.
• Comprehensive deterministic safety assessments and probabilistic safety assessments
• Safety analysis carries out a detailed analysis of all the postulated events which are likely to
occur during the life time of the reactor.
• In addition it also analyzes rare events which may not occur ever but have serious consequences.
• This is carried out to provide cost effective design improvements which may significantly reduce
the consequences. This may also provide indicators and support for emergency preparedness.
• Accident analysis is a subset of safety analysis and does not include safety during normal
operation and operating transients
61. Provision for Construction
• Items important to safety for a nuclear power plant shall be designed so that
they can be manufactured, constructed, assembled, installed and erected in
accordance with established processes, that ensure the achievement of the
design specifications and the required level of safety.
• In the provision for construction and operation, due account is taken of
relevant experience that has been gained in the construction of other similar
plants and their associated structures, systems and components. Where
practices from other relevant industries are adopted, such practices are
shown to be appropriate to the specific nuclear application.
62. Features to Facilitate Radioactive Waste
Management and Decommissioning
• The choice of materials, so that amount of radioactive waste will be
minimised to the extent practicable and decontamination will be
facilitated.
• The facilities necessary for the treatment and storage of radioactive
waste generated in operation and provision for managing the
radioactive waste that will be generated in the decommissioning of
the plant.
63. Design Considerations for In service Inspection
• accessibility to areas and feasibility of the examination
• Adequate shielding consideration
• Adequate provision for removal, storage and installation of structural members, shielding
components, insulating materials and other equipment
• Provisions to enable examinations remotely to reduce radiation exposure;
• Adequate space in the plant layout for installation of supports, handling machinery, fixtures,
platforms etc. to facilitate removal, disassembly, reassembly, placing and mounting of inspection
equipment and/or probes;
• Provision for repair or replacement of systems or components due to observed structural defects or
flaw indications;
• Provision of test coupons for assessing ageing effects of various operating conditions such as load,
temperature, radiation etc., on material properties
64. AERB Codes and Guides
Nuclear Facilities
Fuel Cycle Facilities
NPP - Siting
NPP - Design
NPP - Operation
NPP – Quality Assurance
Radiation Facilities
Transport of Radioactive Material
Gamma Irradiators
Industrial Radiography
Medical Applications involving Radiation
Ionising Gauging Devises
Accelerators and Cyclotron Facilities
Radioactive Sources
Consumer Products involving Radiation
AERB has so far issued more than 160
Regulatory Documents
65. Conclusion:
Safety of nuclear systems critically depends on
structural integrity. The designer, manufacturer,
quality control, operation....even regulator all
have to play their role well.
66. ProSIM R and D Pvt Ltd
Website : www.pro-sim.com
Contact us: enquiry@pro-sim.com
Indian Structural Integrity Society (InSIS)
Website: www.instint.in
Contact us: insisblr@gmail.com